BME2301 - Circuit Theory

The Instructors:
Dr. Görkem SERBES (C317)
[email protected]
https://avesis.yildiz.edu.tr/gserbes/

Lab Assistants:
Nihat AKKAN
[email protected]
https://avesis.yildiz.edu.tr/nakkan
1
 Objectives of the Lecture
• Explain mathematically how resistors in series are
combined and their equivalent resistance.
• Explain mathematically how resistors in parallel
are combined and their equivalent resistance.
• Rewrite the equations for conductances.
• Explain mathematically how a voltage that is
applied to resistors in series is distributed among
the resistors.
• Explain mathematically how a current that enters
the a node shared by resistors in parallel is
distributed among the resistors.
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 The Single-Loop Circuit

• First step in the analysis is the assumption of

reference directions for the unknown currents.
• Second step in the analysis is a choice of the
voltage reference for each of the two resistors.
• The third step is the application of Kirchhoff’s
voltage law to the only closed path. 3
 Conservation of Energy
• The sum of the absorbed power for each element of a
circuit is zero.

• The sum of the absorbed power equals the sum of the

supplied power

4
Example-01
• Compute the power
absorbed in each
element for the circuit
shown in the Figure.

– power absorbed by each element:

5
Example-02
• Find the power absorbed by each
of the five elements in the circuit.
– power absorbed by each element:

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 The Single-Node-Pair Circuit
• KVL forces us to recognize that the voltage
across each branch is the same as that across
any other branch.
• Elements in a circuit having a common voltage
across them are said to be connected in parallel.

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 Example-03
• Find the voltage, current, and power associated with
each element in the following circuit.
Supplying power Absorbing power

– power absorbed by each element:

8
 Example-04
• Determine the value
of v and the power
absorbed by the
independent current
source in the circuit.

• Actually 345.6 mW is supplied

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 Example-05
• For the single-node-pair circuit, find iA , iB and iC .

5.6 = iA + iB + iC + 2 = 3 – 5.4 + 6 + 2 = 5.6

10
 Series Circuits
• Series
– all elements in a circuit (loop) that carry the same
current

– The 60 V source and the 8 Ω resistor are in series.

– The 8 Ω resistor and 4 Ω resistor are not in series.
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 Series Circuits

• R3 is in series with the 36 V source.

• R4, the 14 V element, the v2 element, the vs1
source, and R1 are in series.
• No element is in series with R2.
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 Parallel Circuits
• Parallel
– all elements in a circuit that have a common voltage
across them (elements that share the same 2 nodes)

– The 120 A source, 1/30 Ω resistor, 30 A source, and

1/15 Ω resistor are in parallel.
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 Parallel Circuits

• The current source and the 2 Ω resistor are in parallel.

– No other single elements are in parallel with each other.
• The 60 V source and 8 Ω resistor branch is in parallel
with the 10 Ω resistor.
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 Example-06
• In the following circuit;
a. which individual elements are in series/in parallel?
b. which groups of elements are in series/in parallel?

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 Example-07
• In the following circuit;
a. which individual elements are in series/in parallel?
b. which groups of elements are in series/in parallel?

16
 Example-08
• In the following circuit;
a. which individual
elements are in
series/in parallel?
b. which groups of
elements are in
series/in parallel?

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 Voltage Sources in Series
• can replace voltage sources in series with a single
equivalent source

• all other voltage, current,

& power relationships in
the circuit remain
unchanged
• might greatly simplify
analysis of an otherwise
complicated circuit

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 Voltage Sources in Series
• The connection of batteries in series to obtain a
higher voltage is common in much of today’s
portable electronic equipment.
• Four 1.5V AAA
batteries have been
connected in series
to obtain a source
voltage of 6V.
– The voltage has increased, but the maximum current for
each AAA battery and for the 6V supply is the same.
– The power available has increased by a factor of 4 due
to the increase in terminal voltage.
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 Example-09

• The current and the power consumed by the resistors is the

same in (a,b,c).
• However, the voltage sources must be broken out from the
equivalent to solve for their individual powers delivered.
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 Voltage Sources in Parallel
• Unless v1 = v2 = …, this
circuit is not valid for ideal
sources.
• All real voltage sources have
internal resistance and are
usually not exactly equal.
• Current will flow from the higher source to the lower
source until equilibrium is reached (e.g. dangerously).
• Properly designed, a bank of equal voltage sources can
deliver many times the current of a single source.

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 Current Sources in Parallel
• can replace current sources in parallel with a single
equivalent source

• all other voltage, current,

& power relationships in
the circuit remain
unchanged
• as with voltage sources,
this technique may
simplify circuit analyses

22
Example-10

23
 Resistors in Series
• As with voltage/current sources, resistors may also be
replaced with equivalents.
– In series, resistances are added.
• the total resistance of series resistors is always larger than the value
of the largest resistor.

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 Resistors in Series
• It is important to realize that when a dc supply
is connected, it does not see the individual
connection of elements but simply the total
resistance seen at the connection terminals
• Resistance seen at the terminals of a series
circuit:

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 Resistors in Series
• The total resistance of any configuration can be
measured by simply connecting an ohmmeter across
the access terminals as shown below.

– Since there is no polarity associated with resistance, either

lead can be connected to point a, with the other lead
connected to point b.
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 Power Distribution in Series Circuit
• For any network
composed of resistive
elements, the power
applied by the battery
will equal that
dissipated by the
resistive elements

• For R1

– In a series resistive network, the larger the resistor, the more

the power absorbed.
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 Resistors in Parallel
• For resistors in parallel, the reciprocals of the
resistances sum to 1 / (the equivalent).
– the total resistance of parallel resistors is always less than
the value of the smallest resistor.

28
 Resistors in Parallel
• The total resistance of any configuration can be
measured by simply connecting an ohmmeter across
the access terminals as shown below.

– There is no polarity to resistance, so either lead of the

ohmmeter can be connected to either side of the network.
– Always keep in mind that ohmmeters can never be applied
to a live circuit.
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Power Distribution in Parallel Circuit
• For any network
composed of resistive
elements, the power
applied by the battery
will equal that
dissipated by the
resistive elements

• For R1

– In a parallel resistive network, the larger the resistor, the less

the power absorbed.
30
 Symbol for Parallel Resistors
• To make writing equations simpler, we use a symbol
to indicate that a certain set of resistors are in parallel.
– Here, we would write

R1║R2║R3

to show that R1 is in
parallel with R2 and R3.

– This also means that we should use the equation for

equivalent resistance if this symbol is included in a
mathematical equation.
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 If G is used instead of R
• In series:
– The reciprocal of the equivalent conductance is equal to the
sum of the reciprocal of each of the conductors in series
• In this example
1/Geq = 1/G1 + 1/G2
• Simplifying
(only for 2 conductors in series)
 Geq = G1G2 /(G1 + G2)

32
 If G is used instead of R
• In parallel :
– The equivalent conductance is equal to the sum of all of the
conductors in parallel

• In this example
Geq = G1 + G2

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 Example-11
• Use resistance and source combinations to determine the
current i and the power
delivered by the 80 V
source in this circuit .

Actually 240 W is supplied

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 Example-12
• Determine v in this circuit by first combining
the three current sources,
and then the two 10 ohm
resistors.

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 For the same value resistors
a. As you increase the number of resistors in
series
• Does Req increases or decreases?

b. As you increase the number of resistors in

parallel
• Does Req increases or decreases?

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Summary

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