Tribhuvan University

Faculty of Humanities and Social Science

Lab Report on

“Computer Networking”

Submitted To:

Department of Computer Application

Padmashree International College

Tinkune, Kathmandu

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Bachelors in Computer Application

Submitted by:

Bhabishya Sunuwar

BCA 5th Semester

University Registration No: -

6-2-622-31-2020

Date: 2080/11/08

Under Supervision of

Anil Pande
 Tribhuvan University

Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences

Padmashree International College

Supervisor’s Recommendations

I hereby recommend that this project prepared under my supervision by Bhabishya Sunuwar
entitled “Lab Report on Computer Networking” in partial fulfillment of requirements for
the degree of Bachelors of Computer Application recommended for the final evaluation.

……………………………

Mr. Anil Pande

Department of Computer Application
Padmashree International College

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 Tribhuvan University
Faculty of Humanities and Social Science
Padmashree International College

LETTER OF APPROVAL

This is to certify that this report prepared by Bhabishya Sunuwar entitled “Lab Report on
Computer Networking” in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor’s in Computer Application has been evaluated. In our opinion, it is satisfactory in
the scope and quality as a project for the required degree.

…………………………… ……………………………….
Mr. Anil Pande Mr. Ramesh Kumar Pudasaini
Project Supervisor BCA Coordinator
Department of Computer Application Department of Computer Application
Padmashree International College Padmashree International College

…………………………… ………………………………
Mr. Anil Pande Mr.
Internal Examiner External Examiner

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 Acknowledgement

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Mr. Anil Pande for his invaluable guidance,
support, and expertise throughout the duration of this lab project. His insightful feedback and
encouragement have been instrumental in shaping our understanding of computer networking
concepts.

I extend my appreciation to our Coordinator Mr. Ramesh Kumar Pudasaini for his
assistance in providing the necessary resources and facilities to conduct this lab experiment
effectively.

Furthermore, I would like to thank my fellow classmates and peers for their collaboration,
discussions, and shared insights, which have enriched my learning experience and
contributed to the success of this project.

Finally, I acknowledge the authors of the textbooks, research papers, and online resources
that served as references for my study, as well as any individuals or organizations whose
work has directly or indirectly influenced my report.

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 Table of Contents
Acknowledgement....................................................................................................................iv
Lab 1: Network Concept............................................................................................................1
Lab 2: Cisco Packet Tracker Concept........................................................................................4
Lab 3: Point to Point Communication........................................................................................6
Lab 4: Communication Through Switch....................................................................................8
Lab 5: Configuration of router and switch...............................................................................10
Lab 6: Configure the DHCP Server.........................................................................................12
Lab 7: Configure the DNS Sever.............................................................................................15
Lab 8: Configure the router from CLI......................................................................................18
Lab 9: Default Routing.............................................................................................................21
Lab 10: Static Routing.............................................................................................................24
Lab 11: Vlan.............................................................................................................................28

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 Lab 1: Network Concept

Title: Introduction to Network Concept

Objectives:
 Understand the basics of computer networks, including terminologies like nodes,
hosts, routers, and protocols.
 Learn about different types of networks, such as LAN, MAN, WAN and internet.
 Explore fundamental networking protocols like TCP/IP, DHCP, DNS.
 Develop an understanding of network security, concepts.

Background Theory:
Network concepts involves interconnected devices communicating via protocols, enabling
data sharing and resources. Networks range from local (LAN) to global (WAN), each with
unique characteristics and coverage. Protocols like TCP/IP govern data exchange, while
devices like routers and switches mange traffic flow. Understanding network concepts is
essential for designing efficient communication infrastructures and ensuring reliable
connectivity.

Figure 1.1: IP Configuration of Windows.

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 Figure 1.2: All IP Configuration of Windows – I.

Figure 1.3: Testing the connection of Google’s public DNS server and network connectivity
and response times of domain name.

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Figure 1.4: Demonstrating Ping Command for 'esewa.com' domain.

Figure 1.5: Retrieving the MAC address of a network device

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 Lab 2: Cisco Packet Tracker Concept

Title: Introduction to Packet Tracer Simulation Tools.

Objectives:
 To know about Packet Tracer.
 To know how to simulate various network topologies and scenarios.
 To know the fundamental of network design and configuration.
 TO know how to use Packet Tracer for educational purposes.
Background Theory:
Packet Tracer is a network simulation tool by Cisco Systems for educational use, allowing
users to create virtual networks with routers, switches, and PCs. It supports protocols like
TCP/IP, DHCP, and OSPF for realistic network simulations. The too provides a safe
environment for learning networking concepts without physical hardware. Packet Tracer aids
in designing, configuring, and troubleshooting networks, enhancing hands-on learning
experiences. Its features include packet capturing and real-time monitoring for
comprehensive network simulations.

Observations And Finding:

Connecting to Router, Switch, PC, Laptop and server and testing their connectivity.

Figure 2.1: Interface of Cisco Packet Tracer.

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Output:

Figure 2.2: Connectivity Between Different Devices.

Discussion:
The basic user of Cisco Packet Tracer is demonstrated in this lab. We also use many tools
line Routers, PC, Server and Switch to know about the working environment of the cisco
packet tracer.
Conclusion:
The aim if this lab is to become familiar with Cisco Packet Tracer and its working
environment.

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 Lab 3: Point to Point Communication

Title: Creating and configuring a simple peer-to-peer networking having two PC’s and
testing the connectivity between them.

Objectives:
 Implementing peer-to-peer networking using Packet Tracer.
 Testing connectivity between different computers present in the network.

Background Theory:
A collection of computers is joined together with equal permission and responsibilities for
data processing in peer-to-peer (P2P) networking. In contrast to traditional client-server
networking, no devise in a P2P network is completely dedicated to server or receiving data.
Each linked machine has the same permissions and can be sued for the same purposes as its
“peer”.
Observation and Findings:
Implement peer-to-peer network in between two PC’s and testing connectivity between them.

Figure 3.1: Point – to – Point Network Communication.

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Output:

Discussion:
Use of peer-to-peer network is demonstrated in this lab. We use two PC’s and connect
between them and assign them IP addresses and test their connectivity.
Conclusion:
The aim of this lab is to become familiar with peer-to-peer network using two PC’s.

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 Lab 4: Communication Through Switch

Title: Creating and configuring a simple through switch having multiple PC’s and testing
their connectivity between them.

Objectives:
 Implement communication through switch using Packet Tracer.
 Testing connectivity between different PC’s connected to same switch.
 Create a network topology with PC’s connected to a same switch.
Background Theory:
Communication through a switch refers to the process of data transmission between devices
within a network via a switch. The switch acts as a central networking device that efficiently
forwards data packets based on MAC addresses. They enable direct communication between
devices in the same VLAN and enhance network performance.
Observations and findings:
Interconnecting 3 different connecting devices with a single switch and testing connectivity
between them.

Figure 4.1: Communication Through Switch.

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Output:

Discussion:
Interconnecting 3 different devices with a single switch and testing their connectivity
between each other through switch.
Conclusion:
The main of the lab is to become familiar with communication through switch and their
internetworking.

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 Lab 5: Configuration of router and switch

Title: Creating communication and configuration through routers through single switch
having multiple PC’s and testing connectivity between them.

Objectives:
 To know about router configuration.
 To create network topology in with PC’s connected to same router and switch.
 Implement configuration of router and switch using Packet Tracer.
Background Theory:
Configuration of a router and switch means adjusting settings so they work well together and
with other devices on a network. This includes tasks like giving them specific addresses,
making sure they can talk to each other and share data efficiently, creating secure area for
different types traffic and prioritizing important data.
Observation and Findings:
Interconnecting 4 different devices with a router and single switch and testing connectivity
between them.

Figure 5.1: Communication Through Router and Switch.

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Output:

Discussion:
Interconnecting devices with a router and switch and testing their connectivity between each
other through switch.
Conclusion:
The main of the lab is to become familiar with configuration of router and switch and their
internetworking.

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 Lab 6: Configure the DHCP Server

Title: Configuring DHCP server

Objectives:
 To know about DHCP server
 To know how DHCP server assign IP address dynamically.
 To manage IP address allocation efficiently.
Background Theory:
A DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server is a network service that
automatically assigns IP (Internet Protocol) addresses to devices connected to a network. It
simplifies the process of network configuration by dynamically allocating IP address and
other network configuration parameters to each device on a network so they can
communicate with other IP networks.

Observation And Findings:

DHCP server configuration

Figure 6.1: Configuration of DHCP Server.

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 Figure 6.2: CLI Command for DHCP Server.

Figure 6. 3 Checking DHCP Server in Laptop – 2.

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Output:

Discussion:
DHCP sever configuration is implemented in this lab. The use of DCHP server configuration
is demonstrated here by showing the interconnection between multiple devices connected
with a single router and a switch.
Conclusion:
The aim of this lab is to become familiar with DHCP server configuration.

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 Lab 7: Configure the DNS Sever

Title: Configuring and connecting multiple PCs with the single server and switch using
DNS Server using Packet Tracer.

Objectives:
 To understand the concept of DNS and its role in translating domain names to IP
addresses.
 Learn how to set up and configure a DNS Server in Cisco Packet Tracer.
 Test DNS functionality by performing domain name resolution and verifying DNS
records using Packet Tracer.
Background Theory:
A DNS (Domain Name System) Server is a crucial component of the internet that translates
domain names into IP addresses, allowing users websites and services using human-readable
names. It functions as a distributed database system, storing records that map domain names
to their corresponding IP addresses.
Observation and Findings:
Implement a common DNS Server in multiple PCs with single server and switch.

Figure 7.1: Configuring the DNS Server.

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Figure 7.2: Checking the Configuration of DNS Server in Laptop – 0.

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Output:

Discussion:
We are demonstrating DNS Server testing in this lab. We have used two PC’s assign them
with their respective IP addresses then we have assigned a unique IP address to the server as
well and after making a connection between them the unique IP address of server is runnable
in both PCs with result in showing their each other’s IP address and IP address of server.
Conclusion:
The aim of this lab is to become familiar with configuring the DNS Server.

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 Lab 8: Configure the router from CLI

Title: Connecting and Configuring multiple PC’s having different network gateway with
multiple switches with a single router.
Objectives:
 To navigate and configure router settings proficiently using CLI commands.
 To set up basic router configurations like P addressing and routing protocols.
 To implement configuration of router form CLI using Packet Tracer.
Background Theory:
Configuring a router in Cisco Packet Tracer’s CLI means using its terminal to directly enter
commands. It allows setting up interface settings, routing protocols, and security features for
practicing network administration and troubleshooting.
Process For Router Configuration Using CLI
Step 1: enable router using command enable or en.
Step 2: enter command configure terminal.
Step 3: enter command line console 0.
Step 4: set a password as you like.
Step 5: exit
Step 6: enable router using password.
Step 7: go to the terminal using configure t command.
Step 8: set an IP address and subnet mast for Gigabit Ethernet of a router.
Step 9: enable the ports of a router using no shutdown command.
Step 10: enable IP address of a computer

Observation And Findings:

Configuring routers using Command Line Interface.

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 Figure 8.1: CLI Command.

Figure 8.2: Configuring the Router Using CLI Command.

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Output:

Discussion:
We are demonstrating the configuration of router using CLI command in this lab. We have
used a single router and two different switches and each PCs related with those switches have
different network gateway. For example, in switch 1 the gateway of PC is 192.168.1.1,
similarly the gateway of PC in next switch is 192.168.2.1. While checking the connection
between those PCs having different network gateway the connection will be unsuccessful but
after performing CLI command for router configuration there will the connection between
both PCs having different gateways.
Conclusion:
The aim of this lab report is to become familiar with configuration with router using CLI
command in Cisco Packet Tracer.

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 Lab 9: Default Routing

Title: Connecting and configuration of different PCs having different router and switches.
Objectives:
 To handle packets with unknown destination IP addresses.
 To forward packets to a specific next-hop or interface when no other routes match.
 To ensure connectivity to remote networks.
 To improve network performance by enabling efficient packet forwarding.
Background Theory:
Default routing directs packets with unknown destinations to a specified next-hop IP or
interface using the default route (192.168.10.11/255.255.255.0). It ensures connectivity to
remote networks and simplifies routing table management. It is a fundamental aspect of
network routing protocols that helps optimize data transmission in across interconnected
networks.
Observation and Findings:
Implement connecting and configuration between different devices having different router
and switches.

Figure 9.1: Default Routing.

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Figure 9.2: Configuration of Default Routing in Router RAME using CLI Command.

Figure 9.3: Configuration of Default Routing in Router KTM using CLI Command.

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Output:

Discussion:
We are demonstrating default routing in this lab. We are using different router and switch for
different devices. In this lab we have two devices with a gateway network of (192.168.1.0)
and two devices with a gateway network of (192.168.2.0). Both gateway network has their
separate router and switch from each other. In gateway network (192.168.1.0) we have a
server whose IP address in 192.168.1.10. Basically, in order to make a connection between
both gateway network we have assigned IP addresses in the cables/ports that makes
connection between them and like (fa0/1, fa0/0), after that we have registered IP addresses
corresponding IP route of router 1 and router 2 in example, for 192.168.1.0 we have used
given hop address 192.168.4.2 and we have used hop address 192.168.4.1 in 192.168.2.0.
Conclusion:
The aim of this lab is to become familiar with default routing and the internetworking
between multiple devices having different switches and routers.

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 Lab 10: Static Routing

Title: Connecting and configuration of different PCs having different router and switches
using static routing.
Objectives:
 To know static routing
 To know how to give IP route to a router.
 To know the purpose of static routing for manual route configuration.
 To understand scenarios where static routing is necessary.
Background Theory:
Static routing is a type of network routing technique. Static routing is not a routing protocol;
instead, it is the manual configuration and selection of a network route, usually managed by
the network administrator. It is employed in scenarios where the network parameters and
environment are expected to remain constant.
Process for static routing:
Step 1: Set a router with IP address.
Step 2: Setup switch and desktop for communication with IP address.
Step 3: Set another router with IP address.
Step 4: Enable ports of a routers.
Step 5: Set a static route for router 1 and 2.
Step 6: Communicate from one network to another network.

Observation and Findings:

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 Figure 10.1: Static Routing.

Figure 10.2: Configuration of Static Routing in Router – 0 using CLI Command.

Figure 10.3: Configuration of Static Routing in Router – 1 using CLI Command.

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Figure 10.4: Showing Static Routing for Router – 0.

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Output:

Discussion:
We are demonstrating static routing in this lab. Router0 is with IP addresses 192.168.1.1
(f0/0) and 10.1.1.1 (fa0/1) connects to Router1 with IP addresses 10.1.1.2 (fa0/0) and
192.168.2.1 (fa0/1) via switches. Devices in Router0’s switch is IP 192.168.1.2 and
192.168.1.3 needs to communicate with devices in Router1’s switch with IP 192.168.2.2 and
192.168.2.3. To enable this communication, static routes are configured on Router1 to direct
traffic destined for the 192.168.2.0/24 network to Router2’s IP address 10.1.1.2, and on
Router2 to direct traffic destined for the 192.168.1.0/24 network to Router1’s IP address
10.1.1.1.
Conclusion:
The aim of this lab is to become familiar with static routing and the internetworking between
multiple devices having different switches and routers.

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 Lab 11: Vlan

Title: Performing Vlan configuration in Cisco Packet Tracer.

Objectives:
 To know how to create and configure VLANs on Cisco switches.
 To understand VLAN segmentation and its benefits for network security and
performance.
 To practice assigning VLAN membership to switch ports.
Background theory:
VLANs segment networks to enhance security and traffic management, grouping devices
based on criteria like departments or functions for optimized performance and data isolation.
They enable specific policies per segment, enhancing network management and overall
security. This segmentation reduces broadcast traffic and improves network efficiency
making VLANs essential in modern network architecture.
Observation and findings:
We are using a single switch with same gateway of network but are separated in 2 different
group of vlan (management vlan and science vlan), which are not accessible with each other.

Figure 11.1: VLAN Configuration.

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Figure 11.2: Running CLI Command for VLAN Configuration – I.

Figure 11.3: Running CLI Command for VLAN Configuration – II.

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Output:

Discussion:
In the network configuration, four devices are connected to a single switch and are divided
into two VLANs. Management VLAN with IP addresses 192.168.1.10 and 192.168.1.12, and
science VLAN with IP addresses 192.168.1.20 and 192.168.1.22. Then we have assigned two
VLAN separately, in this lab we have assigned Management VLAN in Vlan 10 and Science
VLAN in Vlan 20, which controls the traffic of the switch. Simply it means management
VLAN’s IP address cannot access the IP address of science VLAN and vice-versa.
Conclusion:
The aim of this lab is to become familiar VLAN using Cisco Packet Tracer.

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