1.

Basic Concepts of
Chemistry

Subject: Biochemistry
Class : AHS

Dr. M. Naeem
Assistant Professor
DBS-NUMS
CONTENTS
Matter, elements, compounds and mixture
Bonding and types of bonding
Chemical reactions
a. Redox reactions
b. Acid base reactions
1. Basic Concepts of Matter,
Element & Compound
Basic Definitions in Chemistry

• Matter is anything that has mass and volume (takes up space).

• Atom: the matter that makes up all of these "things" is composed of a

very limited number of

• Element: A substance that is composed of only one type of atom is

called an element.

• Molecules are groups of two or more atoms that have been bonded
together.
Matter
Matter:Anything that has mass and occupies space is called Matter

Matter typically exists in one of three states

Example:

Water can take many forms.

 At low temperatures (below 0oC), it is a solid.

 When at "normal" temperatures (between 0oC and 100oC ), it is a
liquid.
 While at temperatures above 100oC , water is a gas (steam).

The state that water is in depends upon the temperature. Each state has
its own unique set of physical properties.
Classification of Matter
Element
An element is a pure substance which can not be split up into other simpler substances by any ordinary physical or
chemical process.
Element
Chemical Elements used in daily life
Element

Chemical Elements in the Human Body

1. Oxygen (O2) 65% of the human body weight.
Oxygen is vital for breathing
Oxygen exists in our bodies mainly in the form of water; it represents 89% of the water weight.

2. Carbon (C) 18% of the human body weight.

Carbon chains are used to build carbohydrates, fats, and proteins; breaking these chains provides the human body
with energy.

3. Hydrogen (H2) 10% of the human body weight.

Hydrogen is a main constituent of the DNA; as such, it exists in every molecule in all living cells.

4. Nitrogen (N2) 3% of the human body weight.

Nitrogen is the most important constituent of animal cells' protoplasm, as well as the amino acids
that form proteins, and the acids that form the DNA.

5. Calcium (Ca) 1.5% of the human body weight.

Mostly concentrated in teeth and bones; calcium regulates protein and muscle contractions. It also preserves bones
density and strength, and regulates heartbeats and blood clotting.
Element
Chemical Elements in the Human Body
7. Phosphorus (P) 1% of the human body weight.
Phosphorus is found in the human body in the form of phosphates. The human skeleton and brain are reservoirs of
phosphates, where it is found in the form of calcium phosphate. Phosphates are also present in the form of the
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) energy molecule, which releases 7.3 Kcal/mol of energy to perform different biological
functions.

6. Potassium (K) 0.35% of the human body weight.

Potassium transfers nerve signals, regulates heartbeat, and reduces blood sugar. It also maintains bone health.

8. Sulfur (S) 0.25% of the human body weight.

Sulfur plays a role in providing proteins the shape they need to perform their functions.

9. Sodium (Na) 0.15% of the human body weight.

Sodium functions similar to potassium in transmitting nerve signals between the cells; it also contributes to regulating
water amounts in the body.

10. Gold (Au) 0.2 mg of the human body weight.

Gold is found in the blood; it plays a crucial role in protecting the body and preserving joints. It is also an essential
element in transmitting electric signals throughout the body.
Compound
Compound is a pure substance consist of two or more different types of elements chemically combined together in a fixed ratio by
mass.

For example, water is a compound composed of the elements hydrogen and oxygen.
Mixtures
A mixture is made up of two or more substances that are not chemically combined. A mixture may consist of
elements, compounds or both.
Properties of matter

 Physical Properties

A physical property is a characteristic of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing
the identity of the substance. Physical properties of matter include color, hardness, malleability,
solubility, electrical conductivity, density, melting points, and boiling points.

 Chemical Properties

Chemical properties of matter describe its potential to undergo some chemical change or reaction by
virtue of its composition. The elements, electrons, and bonds that are present give the matter potential
for chemical change.

A chemical property of iron is its capability of combining with oxygen to form iron oxide, the chemical
name of rust.

chemical properties can only be observed as the substance is in the process of being changed into a
different substance.
Properties of matter
2. Overview of Chemical
Reactions, Equation and Bonding
Chemical Reactions

Chemical reactions are the processes by which chemicals interact to form new chemicals with different
compositions. Simply stated, a chemical reaction is the process where reactants are transformed into
products.

Chemical reactions are constantly occurring in the world around us; everything from the rusting of an
iron fence to the metabolic pathways of a human cell are all examples of chemical reactions.

Chemical Equation

A chemical reaction is typically represented by a chemical equation, which represents the change from
reactants to products.
The left hand side of the equation represents the reactants, while the right hand side represents the
products.
2Mg+O2→2MgO
Chemical Reactions

Chemical reactions are the processes by which chemicals interact to form new chemicals with different
compositions. Simply stated, a chemical reaction is the process where reactants are transformed into
products.

Chemical reactions are constantly occurring in the world around us; everything from the rusting of an
iron fence to the metabolic pathways of a human cell are all examples of chemical reactions.

Chemical Equation

A chemical reaction is typically represented by a chemical equation, which represents the change from
reactants to products.
The left hand side of the equation represents the reactants, while the right hand side represents the
products.
2Mg+O2→2MgO
Types of Chemical Reactions

 Precipitation reaction
A reaction that occurs when aqueous solutions of anions (negatively charged ions) and cations (positively
charged ions) combine to form a compound that is insoluble is known as precipitation. The insoluble solid
is called the precipitate, and the remaining liquid is called the supernate.

 Synthesis Reactions
A synthesis reaction occurs when one or more compounds combines to form a complex compound.
Synthesis Reactions

An example of such a reaction is the reaction of silver with oxygen gas to form silver oxide:

2Ag(s)+O2(g)→2AgO(s)
Types of Chemical Reactions

 Precipitation reaction
A reaction that occurs when aqueous solutions of anions (negatively charged ions) and cations (positively
charged ions) combine to form a compound that is insoluble is known as precipitation. The insoluble solid
is called the precipitate, and the remaining liquid is called the supernate.

 Synthesis Reactions
A synthesis reaction occurs when one or more compounds combines to form a complex compound.
Synthesis Reactions

An example of such a reaction is the reaction of silver with oxygen gas to form silver oxide:

2Ag(s)+O2(g)→2AgO(s)
Types of Chemical Reactions
 Acid-base, or neutralization reaction
A neutralization reaction occurs when an acid and base are mixed together. An acid is a substance that
produces H+ ions in solution, whereas a base is a substance that produces OH- ions in solution. A typical
acid-base reaction will produce an ionic compound called a salt and water.
A typical acid-base reaction is the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide.

This reaction is represented by the equation:

HCl(aq)+NaOH(aq)→NaCl(aq)+H2O(l)
Types of Chemical Reactions

Uses of Acid-Base Reactions in Daily Life

•Calcium oxide (CaO) is used to neutralize acidic soil.

•Hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach plays a vital role in digesting food. Antacids, which are bases, are
taken to neutralize excess stomach acid, to prevent damage to the intestines.

•Alkaline calcium hydroxide (limewater) is used to absorb harmful acidic sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas that is
released from power stations and the burning of fossil fuels.
Types of Chemical Reactions
 Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) reaction

 Chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred are called oxidation-reduction, or redox,
reactions.
 Oxidation is the loss of electrons.
 Reduction is the gain of electrons.

 Oxidation and reduction always occur together.

 The atom that loses electrons is oxidized, and the atom that gains electrons is reduced.
 The species being oxidized is called the reducing agent, and the species being reduced is called the
oxidizing agent.
Types of Chemical Reactions

Redox Reactions
Types of Chemical Reactions
Chemical Bonding
 Chemical bonding
A chemical bond is the force that holds atoms together in chemical compounds. There are two idealized
types of bonding:
1. Covalent bonding, in which electrons are shared between atoms in a molecule or polyatomic ion, and
2. Ionic bonding, in which positively and negatively charged ions are held together by electrostatic forces.

 Covalent bonding
Single Bonds
A single bond is formed when two electrons(one pair of electrons) are shared between two atoms. It is depicted by a
single line between the two atoms.

Example: HCl
Chemical Bonding
 Covalent bonding
Double Bonds
A Double bond is when two atoms share two pairs of electrons with each other. It is depicted by two horizontal lines
between two atoms in a molecule. This type of bond is much stronger than a single bond, but less stable; this is due to its
greater amount of reactivity compared to a single bond.

Example: CO2

Triple Bonds
A Triple bond is when three pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms in a molecule. It is the least stable out of the
three general types of covalent bonds. It is very vulnerable to electron thieves!
.

Example: Acetylene
Chemical Bonding
 Covalent bonding
Double Bonds
A Double bond is when two atoms share two pairs of electrons with each other. It is depicted by two horizontal lines
between two atoms in a molecule. This type of bond is much stronger than a single bond, but less stable; this is due to its
greater amount of reactivity compared to a single bond.

Example: CO2

Triple Bonds
A Triple bond is when three pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms in a molecule. It is the least stable out of the
three general types of covalent bonds. It is very vulnerable to electron thieves!
.

Example: Acetylene
Chemical Bonding
 Covalent bonding
Polar Covalent Bond
 A Polar Covalent Bond is created when the shared electrons between atoms are not equally shared.
 This occurs when one atom has a higher electronegativity than the atom it is sharing with.
 The atom with the higher electronegativity will have a stronger pull for electrons.
 As a result, the shared electrons will be closer to the atom with the higher electronegativity, making it unequally
shared.
 A polar covalent bond will result in the molecule having a slightly positive side (the side containing the atom with a
lower electronegativity) and a slightly negative side (containing the atom with the higher electronegativity) because
the shared electrons will be displaced toward the atom with the higher electronegativity.

Electronegativity is a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons.

Chemical Bonding
 Covalent bonding

Non-polar Covalent Bond

 A Nonpolar Covalent Bond is created when atoms share their electrons equally.
 This usually occurs when two atoms have similar or the same electron affinity. .

Example:

Hydrogen gas has a total of 2 Hydrogen atoms. Each

Hydrogen atom has 1 valence electron. Since
Hydrogen can only fit a max of 2 valence electrons in
its orbital, each Hydrogen atom only needs 1 electron.
Each atom has 1 valence electron, so they can just
share, giving each atom two electrons each.
 Types of covalent Bond
Bonding Single covalent Bond

Double covalent Bond

Triple covalent Bond

Bonding Coordinate covalent bond

Metallic bond
Activity Chart
References
• https://b-ok.xyz/
• Darrell-Ebbing,-Steven-D.-Gammon]-General-Chemist(z-lib.org).pdf
• Google Images
• https://www.chemistrylearner.com/chemical-reactions/acid-base-
reaction?fbclid=IwAR2DgKXVgaCZNsXRlbD2WLECjbsnk6K9l73_p0ujM
rvbOM9P2It4Fjwmsik