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Postman

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TableofContents
1. Postman – Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1

Need of Postman .................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

Working with Postman .................................................................................................................................................................... 2

2. Postman — Environment Setup ........................................................................................................ 7

Standalone Application ..................................................................................................................................................................7

Chrome Extension .............................................................................................................................................................................. 11

3. Postman — Environment Variables ................................................................................................ 16

Create Environment ........................................................................................................................................................................16

Environment Variables Scope ..................................................................................................................................................18

4. Postman — Authorization ................................................................................................................ 20

Types of Authorization ..................................................................................................................................................................22

Authorization at Collections ..................................................................................................................................................... 27

5. Postman — Workflows ...................................................................................................................... 30

6. Postman — GET Requests................................................................................................................. 35

Create a GET Request .................................................................................................................................................................. 35

7. Postman — POST Requests .............................................................................................................. 41

Create a POST Request .................................................................................................................................................................41

8. Postman — PUT Requests................................................................................................................. 47

Create a PUT Request .................................................................................................................................................................. 48

9. Postman — DELETE Requests ............................................................................................................51

Create a DELETE Request…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….51

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10. Postman — Create Tests for CRUD ...................................................................................................54

Tests in Postman.............................................................................................................................................................................. 54

11. Postman — Create Collections ....................................................................................................... 57

Create a New Collection .............................................................................................................................................................57

12. Postman — Parameterize Requests ............................................................................................... 60

Create a Parameter Request ................................................................................................................................................. 60

13. Postman — Collection Runner ........................................................................................................ 63

Execute Tests with Collection Runner ............................................................................................................................... 63

14. Postman — Assertion........................................................................................................................ 66

Writing Assertions ........................................................................................................................................................................... 66

Assertion for Object Verification ........................................................................................................................................... 68

Assertion Types ................................................................................................................................................................................. 69

15. Postman — Mock Server.................................................................................................................... 71

Benefits of Mock Server ................................................................................................................................................................. 71

Mock Server Creation ..................................................................................................................................................................... 71

Example Request .............................................................................................................................................................................. 77

16. Postman — Cookies .......................................................................................................................... 83

Cookies Management ................................................................................................................................................................. 83

Access Cookies via Program .................................................................................................................................................. 85

17. Postman — Sessions ......................................................................................................................... 87

18. Postman — Newman Overview ...................................................................................................... 89

Newman Installation ..................................................................................................................................................................... 89

19. Postman — Run Collections using Newman ................................................................................. 91

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Run Collections ...................................................................................................................................................................................91

Common command-line arguments for Newman............................................................................................... 93

20. Postman — OAuth 2.0 Authorization ............................................................................................. 95

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1. Postman – Introduction

Postman is an Application Programming Interface (API) testing tool. API acts like
an interface between a couple of applications and establishes a connection
between them.

Thus, an API is a collection of agreements, functions, and tools that an application

can provide to its users for successful communication with another application.
We requireban API whenever we access an application like checking news over
the phone, Facebook, and so on.

Postman was designed in the year 2012 by software developer and entrepreneur
Abhinav Asthana to make API development and testing straightforward. It is a tool
for testing the software of an API. It can be used to design, document, verify,
create, and change APIs.

Postman has the feature of sending and observing the Hypertext Transfer Protocol
(HTTP) requests and responses. It has a graphical user interface (GUI) and can be
used in platforms like Linux, Windows and Mac. It can build multiple HTTP requests
– POST, PUT, GET, PATCH and translate them to code.

NeedofPostman

Postman has a huge user base and has become a very popular tool because of
the reasons listed below:

• Postman comes without any licensing cost and is suitable for use for the

teams with any capacity.

• Postman can be used very easily by just downloading it.

• Postman can be accessed very easily by logging into your own account

after installation on the device.

• Postman allows easy maintenance of test suites with the help of collections.

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Users can make a collection of API calls which can have varied requests and

sub- folders.

• Postman is capable of building multiple API calls like SOAP, REST, and HTTP.

• Postman can be used for test development by addition of checkpoints

to HTTP response codes and other parameters.

• Postman can be integrated with the continuous integration and either

continuous delivery or continuous deployment (CI/CD) pipeline.

• Postman can be integrated with Newman or Collection Runner which

allows executing tests in much iteration. Thus we can avoid repeated tests.

• Postman has big community support.

• The Postman console allows debugging test steps.

• With Postman, we can create more than one environment. Thus, a single
collection can be used with various configurations.

• Postman gives the option to import/export Environments and Collections,

enabling easy sharing of files.

WorkingwithPostman

To start working with Postman, we have the navigations as shown below. It

primarily consists of four sections:

• Header
• Response
• Sidebar
• Builder

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Given below is the screenshot of the navigations available in Postman:

Header

Postman consists of New, Import, Runner (used to execute tests with Collection
Runner), Open New, Interceptor, Sync menus, and so on. It shows the workspace
name – My Workspace along with the option for Invite for sharing it among teams.

New menu is used to create a new Environment, Collection or request. The Import
menu helps to import an Environment/Collection.

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We can import from a File, Folder, Link, Raw text or from Code repository options
which are also available under Import.

Here, Open New is used to open a new tab, Postman or a Runner Window.

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Response

Response section shall have values populated only when a request is made. It
generally contains the Response details.

Sidebar

Sidebar consists of Collections (used to maintain tests, containing folders, sub-

folders, requests), History (records all API requests made in the past), and APIs.

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Builder

Builder is the most important section of the Postman application. It has the
request tab and displays the current request name. By default, Untitled Request is
mentioned if no title is provided to a request.

The Builder section also contains the request type (GET, POST, PUT, and so on) and
URL. A request is executed with the Send button. If there are any modifications
done to a request, we can save it with the Save button.

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The Builder section has the tabs like Param, Authorization, Headers, Body, Pre-req.,
Tests and Settings. The parameters of a request in a key-value pair are
mentioned within the Params tab. The Authorization for an API with username,
password, tokens, and so on are within the Authorization tab.

The request headers, body are defined within the Headers and Body tab
respectively. Sometimes, there are pre-condition scripts to be executed prior to a
request. These are mentioned within the Pre-req. tab.

The Tests tab contains scripts that are run when a request is triggered. This helps
to validate if the API is working properly and the obtained data and Response
code is correct.

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2. Postman — Environment Setup

Postman can be installed in operating systems like Mac, Windows and Linux. It is
basically an independent application which can be installed in the following ways:

• Postman can be installed from the Chrome Extension (will be available

only in Chrome browser).
• It can be installed as a standalone application.

StandaloneApplication

To download Postman as a standalone application in Windows, navigate to the

following link https://www.postman.com/downloads/

Then, click on Download the App button. As per the configuration of the operating
system, select either the Windows 32-bit or Windows 64-bit option.

The pop-up to save the executable file gets opened. Click on Save File.

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As the download is completed successfully, the executable file gets generated.

Double-click on it for installation.

After installation, the Postman landing screen opens. Also, we have to sign up
here. There are two options to create a Postman account, which are as follows:

• Click on the Create free account.

• Use the Google Account.

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Proceed with the steps of account creation and enter relevant details like name,
role, and so on.

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Finally, we shall land to the Start screen of Postman. The following screen will
appear on your computer:

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Chrome Extension

To download Postman as a Chrome browser extension, launch the below link in

Chrome:

https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/postman/fhbjgbiflinjbdggehcddcbn
cdddomo p?.

Then, click on Add to Chrome.

A pop-up gets displayed, click on the Add app button.

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Chrome Apps page gets launched, along with the Postman icon. Next, we have to
click on the Postman icon.

Installation of Postman kicks off.

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Once the installation is completed, the Postman registration page is opened. We

can either proceed with the registration as explained previously (while installing
Postman as a standalone application) or skip it by clicking on the link Take me
straight to the app.

We can create an account later.

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Registration is an important step as it enables access to user data from other

machines. Next, the Postman welcome page opens up.

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Once we close the pop-up and move to the following page, we get the message -

Chrome apps are being deprecated.

It is always recommended to install Postman as a standalone application rather

than a Chrome extension.

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3. Postman — Environment Variables

Variables give the option to hold and repeat parameters in the requests,
collections, scripts and so on. If we need to modify a value, we need to do it in only
one place. Thus, the variables help to minimise the chance of errors and increase
efficiency.

In Postman, an environment consists of a key-value pair. It helps to identify each

request separately. As we create environments, we can modify key-value pairs
and that will produce varied responses from the same request.

The key in the key-value pair in the environment is known as the Environment
variable. There can be multiple environments and each of them can also have
multiple variables. However, we can work with a single environment at one time.

In short, an environment allows the execution of requests and collections in a

varied data set. We can create environments for production, testing and
development. Each of these environments will have different parameters like URL,
password, and so on.

Create Environment

Follow the steps given below to create an environment in Postman:

Step 1: Navigate to the New menu and then click on Environment.

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Step 2: MANAGE ENVIRONMENTS pop-up gets opened. We have to enter the

Environment name. Then, add a variable name and value.

Here, we have added the variable u and the value as

https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/users. Close the pop-up.

Step 3: The new Environment (ENV1) gets reflected as one of the items in the No
Environment dropdown.

Step 4: Select the ENV1 environment and enter {{u}} in the address bar. To utilise
an Environment variable in a request, we have to enclose it with double curly
braces ({{<Environment variable name>}}).

Step 5: Then, click on Send. This variable can be used instead of the actual URL. We
have received the Response code 200 0K (meaning the request is successful).

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Environment Variables Scope

The scope of an Environment variable is within the environment for which it is

created. This means it has a local scope confined to that environment. If we select
another environment, and try to access the same Environment variable, we shall
get an error.

In this chapter, we have created an Environment variable u within the ENV1

environment and on sending a GET request, we got the desired response.

However, if we try to use the same Environment variable u from another

Environment, say Environment Test, we will receive errors.

The following screen shows the error, which we may get if we use the same
Environment variable u from another environment:

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4. Postman — Authorization

In Postman, authorization is done to verify the eligibility of a user to access a

resource in the server. There could be multiple APIs in a project, but their access
can be restricted only for certain authorized users.

The process of authorization is applied for the APIs which are required to be
secured. This authorization is done for identification and to verify, if the user is
entitled to access a server resource.

This is done within the Authorization tab in Postman, as shown below:

In the TYPE dropdown, there are various types of Authorization options, which are
as shown below:

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Let us now create a POST request with the APIs from GitHub Developer having an
endpoint https://www.api.github.com/user/repos. In the Postman, click the Body
tab and select the option raw and then choose the JSON format.

Add the below request body:

"name" : "Tutorialspoint"
}

Then, click on Send.

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The Response code obtained is 401 Unauthorized. This means, we need to pass
authorization to use this resource. To authorize, select any option from the TYPE
dropdown within the Authorization tab.

Types of Authorization

Let us discuss some of the important authorization types namely Bearer Token
and Basic Authentication.

Bearer Token

For Bearer Token Authorization, we have to choose the option Bearer Token from
the TYPE dropdown. After this, the Token field gets displayed which needs to be
provided in order to complete the Authorization.

Step 1: To get the Token for the GitHub API, first login to the GitHub account by
clicking on the link given herewith: https://github.com/login.

Step 2: After logging in, click on the upper right corner of the screen and select the

Settings option.

Now, select the option Developer settings.

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Next, click on Personal access tokens.

Now, click on the Generate new token button.

Provide a Note and select option repo. Then, click on Generate Token at the
bottom of the page.

Finally, a Token gets generated.

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Copy the Token and paste it within the Token field under the Authorization tab in
Postman. Then, click on Send.

Please note: Here, the Token is unique to a particular GitHub account and should
not be shared.

Response

The Response code is 201 Created which means that the request is successful.

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Basic Authentication

For Basic Authentication Authorization, we have to choose the option Basic Auth
from the TYPE dropdown, so that the Username and Password fields get displayed.
First we shall send a GET request for an endpoint (https://postman-
echo.com/basic- auth) with the option No Auth selected from the TYPE dropdown.
Please note: The username for the above endpoint is postman and password is
password.

The Response Code obtained is 401 Unauthorized. This means that Authorization
did not pass for this API.

Now, let us select the option Basic Auth as the Authorization type, following which
the Username and Password fields get displayed.

Enter the postman for the Username and password for the Password field. Then,
click on

Send.

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The Response code obtained is now 200 OK, which means that our request has
been sent successfully.

No Auth

We can also carry out Basic Authentication using the request Header. First, we
have to choose the option as No Auth from the Authorization tab. Then in the
Headers tab, we have to add a key: value pair.

We shall have the key as Authorization and the value is the username and
password of the user in the format as basic <encoded credential>.

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The endpoint used in our example is: https://postman-echo.com/basic-auth. To

encode the username and password, we shall take the help of the third party
application having the URL: https://www.base64encode.org

Please note: The username for our endpoint here is postman and password is
password. Enter postman: password in the edit box and click on Encode. The
encoded value gets populated at the bottom.

We shall add the encoded Username and Password received as

cG9zdG1hbjpwYXNzd29yZA== in the Header in the format - basic
cG9zdG1hbjpwYXNzd29yZA==. Then, click on Send.

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No Auth selected from the TYPE dropdown.

The Response code obtained is 200 OK, which means that our request has been
sent successfully.

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Authorization at Collections

To add Authorization for a Collection, following the steps given below:

Step 1: Click on the three dots beside the Collection name in Postman and select
the option Edit.

Step 2: The EDIT COLLECTION pop-up comes up. Move to the Authorization tab and
then select any option from the TYPE dropdown. Click on Update.

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5. Postman — Workflows

In a Postman Collection, the requests are executed in the order in which they
appear. Every request is run first by the order of the folder followed by any request
at the Collection root.

Let us create a Collection (Collection1) with four requests. The details on how to
create a Collection is discussed in detail in the Chapter about Create Collections.

Step 1: Click on the arrow appearing to the right of the Collection name in the
sidebar. Then, click on Run button to trigger execution of requests within the
Collection.

Step 2: The Collection Runner pop-up comes up. The RUN ORDER section shows
the order in which the requests shall get executed from top to the bottom. (GET-
>POST->DEL->PUT). Click on the Run Collection1 button.

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Step 3: Execution Results show the GET request executed first, followed by POST,
then DEL and finally PUT, as mentioned in the RUN ORDER section in the Step 2.

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If we want to change the order of the request to be executed (for example, first
the Get Request shall run, followed by Create User, then Update Request and
finally the Delete Request). We have to take the help of the function
postman.setNextRequest().

This function has the feature to state which request shall execute next. The
request name to be executed next is passed as a parameter to this function. As
per the workflow, we have to add this function either in the Tests or Pre-request
Script tab under the endpoint address bar in Postman.

The syntax for execution of a request in Postman is as follows:

Implementation of a Workflow

The implementation of a workflow in Postman is explained below in a step wise

manner:

Step 1: Add the below script under the Tests tab, for the request – Create User.

The following screen will appear:

Step 2: Add the below script under the Tests tab, for the request – Update Request.

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The following screen will appear:

Output of Workflow

Given below is the output of the workflow:

The output shows that Update Request and Delete Request are running in an
infinite loop until we stop it by clicking the Stop Run button.

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Infinite Workflow Loop

If we want to stop the infinite Workflow loop via script, we have to add the below
script for the request – Delete Request.

The following screen will appear:

Again run the same Collection and output shall be as follows:

The output shows the order of execution as Get Request, Create User, Update
Request and finally Delete Request.

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6. Postman — GET Requests

A GET request is used to obtain details from the server and does not have any
impact on the server. The GET request does not update any server data while it is
triggered. The server only sends its Response to the request.

Create a GET Request

Follow the steps given below to create a GET request successfully in Postman:

Step 1: Click on the New menu from the Postman application. The Create New
pop-up comes up. Then click on the Request link.

Step 2: SAVE REQUEST pop-up comes up. Enter the Request name then click on
Save.

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Step 3: The Request name (Test1) gets reflected on the Request tab. We shall then
select the option GET from the HTTP request dropdown.

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Step 4: Enter an URL - https://www.tutorialspoint.com/index.htm in the address

bar and click on Send.

Response

Once a request has been sent, we can see the response code 200 OK populated
in the Response. This signifies a successful request and a correct endpoint. Also,
information on the time consumed to complete the request (223 ms) and
payload size (20.75 KB) are populated.

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On hovering over the response time, we can see the time taken by different
events like DNS Lookup, SSL Handshake and so on.

On hovering over the payload size, the details on the size of response, headers,
Body, and so on are displayed.

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The Response Body contains the sub-tabs – Pretty, Raw and Preview. The Pretty
format shows color formatting for keywords and indentation for easy reading. The
Raw format displays the same data displayed in the Pretty tab but without any
color or indentation.

The Preview tab shows the preview of the page.

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Raw tab

The following screen will appear:

Preview tab

The following screen will appear:

The Response also contains the Cookies, Headers and Test Results.

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7. Postman — POST Requests

Postman POST request allows appending data to the endpoint. This is a method
used to add information within the request body in the server. It is commonly used
for passing delicate information.

Once we send some the request body via POST method, the API in turn yields
certain information to us in Response. Thus, a POST request is always
accompanied with a body in a proper format.

Create a POST Request

Follow the steps given below to create a POST request successfully in Postman:

Step 1: Click on the New menu from the Postman application. The Create New
pop-up comes up. Then, click on the Request link.

Step 2: SAVE REQUEST pop-up comes up. Enter the Request name then click on
Save.

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Step 3: The Request name (Test1) gets reflected on the Request tab. Also, we shall
select the option POST from the HTTP request dropdown.

Then, enter an URL https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/users in the address bar

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Step 4: Move to the Body tab below the address bar and select the option raw.

Step 5: Then, choose JSON from the Text dropdown.

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Step 6: Copy and paste the below information in the Postman Body tab.

The above data that is being sent via POST method is only applicable to the
endpoint: https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/users

To pass the data in the correct JSON format, we can use the Jsonformatter
available in the below link:

https://jsonformatter.curiousconcept.com/

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Step 7: Click on the Send button.

Response

Once a request has been sent, we can see the response code 201 Created
populated in the Response. This signifies a successful request and the request we
have sent has been accepted by the server.

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Also, information on the time consumed to complete the request (347 ms) and
payload size (1.61 KB) are populated.

We can see that the Response body is the same as the request body which we
have sent to the server.

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8. Postman — PUT Requests

A Postman PUT request is used to pass data to the server for creation or
modification of a resource. The difference between POST and PUT is that POST
request is not idempotent.

This means invoking the same PUT request numerous times will always yield the
same output. But invoking the same POST request numerous times will create the
similar resource more than one time.

Before creating a PUT request, we shall first send a GET request to the server on an
endpoint: http://dummy.restapiexample.com/api/v1/employees. The details on
how to create a GET request is explained in detail in the Chapter – Postman GET
Requests.

On applying the GET method, the Response body obtained is as follows:

Now, let us update the employee_salary and employee_age for the id 21 with the
help of the PUT request.

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Create a PUT Request

Follow the steps given below to create a PUT request in Postman successfully:

Step 1: Click on the New menu from the Postman application. The Create New
pop-up comes up. Then, click on the Request link.

Step 2: SAVE REQUEST pop-up comes up. Enter the Request name then click on
Save.

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Step 3: The Request name (Test1) gets reflected on the Request tab. We shall
select the option PUT from the HTTP request dropdown.

Then enter the URL - http://dummy.restapiexample.com/api/v1/update/21

(endpoint for updating the record of id 21) in the address bar.

It must be noted that in a PUT request, we have to mention the id of the resource
in the server which we want to update in the URL.

For example, in the above URL we have added the id 21.

Step 4: Move to the Body tab below the address bar and select the option raw.

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Step 5: Then, choose JSON from the Text dropdown.

Step 6: Copy and paste the below information in the Postman Body tab.

The overall parameters to be set for a PUT request are shown below:

Step 7: Click on the Send button.

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Response

Once a request has been sent, we can see the response code 200 OK populated
in the Response body. This signifies a successful request and the request we have
sent has been accepted by the server.

Also, information on the time consumed to complete the request (673 ms) and
payload size (705 B) are populated. The Response body shows the salary and age
got updated to 2000 and 15 respectively for the employee having id 21.

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9. Postman — DELETE Requests

Postman DELETE request deletes a resource already present in the server. The
DELETE method sends a request to the server for deleting the request mentioned
in the endpoint. Thus, it is capable of updating data on the server.

Before creating a DELETE request, we shall first send a GET request to the server on
the endpoint: http://dummy.restapiexample.com/api/v1/employees. The details
on how to create a GET request is explained in detail in the Chapter onGET
Requests.

On applying the GET method, the below Response Body is obtained:

Let us delete the record of the id 2 from the server.

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Create a DELETE Request

Follow the steps given below to create a DELETE request in Postman successfully:

Step 1: Click on the New menu from the Postman application. The Create New
pop-up comes up. Then, click on the Request link.

Step 2: SAVE REQUEST pop-up comes up. Enter the Request name then click on
Save.

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Step 3: The Request name (Test1) gets reflected on the Request tab. We shall
select the option DELETE from the HTTP request dropdown.

Then enter the URL - http://dummy.restapiexample.com/api/v1/delete/2

(endpoint for deleting the record of id 2) in the address bar.

Here, in the DELETE request, we have mentioned the id of the resource in the server
which we want to delete in the URL.

Step 4: Click on the Send button.

Response

Once a request has been sent, we can see the Response code 200 OK populated
in the Response. This signifies a successful request and the request we have sent
has been accepted by the server.

Also, information on the time consumed to complete the request (734 ms) and
payload size (652 B) are populated. The Response shows the status as success.
The record id 2 gets deleted from the server.

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After deletion of the record with id 2, if we run the GET request on the endpoint:
http://dummy.restapiexample.com/api/v1/employee/2, we shall receive 401
Unauthorized status code.

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10. Postman — Create Tests for CRUD

CRUD stands for Create, Retrieve, Update and Delete operations on any website
opened in a browser. Whenever we launch an application, the retrieve operation
is performed.

On creating data, for example, adding a new user for a website, the create
operation is performed. If we are modifying the information, for example,
changing details of an existing customer in a website, the update operation is
performed.

Finally, to eliminate any information, for example, deleting a user in a website, the
delete operation is carried out.

To retrieve a resource from the server, the HTTP method – GET is used (discussed
in details in the Chapter – Postman GET Requests). To create a resource in the
server, the HTTP method – POST is used (discussed in details in the Chapter –
Postman POST Requests).

To modify a resource in the server, the HTTP method – PUT is used (discussed in
details in the Chapter – Postman PUT Requests). To delete a resource in the
server, the HTTP method – DELETE is used (discussed in details in the Chapter –
Postman DELETE Requests).

Tests in Postman

A Postman test is executed only if a request is successful. If a Response Body is

not generated, it means our request is incorrect and we will not be able to execute
any test to validate a Response.

In Postman, tests are developed in JavaScript and can be developed using the
JavaScript and Functional methods. Both the techniques are based on the
language JavaScript.

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JavaScript Method

Follow the steps given below to develop tests in Javascript:

Step 1: Tests developed in the JavaScript method are mentioned within the Tests
tab under the address bar.

Step 2: Add the below JavaScript verifications within the Tests tab:

We can add one or more than one test for a particular request.

Here, tests is a variable of type array which can hold data types- integer, string,
Boolean and so on. The Status Code should be 200 and Response time lesser than
10ms are the names of the tests. It is recommended to give meaningful names to
test.

The responseCode.code is the response code obtained in the Response and the

responseTime is the time taken to get the Response.

Step 3: Select the GET method and enter an endpoint then click on Send.
Response

In the Response, click on the Test Results tab:

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The Test Results tab shows the test which has passed in green and the test which
has failed in red. The Test Results (1/2) means one out of the two tests has passed.

Response shows the status as 200 OK and Response time as 129ms (the second
test checks if the Response time is less than 10ms).

Hence, the first test got passed and the second one failed along with the Assertion
error.

Functional Method

Follow the steps given below to develop a test in with functional method:

Step 1: Tests developed in the Functional method are mentioned within the Tests
tab under the address bar.

Step 2: Add the below code within the Tests tab:

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Here, pm.test is the function for the test being performed. Status Code is 401 and it
is the name of the test which shall be visible in the Test Result after execution.

The pm.response is used for obtaining the response and adding assertions on it to
verify the header, code, status, and so on.

Step 3: Select the GET method and enter an endpoint then click on Send.

Response

In the Response, click on the Test Results tab:

The Test Results tab shows the test in red as the test has failed. The Test Results
(0/1) means zero out of the one test has passed. Response shows the status as
200 OK (the test checks if the response code is 401).

Hence the test shows failed along with the Assertion error.

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11. Postman — Create Collections

A group of requests that have been saved and organized into folders is known as
the Collections. It is similar to a repository. Thus, Collections help to maintain the
API tests and also split them easily with teams.

Create a New Collection

Follow the steps given below to create a new collection in Postman:

Step 1: Click on the New icon from the Postman application. The Create New pop-
up comes up. Then click on the Collection link.

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Step 2: CREATE A NEW COLLECTION pop-up comes up. Enter a Collection Name and
click on the Create button.

Step 3: The Collection name and the number of requests it contains are displayed
in the sidebar under the Collections tab

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Step 4: To the right of the Collection name, we have the options like Share, Run
and so on available. Click on the three dots to get more options to select.

Step 5: Click on Add Request. The SAVE REQUEST pop-up comes up. Enter Request
Name and select the Collection we have created. Then, click on the Save to
Collection1 button.

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Step 6: The Collection with its request gets displayed to the side bar under the
Collections tab.

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12. Postman — Parameterize Requests

We can parameterize Postman requests to execute the same request with various
sets of data. This is done with the help of variables along with parameters. A
parameter is a part of the URL used to pass more information to the server.

The data can be used in the form of a data file or an Environment variable.
Parameterization is an important feature of Postman and helps to eliminate
redundant tests. Parameters are enclosed in double curly braces {{parameter}}.

Example

Let us take an example of an URL: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/index.htm. We

shall create a variable as url then use it for parameterization of request. We can
refer to it in the format {{url}} in Postman.

A parameter is in the form of a key-value pair. So to point to the URL:

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/index.htm, we can mention it as {{url}}/index.htm.
So here, the url is the key and the value set is https://www.tutorialspoint.com.

Create a Parameter Request

Follow the steps given below to create a parameter request in Postman:

Step 1: Click on the eye icon to the right of the Environment dropdown in the top
right corner in the Postman application.

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Step 2: Click on the Edit link in the Globals section.

Step 3: MANAGE ENVIRONMENTS pop-up comes up. Enter URL for the VARIABLE field
and https://www.tutorialspoint.com for INITIAL VALUE. Then, click on Save.

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Step 4: Click on close to move to the next screen.

Step 5: In the Http Request tab, enter {{url}}/index.htm in the address bar. Select
the GET method and click on Send.

Response

Once a request has been sent, we can see the response code 200 OK populated
in the Response. This signifies a successful request and a correct endpoint.

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13. Postman — Collection Runner

Postman Collection Runner is used to execute a Collection having multiple

requests together. All the requests within a Collection will be executed
simultaneously. The Collection Runner does not produce any Response Body.

The Collection Runner console displays the test results for individual requests. It is
mandatory to have more than one request within the Collection to work with
Collection Runner.

The details on how to create a Collection is discussed in detail in the Chapter on

Create Collections.

Execute Tests with Collection Runner

Follow the steps given below to execute the tests with Collection Runner in
Postman:

Step 1: Click on the Runner menu present at the top of the Postman application.

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Step 2: The Collection Runner screen shall appear.

Step 3: Select the Collection name from Choose a collection or folder.

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Step 4: Select an environment from the Environment dropdown to run the

requests in a particular environment. Then, specify the number of times we need
to iterate the request. We can also set a delay time in milliseconds for the
requests.

Step 5: If we have data in a file, then we have to choose the file type from Data.
Then, click on the Run Collection1 button.

Step 6: The Run Results page shall come up. Depending on the delay time
provided, the tests should get executed.

The test results (Pass/Fail) should be displayed for each iteration. The pass status
is represented in green and failed ones are represented in red. If there is no test
implemented for a particular request, then it shall display the message as - This
request does not have any tests.

This is the environment in which the tests are executed and the Collection names
are visible at the top of the Collection Runner. For each request, the status code,
time taken, payload size, and test verification are also displayed.

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14. Postman — Assertion

Assertions are used to verify if the actual and expected values have matched
after the execution of a test. If they are not matching, the test shall fail and we
shall get the reason for failure from the output of the test.

An assertion returns a Boolean value of either true or false. In Postman, we can

take the help of JavaScript Chai Assertion Library to add assertions in our tests. It
is available in the Postman application automatically.

The Chai – Assertions are easily comprehensible as they are defined in a human
readable format. The Assertions in Postman are written within the Tests tab under
the address bar.

The documentation for Chai is available in the following link:

https://www.chaijs.com/

Writing Assertions

Let us write an assertion to check if a particular text - Postman is within an array

of strings.

Output

The output is as follows:

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Let us write an Assertion to check if an array is empty.

Output

The output is given below:

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Assertionfor ObjectVerification

Let us write an Assertion for object verification with eql. It is used to compare the
properties of the object i and j in the below example.

Output

The output is mentioned below:

The property defined for object i is Postman while the property defined for j is
Cypress. Hence, not.eql Assertion got passed.

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Assertion Types

In Postman, we can apply assertions on different parts of Response. These are

explained below:

Status Code

The above assertion passes if the Response status code obtained is 401.

The above assertion is applied on the Response property – status having the
value Forbidden.

Time taken by Response

The assertion for time taken by response is as follows:

The above assertion passes if the Response time is above 500ms.

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Type of Response Format

The assertion for type of response format is as follows:

The above assertion passes if the Response is of JSON type.

Header of Response

The assertion for header of response is as follows:

The above assertion passes if the Response has a header Content-Encoding.

Text of Response

The above assertion passes if the Response text contains the text Tutorialspoint.

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15. Postman — Mock Server

A mock server is not a real server and it is created to simulate and function as a
real server to verify APIs and their responses. These are commonly used if certain
responses need to be verified but are not available on the web servers due to
security concerns on the actual server.

Purpose of Mock Server

A Mock Server is created for the reasons listed below:

• A Mock Server is created if the APIs to be used in Production are still in

development.
• A Mock Server is used if we want to avoid sending requests on real time
data.

Benefits of Mock Server

The benefits of Mock Server are listed below:

• Simulation of real API features with examples.

• Mock server can be appended to a Collection.
• Verify APIs with mocking data.
• To identify errors and defects early.
• To identify dependencies in API before it is released for actual usage.
• It is used by engineers to build a prototype for a concept and showcase
it to higher management.
• While developing the front end of an application, the developer should
have some idea on the response features that shall be obtained from
the real server on sending a request. A Mock Server can be really helpful
at this time.

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Mock Server Creation

Follow the steps given below for creation of mock server in Postman:

Step 1: Click on the New icon from the Postman application. Then, click on Mock
Server.

Step 2: Select GET from the Method dropdown, enter a Request Path as
/user/home,

Response Code as 200, and a Response Body. Then, click on Next.

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Step 3: Enter a Mock Server name and click on the Create Mock Server button.

Step 4: The Mock Server gets created along with the Mock URL. The Copy Mock URL
button is used to copy the Mock link. Click on the Close button to proceed.

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Step 5: Select Mock Server as the Environment from the No Environment dropdown
and click on Send. The Response code obtained is 200 OK which means that the
request is successful.

Also the Response Body shows the message – This is Postman Tutorial for
Tutorialspoint which is the same as we passed as a Response Body in the Step 2.

Step 6: The value of URL can be obtained by clicking on the eye icon at the right
upper corner of the screen.

So the complete request Mock URL should be: https://05303abe-b842-4c47-

ab8c- db2af9334f57.mock.pstmn.io/user/home(represented by
{{url}}/user/home in the address bar in Step 5). We have appended /user/home
at the end of the url value since it is the Request Path we have set for the Mock
Server in Step2.

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Step 7: We have seen that the Response Body is in text format. We can get the
response in JSON format as well. To achieve this select the option Save as
example from the Save Response dropdown.

Step 8: Provide an Example name and select JSON from the Response Body
section.

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Step 9: Add the below Response Body in JSON format. Then click on Save Example.

Step 10: Finally, send the GET request on the same endpoint, and we shall receive
the same Response Body as we have passed in the Example request.

The below image shows Response is in HTML format:

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The below image shows Response is in JSON format:

Example Request

Follow the steps given below for Mock Server Creation by example request:

Step 1: Create a Collection and add a request to it.

The details on how to create a Collection is discussed in detail in the Chapter –

Postman Create Collections.

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Step 2: Add the endpoint https://postman-echo.com/get?test=123 and send a

GET request.

Step 3: From Response Body, select the option Save as Example from the Save
Response dropdown.

Step 4: Give an Example name and click on the Save Example button.

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Step 5: Click on the Collection name Mock Server (that we have created) and click
on the Mock tab. Then, click on Create a mock server.

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Step 6: The Create mock server pop-up comes up. Provide a name to the Mock
Server and then click on the Create Mock Server button.

Please note: We can make a Mock Server private or public. To make a Mock Server
private, we have to check the checkbox Make this mock server private. Then, we
need to utilise the Postman API key.

Step 7: The message – Mock server created shall come up. Also, we shall get the
Mock URL. We can copy it with the Copy Mock URL button. Then, click on Close.

Step 8: The Mock Server which we have created gets reflected under the Mock tab
in the Collections sidebar. Click on the same.

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Step 9: We shall add a new request and paste the URL we have copied in Step 7.
To send a GET request, we shall append the value - /get at the end of the pasted
URL.

For example, here, the Mock URL generated is: https://f270f73a-6fdd-4ae2-aeae-

cb0379234c87.mock.pstmn.io.

Now to send a GET request, the endpoint should be: https://f270f73a-6fdd-4ae2-

aeae- cb0379234c87.mock.pstmn.io/get.

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The Response Body received by mocking the server is the same as the Example
request. Response obtained in the Example request is as follows:

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16. Postman — Cookies

The cookies are information sent by the server and stored in the browser. As soon
as a request is sent, the cookies are returned by the server. In Postman, the
cookies are mentioned under the Headers and Cookies tab in the Response.

Let us apply a GET request on an endpoint and find the cookies.

In the Headers tab, the cookie sent by the server is set with the key - set-cookie.

In the Cookies tab, the same cookie details will also get displayed.

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Cookies Management

In Postman, we can manage cookies by addition, deletion, and modification of

cookies. Under the Params tab, we have the Cookies link to perform operations on
cookies.

Click on the Cookies link. MANAGE COOKIES pop-up shall open where all the
available cookies are present with the option to add and delete a cookie.

Cookies Addition

Follow the steps given below for adding cookie in Postman:

Step 1: Click on the Add Cookie button. A text box shall open up with pre-existing
values inside it. We can modify its values and then click on Save.

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Step 2: Send the request again to the server.

The Response code obtained is 200 OK. Also, the Cookies tab in the Response now
shows the newly added cookie – Cookie_Postman.

Access Cookiesvia Program

Cookies can be handled programmatically without using the GUI in Postman. To

work with cookies, we have to first generate a Cookie jar. It is an object which has
all the cookies and methods to access them.

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Cookie Jar Creation

The syntax for Cookie Jar Creation is as follows:

Cookie Creation

We can create a cookie with the .set() function. It accepts URL, name of cookie,
value of cookie as parameters.

The syntax for cookie creation is as follows:

Get Cookie

We can get a cookie with the .get() function. It accepts the URL, name of cookie as
parameters. It yields the cookie value.

The syntax for getting a cookie is as follows:

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Get All Cookies

We can get all cookies of a specific URL within a Cookie jar with the .getAll()
function. It accepts a URL as a parameter. It yields all the cookie values for that
URL.

The syntax for getting all cookies is as follows:

Delete Cookie

We can delete a cookie with the .unset() function. It accepts the URL, name of
cookie to be deleted as parameters.

The syntax for deleting cookie is as follows:

Delete All Cookies

We can delete all cookies of a specific URL with the .clear() function. It accepts a
URL as a parameter. It removes all the cookie values for that URL.

The syntax for deleting all cookies is as follows:

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17. Postman — Sessions

A session is a temporary fold that stores values of variables. They are used for the
present instance and have a local scope. In Postman, we can modify the session
variable value to share workspace among teams.

Postman gives the feature of local session share. Even if a Collection can be
shared among teams, the sessions are never shared. Different tokens have to be
generated while a task is to be carried out in a team structure.

A session has a local scope for a user within his Workspace and any modifications
he makes shall not be reflected in the server. In Postman, a session can store
Environment variables, global variables and so on.

We can assign current values to Collection variables and to the global and
Environment variables. To assign a current value to the Collection, click on the
three dots appearing beside the Collection name, then click on Edit.

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In the EDIT COLLECTION pop-up, move to the Variables tab.

The CURRENT VALUE is local to the user and never in sync with the server of
Postman. We can also replace or modify the INITIAL VALUE with CURRENT VALUE.
Also, it must be remembered that the INITIAL VALUE gets impacted only if we apply
the option Persist on a variable. After that, it gets in sync with the server of
Postman.

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18. Postman — Newman Overview

Newman is a potential command-line runner used in Postman. We can execute

and verify a Postman Collection from the command-line as well. Newman has
features which are consistent with Postman.

We can run the requests within a Collection from Newman in the same way as in
the Collection Runner. Newman can occupy both the NPM registry and GitHub. We
can also perform Continuous Integration or Deployment with Newman.

A status code of 0 is thrown by Newman if all the execution is done without errors.
The Continuous Integration tools read the status code and accordingly fail/pass a
build.

We can add the flag --bail to the Newman to pause on an error encountered in a
test with a status code of 1. This can be interpreted by the CI tools. Newman is
based on node.js and uses npm as a package manager.

Newman Installation

The installation of Newman requires Node.js and npm. Follow the steps given
below to install Newman:

Step 1: Navigate to the link: https://nodejs.org/en/download/current/ for

downloading the Node.js.

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Step 2: Once the download is completed, execute the below command to verify
that the Node.js is installed properly.

The command for verifying the installation in Windows is as follows:

The command for verifying the installation in Linux is as follows:

The below image shows the version v10.15.2 of the Node.js is installed in the
system.

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Step 3: The npm is allocated with Node.js so once we download the Node.js then
npm gets downloaded by default. To verify if npm is available in our system, run
the below command:

The command for verifying the installation in Windows is as follows:

The command for verifying the installation in Linux is as follows:

The below image shows the version 5.8.0 of the npm installed in the system:

Step 4: For installation of Newman, run the below mentioned command:

Step 5: To verify the version of newman, run the below commands: The command
for verifying the installation in Windows is as follows:

newman --v

The command for verifying the installation in Linux is as follows:

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19. Postman — Run Collections using Newman

To run Collections using Newman, we have to first launch the Postman application
and click on the three dots available beside the Collection name. The details on
how to create a Collection are discussed in detail in the Chapter – Postman
Create Collections.

Run Collections

Follow the steps given below to run collections using Newman:

Step 1: Click on Export.

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Step 2: Select the option Collection v2.1(recommended) from the EXPORT

COLLECTION pop-up. Click on Export.

Step 3: Choose a location and then click on Save.

Step 4: Next, we shall export the Environment. Click on the eye icon to the right of
the No Environment dropdown.

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Step 5: Click on the Edit link in the Globals section.

Step 6: MANAGE ENVIRONMENTS pop-up comes up. Enter URL for the VARIABLE field
and https://www.tutorialspoint.com for INITIAL VALUE. Then, click on Download as
JSON.

Finally, choose a preferred location and click on Save

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Step 3: Choose a location and then click on Save.

Step 4: Next, we shall export the Environment. Click on the eye icon to the right of
the No Environment dropdown.

Step 5: Click on the Edit link in the Globals section.

Step 6: MANAGE ENVIRONMENTS pop-up comes up. Enter URL for the VARIABLE field
and https://www.tutorialspoint.com for INITIAL VALUE. Then, click on Download as
JSON.

Finally, choose a preferred location and click on Save

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Finally, choose a preferred location and click on Save.

Step 7: Export the Environment to the same location where the Collection resides.

Step 8: From the command-line move to the directory path where the Collection
and the Environment is stored. Then, execute the command given below:

The file name should always be in inverted quotes; else it shall be taken as a
directory name.

Common command-linearguments for Newman

The common command-line arguments for Newman are given below:

• To execute a Collection in an Environment, the command is as follows:

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• To execute a Collection for a number of iterations, the command is as

follows:

• To execute a Collection with data file, the command is as follows:

• Configure delay time in between requests, the command is as follows

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20. Postman — OAuth 2.0 Authorization

The OAuth 2.0 is an authorization technique available in Postman. Here, we first

obtain a token for accessing the API and then utilise the token to authenticate a
request. A token is used to ensure that a user is authorised to access a resource in
the server.

If we make an attempt to access a secured URL without the token, a Response

code 401 Unauthorized shall be obtained. To start with, the application passes an
authorization request for the end user to access a resource.

As the application allows the user access, it asks for an access token from the
server by providing user information. In turn, the server yields an access token.
The client can then access the secured data via the access token.

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