Chap-07 Pythogorian Theorm

Real Numbers and the
7 Pythagorean Theorem
7 1 FFin
7.1 Fi
Findin
Finding
Find
Findi
i di
diin Square Roots
7.2 Finding Cube Roots
7.3 The Pythagorean Theorem
7.4 Approximating Square Roots
7.5 Using the Pythagorean Theorem
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. Split 28 into It
and 14. Mov 14
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get 1.414.” al to
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What You
Learned Before
“I just rem
em
of the squa ber that the sum
re
sides is eq s of the shorter
ual to the
of the long square
Complete the number sentence with <, >, or =. est side.”
Example 1 1.1 1.01 Example 2 −0.3 −0.003

110 101 300 3
Because — is greater than —, Because −— is less than −—,
100 100 1000 1000
1.1 is greater than 1.01. −0.3 is less than −0.003.
So, 1.1 > 1.01. So, −0.3 < −0.003.
Example 3 Find three decimals that make the number sentence −5.12 > true.
Any decimal less than −5.12 will make the sentence true.
Sample answer: −10.1, −9.05, −8.25
Complete the number sentence with <, >, or =.

1. 2.10 2.1 2. −4.5 −4.25 3. π 3.2
Find three decimals that make the number sentence true.

4. −0.01 ≤ 5. 1.75 > 6. 0.75 ≥
Example 4 Evaluate 82 ÷ (32 ÷ 2) − 2(3 − 5).

First: Parentheses 82 ÷ (32 ÷ 2) − 2(3 − 5) = 82 ÷ 16 − 2(−2)
Second: Exponents = 64 ÷ 16 − 2(−2)
Third: Multiplication and Division (from left to right) =4+4
Fourth: Addition and Subtraction (from left to right) =8
Evaluate the expression.
( ) ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
2
12
7. 15 — − 72 − 2 7
3
8. 32 4 ÷ 18 + 30 6 − 1 ( 4
9. −1 + —(6 − 1)
2 )
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7.1 Finding Square Roots
How can you find the dimensions of a square

or a circle when you are given its area?
When you multiply a number by itself, you square the number.

Symbol for squaring 42 = 4 4 ⋅
is the exponent 2. = 16 4 squared is 16.
To “undo”
d ” thi
this, ttake
k th
the square root of the number.
— —
Symbol for square root √ 16 = √ 42 = 4 The square root of 16 is 4.

—
is a radical sign, √ .
1 ACTIVITY: Finding Square Roots

Work with a partner. Use a square root symbol to write the side length of
the square. Then find the square root. Check your answer by multiplying.
—
a. Sample: s = √ 121 = 11 ft Area ä 121 ft 2
Check
11
× 11
s 11
110
The side length of the 121 ✓
square is 11 feet. s
b. Area ä 81 yd2 c. Area ä 324 cm 2 d. Area ä 361 mi 2
s s s
Square Roots
In this lesson, you will
● find square roots of
s s s
perfect squares.
● evaluate expressions
e. f. g. 4 2
Area ä 225 mi 2 Area ä 2.89 in. 2 Area ä ft
involving square roots. 9
● use square roots to
solve equations.
s s s
s s s
288 Chapter 7 Real Numbers and the Pythagorean Theorem
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2 ACTIVITY: Using Square Roots
Work with a partner. Find the radius of each circle.
a. b.
r r
Area ä 36 Ĭ in.2 Area ä Ĭ yd 2
c. d.
r r
Area ä 0.25 Ĭ ft 2 9
Area ä Ĭ m2
16
3 ACTIVITY: The Period of a Pendulum

Work with a partner.
V I D E O The period of a pendulum is the time (in seconds)
it takes the pendulum to swing back and forth.
Math
Practice The period T is represented by T = 1.1√ L , where
— L
Calculate
L is the length of the pendulum (in feet).
Accurately
How can you use
the graph to help Copy and complete the table. Then graph the
you determine
whether you
function. Is the function linear?
calculated the
values of T
correctly?
L 1.00 1.96 3.24 4.00 4.84 6.25 7.29 7.84 9.00
4. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you find the dimensions of a square
or a circle when you are given its area? Give an example of each.
How can you check your answers?
Use what you learned about finding square roots to complete

Exercises 4–6 on page 292.
Section 7.1 Finding Square Roots 289
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7.1 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials
Key Vocabulary
A square root of a number is a number that, when multiplied by itself,
square root, p. 290
equals the given number. Every positive number has a positive and a
perfect square, p. 290
negative square root. A perfect square is a number with integers as its
radical sign, p. 290
square roots.
radicand, p. 290
EXAMPLE 1 Finding Square Roots of a Perfect Square

Find the two square roots of 49.
Study Tip ⋅ ⋅
7 7 = 49 and (−7) (−7) = 49
Zero has one square
root, which is 0.
So, the square roots of 49 are 7 and −7.
—
The symbol √ is called a radical sign. It is used to represent a square
root. The number under the radical sign is called the radicand.
— — —
Positive Square Root, √ Negative Square Root, −√ Both Square Roots, ±√
— — —
√ 16 = 4 −√ 16 = −4 ±√ 16 = ±4
EXAMPLE 2 Finding Square Roots

Find the square root(s).
— —
a. √ 25 √ 25 represents the
— — positive square root.
Because 52 = 25, √ 25 = √ 52 = 5.
√ √
— —
9 9
b. − — − — represents the
16 16
√( )
— — negative square root.
() √
3 2 9 9 3 2 3
Because — = —, − — = − — = − —.
4 16 16 4 4
—
— ±√ 2.25 represents both the positive
c. ±√ 2.25 and the negative square roots.
— —
Because 1.52 = 2.25, ±√ 2.25 = ±√ 1.52 = 1.5 and −1.5.
Find the two square roots of the number.

Exercises 7–18 1. 36 2. 100 3. 121
√
—
— 4 —
4. −√ 1 5. ± — 6. √ 12.25
25
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Squaring a positive number and finding a square root are inverse operations.
You can use this relationship to evaluate expressions and solve equations
involving squares.
EXAMPLE 3 Evaluating Expressions Involving Square Roots

Evaluate each expression.
—
a. 5√ 36 + 7 = 5(6) + 7 Evaluate the square root.
= 30 + 7 Multiply.
= 37 Add.
—
√
1 18 1 —
b. — + — = — + √ 9 Simplify.
4 2 4
1
=—+3 Evaluate the square root.
4
1
= 3— Add.
4
c. ( √—
81 ) − 5 = 81 − 5
2
Evaluate the power using inverse operations.
= 76 Subtract.
EXAMPLE 4 Real-Life Application

The area of a crop circle is 45,216 square feet. What is the radius
of the crop circle? Use 3.14 for 𝛑 .
A = πr2 Write the formula for the area of a circle.
3.14r 2
45,216 ≈ 3.14 Substitute 45,216 for A and 3.14 for π.
14,400 = r 2 Divide each side by 3.14.

— —
√ 14,400 = √ r 2 Take positive square root of each side.
120 = r Simplify.
The radius of the crop circle is about 120 feet.
√
—
Exercises 20–27 — 28 —
15 − ( √ 4 )
2
7. 12 − 3√ 25 8. — + 2.4 9.
7
10. The area of a circle is 2826 square feet. Write and solve an
equation to find the radius of the circle. Use 3.14 for π.
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7.1 Exercises
Help with Homework
1. VOCABULARY Is 26 a perfect square? Explain.

2. REASONING Can the square of an integer be a negative number? Explain.
—
3. NUMBER SENSE Does √ 256 represent the positive square root of 256, the
negative square root of 256, or both? Explain.
6)=3
9+(- 3)=
3+(- 9)=
4+(- =
1)
9+(-
Find the dimensions of the square or circle. Check your answer.

4. Area ä 441 cm 2 5. Area ä 1.69 km 2 6. Area ä 64 Ĭ in.2
s s r
s s
Find the two square roots of the number.

1 7. 9 8. 64 9. 4 10. 144
√ √
— —
— — 1 9
2 11. √ 625 12. ±√ 196 13. ± — 14. − —
961 100
— — — —
15. ±√ 4.84 16. √ 7.29 17. −√ 361 18. −√ 2.25
✗ √
19. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct —
1 1
the error in finding the square roots. ± —=—
4 2
√
—
— 2 — 2 — 1
3 20. (√9 ) +5 21. 28 − ( √ 144 ) 22. 3√ 16 − 5 23. 10 − 4 —
16
(√ (√
— —
—
24. √ 6.76 + 5.4
—
25. 8√ 8.41 + 1.8 26. 2
80
— −5
5 ) 27. 4
147
— +3
3 )
28. NOTEPAD The area of the base of a square notepad is
2.25 square inches. What is the length of one side of
the base of the notepad? r
29. CRITICAL THINKING There are two square roots of 25.

Why is there only one answer for the radius of the button?
Ĭ
A â 25mm2
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Copy and complete the statement with <, >, or =.
—
√
— — 3 25
30. √ 81 8 31. 0.5 √ 0.25 32. — —
2 4
1
33. SAILBOAT The area of a sail is 40 — square feet. The base
2
and the height of the sail are equal. What is the height of
the sail (in feet)?
34. REASONING Is the product of two perfect squares always

a perfect square? Explain your reasoning. h
35. ENERGY The kinetic energy K (in joules) of a falling apple

v2
is represented by K = —, where v is the speed of the b
2
apple (in meters per second). How fast is the apple
traveling when the kinetic energy is 32 joules?
Area â 4 Ĭcm2
36. PRECISION The areas of the two
watch faces have a ratio of 16 : 25.
a. What is the ratio of the radius of
the smaller watch face to the radius
of the larger watch face?
b. What is the radius of the larger
watch face?
37. WINDOW The cost C (in dollars) of making a square window with a side length
n2
of n inches is represented by C = — + 175. A window costs $355. What is
5
the length (in feet) of the window?
38. The area of the triangle is represented by the

———
formula A = √ s(s − 21)(s − 17)(s − 10) , where s is equal 17 cm 10 cm
to half the perimeter. What is the height of the triangle?

21 cm
Write in slope-intercept form an equation of the line that passes through the
given points. (Section 4.7)
39. (2, 4), (5, 13) 40. (−1, 7), (3, −1) 41. (−5, −2), (5, 4)
42. MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the value of x? (Section 3.2)

84í
A 41
○ B 44
○
C 88
○ D 134
○ (x à 8)í
xí
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7.2 Finding Cube Roots
How is the cube root of a number different

from the square root of a number?
When you multiply a number by itself twice, you cube the number.
Symbol for cubing is ⋅ ⋅
43 = 4 4 4
the exponent 3. = 64 4 cubed is 64.
To “undo”
d ” thi
this, ttake
k th
the cube
b root of the number.
3— 3—
Symbol for √64 = √43 = 4 The cube root of 64 is 4.
3—
cube root is √ .
1 ACTIVITY: Finding Cube Roots

Work with a partner. Use a cube root symbol to write the edge length of
the cube. Then find the cube root. Check your answer by multiplying.
a. Sample: Volume ä 343 in.3
3— 3— Check
s = √ 343 = √73 = 7 inches
⋅ ⋅
7 7 7 = 49 7 ⋅
s
= 343 ✓
The edge length of s
the cube is 7 inches. s
b. Volume ä 27 ft 3 c. Volume ä 125 m3
s s
Cube Roots
In this lesson, you will s s
● find cube roots of
s s
perfect cubes.
● evaluate expressions
Volume ä 0.001 cm3 1
d. e. Volume ä yd3
involving cube roots. 8
● use cube roots to
solve equations.
s s
s s
s s
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2 ACTIVITY: Using Prime Factorizations to Find Cube Roots
Work with a partner. Write the prime factorization of each number. Then use
Math the prime factorization to find the cube root of the number.
Practice
View as a. 216 216
Components 3 ⋅ 72
⋅
When writing the
prime factorizations 8 9
in Activity 2, how
many times do you
4 ⋅ 2 3 ⋅3
expect to see each
factor? Why?
2 ⋅2
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
216 = 3 2 3 3 2 2 Prime factorization
= (3 ⋅ ) ⋅(3 ⋅ ) ⋅(3 ⋅ ) Commutative Property of Multiplication
= ⋅ ⋅ Simplify.
The cube root of 216 is .
b. 1000 c. 3375
d. STRUCTURE Does this procedure work for every number? Explain why
or why not.
3. Complete each statement using positive or negative.
a. A positive number times a positive number is a number.

b. A negative number times a negative number is a number.
c. A positive number multiplied by itself twice is a number.
d. A negative number multiplied by itself twice is a number.
4. REASONING Can a negative number have a cube root? Give an example

to support your explanation.
5. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How is the cube root of a number different
from the square root of a number?
6. Give an example of a number whose square root and cube root
are equal.
7. A cube has a volume of 13,824 cubic meters. Use a calculator to find
the edge length.
Use what you learned about cube roots to complete Exercises 3–5
on page 298.
Section 7.2 Finding Cube Roots 295
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7.2 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials
Key Vocabulary
A cube root of a number is a number that, when multiplied by itself, and
cube root, p. 296
then multiplied by itself again, equals the given number. A perfect cube is
perfect cube, p. 296 3—
a number that can be written as the cube of an integer. The symbol √ is
used to represent a cube root.
EXAMPLE 1 Finding Cube Roots

Find each cube root.
3—
a. √8
3— 3—
Because 23 = 8, √8 = √23 = 2.
3—
b. √−27
3— 3—
Because (−3)3 = −27, √−27 = √(−3)3 = −3.
√
—
1
c. 3
—
64
√ √( ) =
— —
4()
1 3 1
Because — = —,
64
3 1
—=
64
3 1 3
—
4
1
—.
4
Cubing a number and finding a cube root are inverse operations. You
can use this relationship to evaluate expressions and solve equations
involving cubes.
EXAMPLE 2 Evaluating Expressions Involving Cube Roots

Evaluate each expression.
3—
a. 2√ −216 − 3 = 2(−6) − 3 Evaluate the cube root.
= −12 − 3 Multiply.
= −15 Subtract.
—
b. ( √3 125 )3 + 21 = 125 + 21 Evaluate the power using inverse operations.
= 146 Add.
Find the cube root.

√−
—
3— 3— 27
Exercises 6–17 1. √ 1 2. √−343 3. 3
—
1000
3— — 3—
4. 18 − 4√ 8 5. (√3 −64 )3 + 43 6. 5√512 − 19
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EXAMPLE 3 Evaluating an Algebraic Expression
√
—
x x
Evaluate — + 3
— when x = 192.
4 3
√ √
— —
x x 192 192
—+ 3 — =—+ 3
— Substitute 192 for x.
4 3 4 3
3—
= 48 + √64 Simplify.
= 48 + 4 Evaluate the cube root.
= 52 Add.
Evaluate the expression for the given value of the variable.

3— 3—
Exercises 18–20 7. √8y + y, y = 64 8. 2b − √9b , b = −3

Find the surface area of the baseball display case.
The baseball display case is in the shape of a
cube. Use the formula for the volume of a cube
to find the edge length s. s
Remember V = s3 Write formula for volume.

The volume V of a cube s
125 = s 3 Substitute 125 for V. s
with edge length s is
3— 3— Volume â 125 in.3
given by V = s 3. The √125 = √s 3 Take the cube root of each side.
surface area S is given
by S = 6s 2. 5=s Simplify.
The edge length is 5 inches. Use a formula to find the surface area
of the cube.
S = 6s2 Write formula for surface area.

2
= 6(5) Substitute 5 for s.
= 150 Simplify.
So, the surface area of the baseball display case is 150 square inches.
9. The volume of a music box that is shaped like a cube is

512 cubic centimeters. Find the surface area of the music box.
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7.2 Exercises
Help with Homework
1. VOCABULARY Is 25 a perfect cube? Explain.

2. REASONING Can the cube of an integer be a negative number? Explain.
6)=3
9+(- 3)=
3+(- 9)=
4+(- =
1)
9+(-
Find the edge length of the cube.

3. Volume ä 125,000 in.3 4. 1 3 5. Volume ä 0.064 m3
Volume ä ft
27
s s s
s s s
s s s
Find the cube root.

3— 3— 3—
1 6. √ 729 7. √−125 8. √−1000
√ √
— —
3— 1 343
9. √ 1728 10. 3 −— 11. 3
—
512 64
(√− ) + 3
—
3— 3 1 3 3 3—
2 12. 18 − ( √27 ) 13. 3
— — 14. 5√729 − 24
8 4
√
—
1 1 3— 3—
15. — − 2 3 −— 16. 54 + √−4096 17. 4√8000 − 6
4 216
Evaluate the expression for the given value of the variable.
√n4 + 10n , n = 500

—
3— 3—
3 18. 3
— — 19. √6w − w, w = 288 20. 2d + √−45d , d = 75
21. STORAGE CUBE The volume of a plastic storage

cube is 27,000 cubic centimeters. What is the
edge length of the storage cube?
22. ICE SCULPTURE The volume of a cube of ice

for an ice sculpture is 64,000 cubic inches.
a. What is the edge length of the cube of ice?
b. What is the surface area of the cube of ice?
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Copy and complete the statement with <, >, or =.
√−
—
1 8 3— 3— —
23. −— 3
— 24. √0.001 0.01 25. √64 √ 64
4 125
26. DRAG RACE The estimated velocity v (in miles

per hour) of a car at the end of a drag race is
√
—
p
v = 234 3 — , where p is the horsepower of the
w
car and w is the weight (in pounds) of the car. A car
has a horsepower of 1311 and weighs 2744 pounds.
Find the velocity of the car at the end of a drag race.
Round your answer to the nearest whole number.
27. NUMBER SENSE There are three numbers that are their
own cube roots. What are the numbers?
28. LOGIC Each statement below is true for square roots. Determine whether
the statement is also true for cube roots. Explain your reasoning and give an
example to support your explanation.
a. You cannot find the square root of a negative number.
b. Every positive number has a positive square root and a negative square root.
29. GEOMETRY The pyramid has a volume of 1

x in.
972 cubic inches. What are the dimensions 2
of the pyramid?
30. RATIOS The ratio 125 : x is equivalent to the x in.
ratio x 2 : 125. What is the value of x?

x in.
Solve the equation.
31. (3x + 4)3 = 2197 32. ( 8x 3 − 9 )3 = 5832 33. ( (5x − 16)3 − 4 )3 = 216,000
Evaluate the expression. (Skills Review Handbook)

34. 32 + 42 35. 82 + 152 36. 132 − 52 37. 252 − 242
38. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which linear function is shown by the table? (Section 6.3)
x 1 2 3 4
y 4 7 10 13
1 1
A y = —x + 1
○ B y = 4x
○ C y = 3x + 1
○ D y = —x
○
3 4
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7.3 The Pythagorean Theorem
How are the lengths of the sides of a right

triangle related?
Pythagoras was a Greek mathematician and philosopher

who discovered one of the most famous rules in
mathematics. In mathematics, a rule is called a theorem.
So, the rule that Pythagoras discovered is called the
Pythagorean Theorem.
Pythagoras
(c. 570–c. 490 B.C.)
1 ACTIVITY: Discovering the Pythagorean Theorem

a. On grid paper, draw any
right triangle. Label the
lengths of the two shorter
sides a and b.
c2
b. Label the length of the c a a2

longest side c.
b
c. Draw squares along each
b2
of the three sides. Label the
areas of the three squares
a 2, b 2, and c 2.
d. Cut out the three squares.

Pythagorean Theorem Make eight copies of the right
triangle and cut them out.
● provide geometric proof of
the Pythagorean Theorem. Arrange the figures to form

● use the Pythagorean two identical larger squares.
Theorem to find missing a2
side lengths of right
e. MODELING The
triangles. c2
● solve real-life problems. Pythagorean Theorem b2
describes the relationship
among a 2, b 2, and c 2. Use
your result from part (d) to
write an equation that
describes this relationship.
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2 ACTIVITY: Using the Pythagorean Theorem in Two Dimensions
Work with a partner. Use a ruler to measure the longest side of each
right triangle. Verify the result of Activity 1 for each right triangle.
a. b.
2 cm
4 cm
4.8 cm
3 cm
c. d.
1
1 1 in.
1 in. 2
4
3 in. 2 in.
3 ACTIVITY: Using the Pythagorean Theorem in Three Dimensions

Work with a partner. A guy wire attached 24 feet above
Math ground level on a telephone pole provides support
Practice for the pole.
Use Definitions
How can you use a. PROBLEM SOLVING Describe a procedure that you
what you know could use to find the length of the guy wire without guy wire
about the directly measuring the wire.
Pythagorean
Theorem to describe b. Find the length of the wire when it meets the ground
the procedure for 10 feet from the base of the pole.
finding the length of
the guy wire?
4. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How are the lengths of the sides of a right
triangle related? Give an example using whole numbers.
Use what you learned about the Pythagorean Theorem to complete

Exercises 3 and 4 on page 304.
Section 7.3 The Pythagorean Theorem 301
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7.3 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials
Key Vocabulary
theorem, p. 300
legs, p. 302
Sides of a Right Triangle
hypotenuse, p. 302 The sides of a right triangle have special names.
Pythagorean
Theorem, p. 302
hypotenuse, c The hypotenuse
leg, a is the side opposite
the right angle.
The legs are the
two sides that form
leg, b
the right angle.
Study Tip
The Pythagorean Theorem
In a right triangle,
the legs are the Words In any right triangle, the sum of the squares of the
shorter sides and the lengths of the legs is equal to the square of the length
hypotenuse is always of the hypotenuse.
the longest side.
Algebra a2 + b2 = c2
EXAMPLE 1 Finding the Length of a Hypotenuse

Find the length of the hypotenuse of the triangle.
5m
a2 + b2 = c2 Write the Pythagorean Theorem.
52 + 122 = c 2 Substitute 5 for a and 12 for b.
c
25 + 144 = c 2 Evaluate powers.
12 m
169 = c 2 Add.
— —
√ 169 = √ c 2 Take positive square root of each side.
13 = c Simplify.
The length of the hypotenuse is 13 meters.

Exercises 3 and 4 1. 2. 3 in.
10
c
8 ft
2
in. c
5
15 ft
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EXAMPLE 2 Finding the Length of a Leg
Find the missing length of the triangle.
a 2.1 cm a 2 + 2.12 = 2.9 2 Substitute 2.1 for b and 2.9 for c.

a 2 + 4.41 = 8.41 Evaluate powers.
a2 = 4 Subtract 4.41 from each side.
2.9 cm
a =2 Take positive square root of each side.
The missing length is 2 centimeters.

You are playing capture the flag. You are 50 yards north and 20 yards
east of your team’s base. The other team’s base is 80 yards north and
60 yards east of your base. How far are you from the other team’s base?
N Step 1: Draw the situation in a coordinate plane. Let the origin

90
Other Base (60, 80) represent your team’s base. From the descriptions, you are
80
70
at (20, 50) and the other team’s base is at (60, 80).
30 yd
60 Step 2: Draw a right triangle with a hypotenuse that represents the
You
50
(20, 50) 40 yd distance between you and the other team’s base. The lengths
40
30
of the legs are 30 yards and 40 yards.
20 Step 3: Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the length of the
10
Your Base hypotenuse.
W 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 E
S
302 + 402 = c 2 Substitute 30 for a and 40 for b.
2500 = c 2 Add.
50 = c Take positive square root of each side.
So, you are 50 yards from the other team’s base.

Exercises 5–8 3. 4.
9.6 m
a
34 yd
16 yd
10.4 m
b
5. In Example 3, what is the distance between the bases?
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7.3 Exercises
Help with Homework
1. VOCABULARY In a right triangle, how can you tell which sides are the legs
and which side is the hypotenuse?
2. DIFFERENT WORDS, SAME QUESTION Which is different? Find “both” answers.
Which side is the hypotenuse?
Which side is the longest? a c
Which side is a leg?

b
Which side is opposite the right angle?
6)=3
9+(- 3)=
3+(- 9)=
4+(- =
1)
9+(-

1 2 3. 20 km 4. 5. 5.6 in.
c
7.2 ft
a 10.6 in.
21 km c
9.6 ft
6. 9 mm 7. 8. a
4 yd
b 26 cm
10 cm
1
12 yd
15 mm b 3
9. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error

in finding the missing length of the triangle.
✗ 25 ft
a2 + b2 = c2
7 2 + 252 = c2
7 ft
674 = c2
—
√ 674 = c
5.6 ft c
10. TREE SUPPORT How long is the wire that supports

the tree?
3.3 ft
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Find the missing length of the figure.
11. 12. 5 mm
20 cm
x
13 mm
12 cm x 35 mm
m
13. GOLF The figure shows the location of a golf ball after
a tee shot. How many feet from the hole is the ball?
x
Hole
H o
14. TENNIS A tennis player asks the referee a question.
The sound of the player’s voice travels only 30 feet.
Can the referee hear the question? Explain.
24 ft
180 yd
12 ft
5 ft
Hole 13
Par 3
Tee 181 yards
15. PROJECT Measure the length, width, and height of a

A
rectangular room. Use the Pythagorean Theorem to
find length BC and length AB. height
C
16. ALGEBRA The legs of a right triangle have lengths
of 28 meters and 21 meters. The hypotenuse has a width
length B
length of 5x meters. What is the value of x ?
17. SNOWBALLS You and a friend stand back-to-back. You run 20 feet forward,
then 15 feet to your right. At the same time, your friend runs 16 feet forward,
then 12 feet to her right. She stops and hits you with a snowball.
a. Draw the situation in a coordinate plane.
b. How far does your friend throw the snowball?
18. Precision A box has a length of 6 inches, a width of 8 inches, and a height
of 24 inches. Can a cylindrical rod with a length of 63.5 centimeters fit in the
box? Explain your reasoning.
Find the square root(s). (Section 7.1)

— — — —
19. ±√ 36 20. −√ 121 21. √ 169 22. −√ 225
23. MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the solution of the system of linear equations
y = 4x + 1 and 2x + y = 13? (Section 5.2)
A x = 1, y = 5
○ B x = 5, y = 3
○ C x = 2, y = 9
○ D x = 9, y = 2
○
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7 Study Help
Graphic Organizer
You can use a four square to organize information about a topic. Each of the four squares
can be a category, such as definition, vocabulary, example, non-example, words, algebra,
table, numbers, visual, graph, or equation. Here is an example of a four square for the
Definition Visual
In any right triangle, the sum
of the squares of the lengths of a2
the legs is equal to the square c2
of the length of the hypotenuse. b2
Pythagorean Theorem
Algebra Example
62 + 82 = c2
c c 36 + 64 = c 2
a a2 + b2 = c2 6
100 = c 2
10 = c
b 8
Make four squares to help you study

these topics.
1. square roots
2. cube roots
After you complete this chapter, make

four squares for the following topics.
3. irrational numbers
4. real numbers
5. converse of the Pythagorean Theorem “I’m taking a survey for my four square.
How many fleas do you have?”
6. distance formula
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7.1– 7.3 Quiz
Progress Check
Find the square root(s). (Section 7.1)
√
—
— 16 —
1. −√ 4 2. — 3. ±√ 6.25
25
Find the cube root. (Section 7.2)
√−
—
3— 3— 343
4. √ 64 5. √−216 6. 3
—
1000
Evaluate the expression. (Section 7.1 and Section 7.2)
√
—
— — 1 100
7. 3√ 49 + 5 8. 10 − 4√ 16 9. — + —
4 4
— 3— 3—
10. (√3 −27 )3 + 61 11. 15 + 3√125 12. 2√ −729 − 5
Find the missing length of the triangle. (Section 7.3)

13. 14.
c
9 ft 53 in.
a
40 ft
45 in.
15. 6.5 cm
16.
1.6 cm 3 c
yd
10
b
2
yd
5
17. POOL The area of a circular pool cover is

314 square feet. Write and solve an equation
to find the diameter of the pool cover.
Use 3.14 for π. (Section 7.1)
18. PACKAGE A cube-shaped package has a

volume of 5832 cubic inches. What is the
edge length of the package? (Section 7.2)
19. FABRIC You are cutting a rectangular piece of fabric in half along the
1
diagonal. The fabric measures 28 inches wide and 1— yards long. What
4
is the length (in inches) of the diagonal? (Section 7.3)
Sections 7.1–7.3 Quiz 307
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7.4 Approximating Square Roots
How can you find decimal approximations of

square roots that are not rational?
1 ACTIVITY: Approximating Square Roots

Work with a partner. Archimedes was a Greek mathematician, physicist,
engineer, inventor, and astronomer. He tried to find a rational number
265 1351
whose square is 3. Two that he tried were — and —.
153 780
—
a. Are either of these numbers equal to √ 3 ?
Explain.
—
b. Use a calculator to approximate √ 3 . Write
the number on a piece of paper. Enter it into
the calculator and square it. Then subtract 3.
Do you get 0? What does this mean? square
— root key
c. The value of √ 3 is between which
two integers?
—
d. Tell whether the value of √ 3 is between the
given numbers. Explain your reasoning.
1.7 and 1.8 1.72 and 1.73 1.731 and 1.732
2 ACTIVITY: Approximating Square Roots Geometrically

Work with a partner. Refer to the square on the number line below.
Square Roots
● define irrational numbers.
● approximate square roots.
● approximate values of
expressions involving
irrational numbers.
Ź1 0 1 2
a. What is the length of the diagonal of the square?

b. Copy the square and its diagonal onto a piece of transparent paper. Rotate
it about zero on the number line so that the diagonal aligns with the
number line. Use the number line to estimate the length of the diagonal.
c. STRUCTURE How do you think your answers in parts (a) and (b) are related?
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3 ACTIVITY: Approximating Square Roots Geometrically
Math
Practice a. Use grid paper and the given scale to draw a horizontal line segment
Recognize 1 unit in length. Label this segment AC.
Usefulness b. Draw a vertical line segment 2 units in length. Label this segment DC.
of Tools
c. Set the point of a compass on A. Set the compass to 2 units. Swing the
Why is the
Pythagorean Theorem compass to intersect segment DC. Label this intersection as B.
a useful tool when d. Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the length of segment BC.
approximating a —
square root? e. Use the grid paper to approximate √ 3 to the nearest tenth.
2
2
Scale:
1 of a unit
10
C 1 A
4. Compare your approximation in Activity 3 with your results from

Activity 1.
5. Repeat Activity 3 for a triangle in which segment AC is 2 units and
segment BA is 3 units. Use the Pythagorean Theorem—
to find the length of
segment BC. Use the grid paper to approximate √ 5 to the nearest tenth.
6. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you find decimal approximations of
square roots that are not rational?
Use what you learned about approximating square roots to

complete Exercises 5 – 8 on page 313.
Section 7.4 Approximating Square Roots 309
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7.4 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials
A rational number is a number that can be written as the ratio of two

Key Vocabulary integers. An irrational number cannot be written as the ratio of two integers.
irrational number,
p. 310 ● The square root of any whole number that is not a perfect square
real numbers, p. 310 is irrational. The cube root of any integer that is not a perfect cube
is irrational.
● The decimal form of an irrational number neither terminates
nor repeats.
Real Numbers
Rational numbers and irrational numbers together form the set of
real numbers.
Real Numbers
Remember Rational
1
Integer Irrational
The decimal form of a 2
rational number either Whole Ź1 Ĭ
terminates or repeats. 0 Ź 23 3
7
Natural Ź2
1 2 3 2 Ź2Ĭ
Ź3
2.25
Ź 3
0.3
EXAMPLE 1 Classifying Real Numbers
Classify each real number.

Number Subset(s) Reasoning
Study Tip a.
—
√ 12 Irrational 12 is not a perfect square.
When classifying a — —
b. −0. 25 Rational −0. 25 is a repeating decimal.
real number, list all the — —
subsets in which the c. −√ 9 Integer, Rational −√ 9 is equal to −3.
number belongs.
72 Natural, Whole, 72
d. — — is equal to 18.
4 Integer, Rational 4
The decimal form of π neither
e. π Irrational
terminates nor repeats.
Classify the real number.

— 3—
Exercises 9–16 1. 0.121221222 . . . 2. −√ 196 3. √2
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EXAMPLE 2 Approximating a Square Root
—
Estimate √ 71 to the nearest (a) integer and (b) tenth.
a. Make a table of numbers whose squares are close to 71.
Number 7 8 9 10
Square of Number 49 64 81 100
The table shows that 71 is between the perfect squares 64 and 81.
—
Because 71 is closer to 64 than to 81, √ 71 is closer to 8 than to 9.
49 64 71 81 100
7 8 9 10
—
So, √ 71 ≈ 8.
b. Make a table of numbers between 8 and 9 whose squares are

close to 71.
Number 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6

Square of Number 68.89 70.56 72.25 73.96
Study Tip Because 71 is closer to 70.56 than to 72.25, √ 71 is closer to 8.4
—
You can continue the than to 8.5.

process shown in
Example 2 to 68.89 70.56 71 72.25 73.96
approximate square
roots using more 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6
decimal places. —
So, √ 71 ≈ 8.4.
Estimate the square root to the nearest (a) integer and (b) tenth.
— — — —
Exercises 20–25
4. √ 8 5. −√ 13 6. −√ 24 7. √ 110
EXAMPLE 3 Comparing Real Numbers

— 2
Which is greater, √ 5 or 2 —?
3
—
Estimate √ 5 to the nearest integer. Then graph the numbers on
a number line.
2 2 â 2.6
5Ƽ2 3
4â2 9â3
2 — 2
2 — is to the right of √ 5 . So, 2 — is greater.
3 3
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EXAMPLE 4 Approximating the Value of an Expression
√
—
A
The radius of a circle with area A is approximately — . The area of a
3
circular mouse pad is 51 square inches. Estimate its radius to the
nearest
neare integer.
√ √
— —
A 51
—= — Substitute 51 for A.
3 3
—
= √ 17 Divide.
The ne
nearest perfect square less than 17 is 16. The nearest perfect square
greater than 17 is 25.
17
16 â 4 25 â 5
—
So, the radius is about 4 inches.

The distance (in nautical miles) you can see with a periscope is
—
1.17√ h , where h is the height of the periscope above the water.
Can you see twice as far with a periscope that is 6 feet above the
h water than with a periscope that is 3 feet above the water? Explain.
Use a calculator to find the distances.

3 Feet Above Water 6 Feet Above Water
— — — —
1.17 √ h = 1.17 √ 3 Substitute for h. 1.17 √ h = 1.17 √ 6
≈ 2.03 Use a calculator. ≈ 2.87
2.87
You can see — ≈ 1.41 times farther with the periscope that is 6 feet
2.03
above the water than with the periscope that is 3 feet above the water.
No, you cannot see twice as far with the periscope that is 6 feet
above the water.
Which number is greater? Explain.

Exercises 26–31 1 — — — —
8. 4 —, √ 23 9. √ 10 , −√ 5 10. −√ 2 , −2
5
11. The area of a circular mouse pad is 64 square inches. Estimate
its radius to the nearest integer.
12. In Example 5, you use a periscope that is 10 feet above the
water. Can you see farther than 4 nautical miles? Explain.
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7.4 Exercises
Help with Homework
1. VOCABULARY How are rational numbers and irrational numbers different?

—
2. WRITING Describe a method of approximating √ 32 .
3. VOCABULARY What are real numbers? Give three examples.
4. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? Which number does not belong with the
other three? Explain your reasoning.
11 — —
−— 25.075 √8 −3.3
12
6)=3
9+(- 3)=
3+(- 9)=
4+(- =
1)
9+(-
Tell whether the rational number is a reasonable approximation of the square root.
559 — 3021 — 678 — 1677 —
5. —, √ 5 6. —, √ 11 7. —, √ 28 8. —, √ 45
250 250 250 250

3— π —
1 9. 0 10. √343 11. — 12. −√ 81
6
52 3— —
13. −1.125 14. — 15. √−49 16. √ 15
13
✗
17. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the
—
error in classifying the number. √ 144 is irrational.
18. SCRAPBOOKING You cut a picture into a right triangle for your scrapbook.
The lengths of the legs of the triangle are 4 inches and 6 inches. Is the
length of the hypotenuse a rational number? Explain.
Real Numbers
19. VENN DIAGRAM Place each number in
Rational the correct area of the Venn Diagram.
Irrational
Integer a. the last digit of your phone number
Whole
b. the square root of any prime number
Natural c. the ratio of the circumference of a circle
to its diameter
— — —
2 20. √ 46 21. √ 685 22. −√ 61
√ √
— —
— 27 335
23. −√ 105 24. — 25. − —
4 2
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Which number is greater? Explain.
— — — 3
3 26. √ 20 , 10 27. √ 15 , −3.5 28. √ 133 , 10 —
4
√
—
2 16 — — —
29. —, — 30. −√ 0.25 , −0.25 31. −√ 182 , −√ 192
3 81
Use the graphing calculator screen to determine

whether the statement is true or false.
—
32. To the nearest tenth, √ 10 = 3.1.
—
33. The value of √ 14 is between 3.74 and 3.75.
—
34. √ 10 lies between 3.1 and 3.16 on a number line.
35. FOUR SQUARE The area of a four square court

is 66 square feet. Estimate the side length s to
the nearest tenth of a foot.
36. CHECKERS A checkers board is 8 squares long
s and 8 squares wide. The area of each square
is 14 square centimeters. Estimate the
s
perimeter of the checkers board to the
nearest tenth of a centimeter.
Approximate the length of the diagonal of the square or rectangle to the nearest tenth.
37. 38. 39.
4 cm
6 ft 10 in.
8 cm
6 ft 18 in.
—
40. WRITING Explain how to continue the method in Example 2 to estimate √ 71
to the nearest hundredth.
41. REPEATED REASONING Describe a method that you can use to estimate
3—
a cube root to the nearest tenth. Use your method to estimate √ 14 to the
nearest tenth.
42. RADIO SIGNAL The maximum distance

(in nautical miles) that a radio transmitter
signal can be sent—is represented by the
expression 1.23 √ h , where h is the height
x 22,000 ft
(in feet) above the transmitter.
Estimate the maximum distance x
(in nautical miles) between the plane that
is receiving the signal and the transmitter.
Round your answer to the nearest tenth.
Not drawn to scale
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43. OPEN-ENDED Find two numbers a and b that satisfy the diagram.
9 a b 10
Estimate the square root to the nearest tenth.

— — —
44. √ 0.39 45. √ 1.19 46. √ 1.52
47. ROLLER COASTER The speed s (in meters per second)

r â 16.764 m of a roller-coaster
—
car is approximated by the equation
s = 3 √ 6r , where r is the radius of the loop. Estimate
the speed of a car going around the loop. Round
your answer to the nearest tenth.
√ √
— —
1 3
48. STRUCTURE Is — a rational number? Is —a
4 16
rational number? Explain.
49. WATER BALLOON The time t (in seconds) it takes a water

balloon to fall d meters is represented by the equation
√
—
d
t = — . Estimate the time it takes the balloon to fall
4.9
to the ground from a window that is 14 meters above
the ground. Round your answer to the nearest tenth.
50. Determine if the statement is sometimes, always,

ays,
or never true. Explain your reasoning and give an example off each.
tional.
a. A rational number multiplied by a rational number is rational.
b. A rational number multiplied by an irrational number is rational.
c. An irrational number multiplied by an irrational numberr is rational.
Find the missing length of the triangle. (Section 7.3)

51. 52. 10 in. 53.
c 12 cm a
24 m
b
26 in.
32 m
15 cm
54. MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the ratio

(red to blue) of the corresponding side 20 10
lengths of the similar triangles? 8 4
(Section 2.5)
9 22.5
A 1:3
○ B 5:2
○
C 3:4
○ D 2:5
○
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Extension
7.4 Repeating Decimals
R
Lesson Tutorials
You have written terminating decimals as fractions. Because repeating

decimals are rational numbers, you can also write repeating decimals
as fractions.
Writing a Repeating Decimal as a Fraction

Let a variable x equal the repeating decimal d.
Rational Numbers Step 1: Write the equation x = d.
In this extension, you will
● write a repeating decimal
Step 2: Multiply each side of the equation by 10n to form a new
as a fraction. equation, where n is the number of repeating digits.
Step 3: Subtract the original equation from the new equation.
Step 4: Solve for x.
EXAMPLE 1 Writing a Repeating Decimal as a Fraction (1 Digit Repeats)

—
Write 0.4 as a fraction in simplest form.
—
Let x = 0.4.
—
x = 0.4 Step 1: Write the equation.
⋅
10 x = 10 0.4
—
⋅ Step 2: There is 1 repeating digit, so multiply
each side by 101 = 10.
—
Check 10x = 4.4 Simplify.
0.44 . . . —
‾
9 4.00 ✓ − (x = 0.4) Step 3: Subtract the original equation.
36 9x = 4 Simplify.
40 4
x=— Step 4: Solve for x.
36 9
40
— 4
So, 0.4 = —.
9
Write the decimal as a fraction or a mixed number.

— — — —
1. 0.1 2. −0.5 3. −1.2 4. 5.8
5. STRUCTURE In Example 1, why can you subtract the original equation from the new
equation after multiplying by 10? Explain why these two steps are performed.
6. REPEATED REASONING Compare the repeating decimals and their equivalent fractions in
Exercises 1– 4. Describe the pattern. Use the pattern to explain how to write a repeating
decimal as a fraction when only the tenths digit repeats.
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EXAMPLE 2 Writing a Repeating Decimal as a Fraction (1 Digit Repeats)
—
Write −0.23 as a fraction in simplest form.
—
Let x = −0.23.
—
x = −0.23 Step 1: Write the equation.
Check ⋅ ⋅ —
10 x = 10 (−0.23 ) Step 2: There is 1 repeating1
digit, so multiply
—
10x = −2.3 Simplify.
—
− (x = −0.23) Step 3: Subtract the original equation.
9x = −2.1 Simplify.
−2.1
9
— −2.1 21 7
So, −0.23 = — = −— = −—.
9 90 30
EXAMPLE 3 Writing a Repeating Decimal as a Fraction (2 Digits Repeat)

—
Write 1.25 as a mixed number.
—
Let x = 1.25.
—
x = 1.25 Step 1: Write the equation.
Check ⋅
100 x = 100 1.25
—
⋅ Step 2: There are 2 repeating digits, so multiply
—
100x = 125.25 Simplify.
—
− (x = 1.25) Step 3: Subtract the original equation.
99x = 124 Simplify.
124
99
— 124 25
So, 1.25 = — = 1 —.
99 99

— — — —
7. −0.43 8. 2.06 9. 0.27 10. −4.50
11. REPEATED REASONING Find a pattern in the fractional representations of repeating

decimals in which only the tenths and hundredths digits repeat. Use the pattern to
—
explain how to write 9.04 as a mixed number.
Extension 7.4 Repeating Decimals 317
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7.5 Using the Pythagorean Theorem
In what other ways can you use

the Pythagorean Theorem?
The converse of a statement switches the hypothesis and the conclusion.
Statement: Converse of the statement:

If p, then q. If q, then p.
1 ACTIVITY: Analyzing Converses of Statements

Work with a partner. Write the converse of the true statement. Determine
whether the converse is true or false. If it is true, justify your reasoning.
If it is false, give a counterexample.
a. If a = b, then a2 = b 2.
b. If a = b, then a3 = b 3.
c . If one figure is a translation of another figure, then the figures are congruent.
d. If two triangles are similar, then the triangles have the same angle measures.
Is the converse of a true statement always true? always false? Explain.
2 ACTIVITY: The Converse of the Pythagorean Theorem

Work with a partner. The converse of the Pythagorean Theorem states:
“If the equation a 2 + b 2 = c 2 is true for the side lengths of a triangle,
then the triangle is a right triangle.” D
a. Do you think the converse of the Pythagorean

Theorem is true or false? How could you use
c
deductive reasoning to support your answer? a
Pythagorean Theorem
In this lesson, you will b. Consider △DEF with side lengths a, b, and c,
● use the converse of the such that a 2 + b 2 = c 2. Also consider △ JKL
Pythagorean Theorem to
identify right triangles.
with leg lengths a and b, where ∠ K = 90°. E b F
● use the Pythagorean
● What does the Pythagorean Theorem J
Theorem to find distances
in a coordinate plane. tell you about △ JKL?
● solve real-life problems.
● What does this tell you about c and x ?
x
a
● What does this tell you about △DEF and △ JKL?
● What does this tell you about ∠ E ?
● What can you conclude? K b L
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3 ACTIVITY: Developing the Distance Formula
Work with a partner. Follow the steps below to write a formula
that you can use to find the distance between any two points in
a coordinate plane.
y
5
4
3
2
1
Ź5 Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 4 5 x
Ź2
Ź3
Ź4
Ź5
Step 1: Choose two points in the coordinate plane that do not lie on the same
horizontal or vertical line. Label the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2).
Math Step 2: Draw a line segment connecting the points. This will be the
Practice hypotenuse of a right triangle.
Communicate Step 3: Draw horizontal and vertical line segments from the points to
Precisely form the legs of the right triangle.
What steps can you
take to make sure Step 4: Use the x-coordinates to write an expression for the length of the
that you have horizontal leg.
written the distance Step 5: Use the y-coordinates to write an expression for the length of the
formula accurately?
vertical leg.
Step 6: Substitute the expressions for the lengths of the legs into the
Step 7: Solve the equation in Step 6 for the hypotenuse c.
What does the length of the hypotenuse tell you about the two points?
4. IN YOUR OWN WORDS In what other ways can you use the Pythagorean
Theorem?
5. What kind of real-life problems do you think the converse of the
Pythagorean Theorem can help you solve?
Use what you learned about the converse of a true statement to

complete Exercises 3 and 4 on page 322.
Section 7.5 Using the Pythagorean Theorem 319
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7.5 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials
Key Vocabulary
distance formula,
p. 320 Converse of the Pythagorean Theorem
a c
If the equation a 2 + b 2 = c 2 is true for
the side lengths of a triangle, then the
triangle is a right triangle.
b
EXAMPLE 1 Identifying a Right Triangle

Tell whether each triangle is a right triangle.
Study Tip a. 41 cm b. 18 ft 12 ft
9 cm
A Pythagorean triple is
a set of three positive 40 cm 24 ft
integers a, b, and c,
where a2 + b2 = c 2. a2 + b2 = c2 a2 + b2 = c2
? ?
92 + 402 = 412 122 + 182 = 242
? ?
Common Error 81 + 1600 = 1681 144 + 324 = 576
When using the 1681 = 1681 ✓ 468 ≠ 576 ✗

converse of the
Pythagorean Theorem, It is a right triangle. It is not a right triangle.
always substitute the
length of the longest
side for c.
Tell whether the triangle with the given side lengths is a right triangle.
1. 28 in., 21 in., 20 in. 2. 1.25 mm, 1 mm, 0.75 mm
Exercises 5 –10
On page 319, you used the Pythagorean Theorem to develop the distance
formula. You can use the distance formula to find the distance between
any two points in a coordinate plane.
y
(x2, y2)
Distance Formula
d y 2 Ź y1
The distance d between any two points (x1, y1)
(x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is given by the formula
—— x2 Ź x1 (x2, y1)
√ 2
d = (x2 − x1) + (y2 − y1) . 2
x
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EXAMPLE 2 Finding the Distance Between Two Points
Find the distance between (1, 5) and (−4, −2).

Let (x1, y1) = (1, 5) and (x2, y2) = (−4, −2).
——
d = √(x2 − x1)2 + ( y2 − y1)2 Write the distance formula.
——
= √ (−4 − 1)2 + (−2 − 5)2 Substitute.
——
= √ (−5)2 + (−7)2 Simplify.
—
= √ 25 + 49 Evaluate powers.
—
= √ 74 Add.

y You design a football play in which a player runs down the field, makes
60
50
start
(60, 50)
a 90° turn, and runs to the corner of the end zone. Your friend runs the
40 d1 play as shown. Did your friend make a 90° turn? Each unit of the grid
30 represents 10 feet.
(30, 20)
20
turn d3 Use the distance formula to find the lengths of the three sides.
10
——— — —
10 20 30 40
d2 80 90 x d1 = √(60 − 30)2 + (50 − 20)2 = √ 302 + 302 = √ 1800 feet
——— —— —
d2 = √(80 − 30)2 + (−30 − 20)2 = √502 + (−50)2 = √ 5000 feet
(80, Ź30) ——— —— —
corner of end zone d3 = √(80 − 60)2 + (−30 − 50)2 = √202 + (−80)2 = √ 6800 feet
Use the converse of the Pythagorean Theorem to determine if the side

lengths form a right triangle.
( √— 2 — 2 ? — 2
1800 ) + ( √5000 ) = ( √6800 )
?
1800 + 5000 = 6800
6800 = 6800 ✓
The sides form a right triangle.
So, your friend made a 90° turn.
Find the distance between the two points.

Exercises 11–16 3. (0, 0), (4, 5) 4. (7, −3), (9, 6) 5. (−2, −3), (−5, 1)
6. WHAT IF? In Example 3, your friend made the turn at (20, 10).
Did your friend make a 90° turn?
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7.5 Exercises
Help with Homework
1. WRITING Describe two ways to find the distance between two points in a
coordinate plane.
2. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? Which set of numbers does not belong with
the other three? Explain your reasoning.
3, 6, 8 6, 8, 10 5, 12, 13 7, 24, 25
6)=3
9+(- 3)=
3+(- 9)=
4+(- =
1)
9+(-
Write the converse of the true statement. Determine whether the converse is true
or false. If it is true, justify your reasoning. If it is false, give a counterexample.
3. If a is an odd number, then a 2 is odd.
4. If ABCD is a square, then ABCD is a parallelogram.
Tell whether the triangle with the given side lengths is a right triangle.
1 5. 17 in. 6. 45 m 7.
8 ft 8.5 ft
8 in.
15 in.
36 m 27 m
11.5 ft
9 1 1
8. 14 mm, 19 mm, 23 mm 9. — mi, 1 — mi, 1 — mi 10. 1.4 m, 4.8 m, 5 m
10 5 2

2 11. (1, 2), (7, 6) 12. (4, −5), (−1, 7) 13. (2, 4), (7, 2)
14. (−1, −3), (1, 3) 15. (−6, −7), (0, 0) 16. (12, 5), (−12, −2)
17. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in finding

the distance between the points (−3, −2) and (7, 4).
✗
———
d = √ [7 − (−3)]2 − [4 − (−2)]2
— 15 in.
= √ 100 − 36
—
= √ 64 = 8 20 in.
25 in.
18. CONSTRUCTION A post and beam frame for a shed is shown

in the diagram. Does the brace form a right triangle with
the post and beam? Explain.
ms_blue pe_0705.indd 322 2/2/15 3:43:48 PM

Tell whether a triangle with the given side lengths is a right triangle.
— — — — —
19. √ 63 , 9, 12 20. 4, √ 15 , 6 21. √18 , √ 24 , √ 42
22. REASONING Plot the points (−1, 3), (4, −2), and (1, −5) in a coordinate plane.
Are the points the vertices of a right triangle? Explain.
y
60
Car
50 (10, 50)
23. GEOCACHING You spend the day looking for hidden 40
containers in a wooded area using a Global Positioning 30
d3
System (GPS). You park your car on the side of the road, 20
d1
and then locate Container 1 and Container 2 before going 10
(80, Ź10)
back to the car. Does your path form a right triangle? 10 Container 1 90 x
Explain. Each unit of the grid represents 10 yards. d2 Container 2
(20, Ź20)
24. REASONING Your teacher wants the class to find the distance between
the two points (2, 4) and (9, 7). You use (2, 4) for (x1, y1), and your friend
uses (9, 7) for (x1, y1). Do you and your friend obtain the same result?
Justify your answer.
25. AIRPORT Which plane is closer to the base of the airport tower? Explain.
Altitude: Plane A
Airport 20,000 ft
Altitude: Plane B
8000 ft
5 km 2 km
Not drawn to scale
y
(x2, y2)
26. Consider the two points (x1, y1) and
(x2, y2) in the coordinate plane. How can you find the
point (xm, ym) located in the middle of the two given (xm, ym)
y2 Ź y1
points? Justify your answer using the distance formula.
(x1, y1)
x2 Ź x1
x
Find the mean, median, and mode of the data. (Skills Review Handbook)
27. 12, 9, 17, 15, 12, 13 28. 21, 32, 16, 27, 22, 19, 10 29. 67, 59, 34, 71, 59
30. MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the sum of the interior angle measures of
an octagon? (Section 3.3)
A 720°
○ B 1080°
○ C 1440°
○ D 1800°
○
ms_blue pe_0705.indd 323 2/2/15 3:43:52 PM

7.4– 7.5 Quiz
Progress Check
Classify the real number. (Section 7.4)

— 1
1. −√ 225 2. −1—
9
— —
3. √ 41 4. √ 17
Estimate the square root to the nearest (a) integer and (b) tenth. (Section 7.4)
— —
5. √ 38 6. −√ 99
— —
7. √ 172 8. √ 115
Which number is greater? Explain. (Section 7.4)

— 3 — —
9. √ 11 , 3 — 10. √ 1.44 , 1.18
5
Write the decimal as a fraction or a mixed number. (Section 7.4)

— —
11. 0.7 12. −1.63
Tell whether the triangle with the given side lengths is a right triangle. (Section 7.5)
13. 14.
3.5 m
1.2 m
46 ft 28 ft
3.7 m
53 ft
Find the distance between the two points. (Section 7.5)

15. (−3, −1), (−1, −5) 16. (−4, 2), (5, 1)
17. (1, −2), (4, −5) 18. (−1, 1), (7, 4)
19. (−6, 5), (−4, −6) 20. (−1, 4), (1, 3)
y
7
Use the figure to answer Exercises 21−24. Round 6
Fire Tower
your answer to the nearest tenth. (Section 7.5) 5
4
21. How far is the cabin from the peak?
3
22. How far is the fire tower from the lake? 2

Base Camp
1
Cabin Lake
23. How far is the lake from the peak? Ź5 Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 1 2 3 4 5 x
24. You are standing at (−5, −6). How far are Ź2
you from the lake? Ź3

Ź4
Peak
Ź5
Scale: 1 unit â 1 km
ms_blue pe_07ec.indd 324 2/2/15 3:36:27 PM

7 Chapter Review
Vocabulary Help
Review Key Vocabulary

square root, p. 290 perfect cube, p. 296 irrational number, p. 310
perfect square, p. 290 theorem, p. 300 real numbers, p. 310
radical sign, p. 290 legs, p. 302 distance formula, p. 320
radicand, p. 290 hypotenuse, p. 302
cube root, p. 296 Pythagorean Theorem, p. 302
Review Examples and Exercises
7.1 Finding Square Roots (pp. 288–293)

— —
Find −√ 36 . −√ 36 represents the
negative square root.
— —
Because 62 = 36, −√ 36 = −√ 62 = −6.
√
—
— 9 —
1. √ 1 2. − — 3. ±√ 1.69
25
√
—
— 54 2 —
4. 15 − 4√ 36 5. — +— 6. 10( √ 81 − 12 )
6 3
7.2 Finding Cube Roots (pp. 294–299)
√
—
3 125
Find —.
216
√ √( )
— —
6 ()
5 3 125
Because — = —,
216
3 125
—=
216
3
—
5 3
6
5
= —.
6
Find the cube root.
√ √−
— —
3— 64 8
7. √ 729 8. 3
— 9. 3
—
343 27

3— 3— 3—
10. √ 27 − 16 11. 25 + 2√−64 12. 3√−125 − 27
Chapter Review 325

7.3 The Pythagorean Theorem (pp. 300–305)

72 + 242= c 2 Substitute.
c
625 = c 2 Add. 24 yd
— —
√ 625 = √ c 2 Take positive square root of each side.
25 = c Simplify.
The length of the hypotenuse is 25 yards.

7 yd

13. 14.
c b
12 in. 0.3 cm
35 in.
0.5 cm
7.4 Approximating Square Roots (pp. 308–317)

—
a. Classify √ 19 .
—
The number √ 19 is irrational because 19 is not a perfect square.
—
b. Estimate √ 34 to the nearest integer.
Make a table of numbers whose squares are close to the radicand, 34.
Number 4 5 6 7
Square of Number 16 25 36 49
The table shows that 34 is between the perfect squares 25 and 36.
—
16 25 34 36 49
4 5 6 7
—
So, √ 34 ≈ 6.

— — —
15. 0.815 16. √ 101 17. √ 4
— — —
18. √ 14 19. √ 90 20. √ 175
Write the decimal as a fraction.

— — —
21. 0.8 22. 0.36 23. −1.6
7.5 Using the Pythagorean Theorem (pp. 318 – 323)
a. Is the triangle formed by the rope and the tent a right triangle?
a2 + b2 = c2
?
642 + 482 = 802
?
4096 + 2304 = 6400 80 in. 64 in.
6400 = 6400 ✓
It is a right triangle. 48 in.
b. Find the distance between (−3, 1) and (4, 7).

Let (x1, y1) = (−3, 1) and (x2, y2) = (4, 7).
——
d = √(x2 − x1)2 + ( y2 − y1)2 Write the distance formula.
——
= √ [4 − (−3)]2 + (7 − 1)2 Substitute.
—
= √ 72 + 62 Simplify.
—
= √ 49 + 36 Evaluate powers.
—
= √ 85 Add.
Tell whether the triangle is a right triangle.

24. 25. Kerrtown
98 mi 70
61 ft 16 Snellville
11 ft g Lakee191
Big
W 104 mi
60 ft in
d
R
25
40 mi
189 59
t
20
60
R
Nicholton

26. (−2, −5), (3, 5) 27. (−4, 7), (4, 0)
Chapter Review 327

7 Chapter Test
Test Practice
√ √
— —
— 25 100
1. −√ 1600 2. — 3. ± —
49 9
Find the cube root.

√ √−
— —
3— 8 729
4. √ −27 5. 3
— 6. 3
—
125 64
√
—
— 1 72
7. 12 + 8√ 16 8. — + —
2 2
10. 50√
—
3— 3 512
9. (√−125 ) + 75 3
— + 14
1000
11. Find the missing length of the triangle.
26 in.
a
24 in.

—
12. 16π 13. −√ 49
Estimate the square root to the nearest (a) integer and (b) tenth. 61 ft x
— —
14. √ 58 15. √ 83

— —
16. −0.3 17. 1.24
18. Tell whether the triangle is a right triangle.
80 mm 39 mm
89 mm

19. (−2, 3), (6, 9) 20. (0, −5), (4, 1) 11 ft
6 ft
21. SUPERHERO Find the altitude of the superhero balloon.

7 Cumulative Assessment
Test-Takin
g Strateg
Answer E y
1. The period T of a pendulum is the time, asy Ques
tions Firs
in seconds, it takes the pendulum to swing t
back and forth. The period can be found using
—
the formula T = 1.1√ L , where L is the length,
in feet, of the pendulum. A pendulum has a
length of 4 feet. Find its period.
A. 5.1 sec C. 3.1 sec
B. 4.4 sec D. 2.2 sec
2. Which parallelogram is a dilation of

parallelogram JKLM? (Figures not drawn “Scan
to scale.) questio the test and an
ns first. Y s
ou know wer the easy
of 4 is 2 the square roo
.” t
J 6 K
120î
M L
F. 5 H. 9
6
3
120î 60î
G. 15 I. 12
75î 110î
10 8
3. Which equation represents a linear function?
A. y = x 2 C. xy = 1
2
B. y = — D. x + y = 1
x
y
1
4. Which linear function matches the line shown in Ź1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x

Ź1
the graph? Ź2
Ź3
F. y = x − 5 H. y = −x − 5 Ź4
G. y = x + 5 I. y = −x + 5
Cumulative Assessment 329
ms_blue pe_07sa.indd 329 2/2/15 3:37:04 PM

5. A football field is 40 yards wide and 120 yards long. Find the distance
between opposite corners of the football field. Show your work and explain
your reasoning.
6. A computer consultant charges $50 plus $40 for each hour she works. The consultant
charged $650 for one job. This can be represented by the equation below, where h
represents the number of hours worked.
40h + 50 = 650
How many hours did the consultant work?
7. You can use the formula below to find the sum S of the interior angle
measures of a polygon with n sides. Solve the formula for n.
S = 180(n − 2)
S
A. n = 180(S − 2) C. n = — − 2
180
S S 1
B. n = — + 2 D. n = — + —
180 180 90
8. The table below shows a linear pattern. Which linear function

relates y to x?
x 1 2 3 4 5
y 4 2 0 −2 −4
F. y = 2x + 2 H. y = −2x + 2
G. y = 4x I. y = −2x + 6
9. An airplane flies from City 1 at (0, 0) to City 2 at (33, 56) and then to City 3 at
(23, 32). What is the total number of miles it flies? Each unit of the coordinate
grid represents 1 mile.
10. What is the missing length of the right triangle shown? x
A. 16 cm C. 24 cm
7 cm 25 cm
—
B. 18 cm D. √674 cm

11. A system of linear equations is shown in the coordinate plane below. What is the
solution for this system?
y
5
4
3
2
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 x
Ź1
F. (0, 10) H. (4, 2)
G. (3, 0) I. (5, 0)
12. In the diagram, lines ℓand m are parallel. Which angle has the same
measure as ∠ 1?
1 2
3 4
8 5
7 6 m
A. ∠ 2 C. ∠ 7
B. ∠ 5 D. ∠ 8
13. Which graph represents the linear equation y = −2x − 2?
F. y H. y
1 5
4
Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 x
Ź2 2
Ź3 1
Ź4
Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 x
Ź5 Ź1
y
G. 1
I. y
5
4
Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 x
Ź1 3
Ź2 2
Ź4
Ź3 Ź2 1 2 3 x
Ź5 Ź1
Cumulative Assessment 331

Chap-07 Pythogorian Theorm

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Real Numbers and the

ms_blue pe_07co.indd 286 2/2/15 3:35:33 PM

Example 1 1.1 1.01 Example 2 −0.3 −0.003

So, 1.1 > 1.01. So, −0.3 < −0.003.

Sample answer: −10.1, −9.05, −8.25

Complete the number sentence with <, >, or =.

Find three decimals that make the number sentence true.

Example 4 Evaluate 82 ÷ (32 ÷ 2) − 2(3 − 5).

Evaluate the expression.

ms_blue pe_07co.indd 287 2/2/15 3:35:44 PM

How can you find the dimensions of a square

When you multiply a number by itself, you square the number.

Symbol for square root √ 16 = √ 42 = 4 The square root of 16 is 4.

1 ACTIVITY: Finding Square Roots

b. Area ä 81 yd2 c. Area ä 324 cm 2 d. Area ä 361 mi 2

288 Chapter 7 Real Numbers and the Pythagorean Theorem

ms_blue pe_0701.indd 288 2/2/15 3:38:21 PM

Area ä 36 Ĭ in.2 Area ä Ĭ yd 2

3 ACTIVITY: The Period of a Pendulum

Use what you learned about finding square roots to complete

Section 7.1 Finding Square Roots 289

ms_2017_blue_pe_0701.indd 289 7/20/16 11:46:19 AM

EXAMPLE 1 Finding Square Roots of a Perfect Square

EXAMPLE 2 Finding Square Roots

Find the two square roots of the number.

290 Chapter 7 Real Numbers and the Pythagorean Theorem

ms_blue pe_0701.indd 290 2/2/15 3:38:38 PM

EXAMPLE 3 Evaluating Expressions Involving Square Roots

EXAMPLE 4 Real-Life Application

14,400 = r 2 Divide each side by 3.14.

The radius of the crop circle is about 120 feet.

Evaluate the expression.

Section 7.1 Finding Square Roots 291

ms_blue pe_0701.indd 291 2/2/15 3:38:42 PM

1. VOCABULARY Is 26 a perfect square? Explain.

Find the dimensions of the square or circle. Check your answer.

Find the two square roots of the number.

Find the square root(s).

Evaluate the expression.

29. CRITICAL THINKING There are two square roots of 25.

292 Chapter 7 Real Numbers and the Pythagorean Theorem

ms_blue pe_0701.indd 292 2/2/15 3:38:43 PM

34. REASONING Is the product of two perfect squares always

35. ENERGY The kinetic energy K (in joules) of a falling apple

38. The area of the triangle is represented by the

to half the perimeter. What is the height of the triangle?

42. MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the value of x? (Section 3.2)

Section 7.1 Finding Square Roots 293

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How is the cube root of a number different

1 ACTIVITY: Finding Cube Roots

b. Volume ä 27 ft 3 c. Volume ä 125 m3

294 Chapter 7 Real Numbers and the Pythagorean Theorem

ms_blue pe_0702.indd 294 2/2/15 3:39:36 PM

The cube root of 216 is .

3. Complete each statement using positive or negative.

a. A positive number times a positive number is a number.

4. REASONING Can a negative number have a cube root? Give an example