# [ 𝕊𝕋𝔸𝕋𝕀𝕊𝕋𝕀ℂ𝕊 ] ( Data Science & Analysis CheatSheet )

Descriptive Statistics

● Mean: mean(x)
● Median: median(x)
● Mode: mode(x)
● Range: max(x) - min(x)
● Variance: variance(x)
● Standard Deviation: std_deviation(x)
● Coefficient of Variation: std_deviation(x) / mean(x)
● Percentiles: percentile(x, p)
● Interquartile Range (IQR): Q3(x) - Q1(x)
● Skewness: skewness(x)
● Kurtosis: kurtosis(x)
● Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD): mean(abs(x - mean(x)))
● Five Number Summary: min, Q1, median, Q3, max

Probability Distributions

● Binomial Distribution: binom_dist(n, p, x)

● Poisson Distribution: poisson_dist(λ, x)
● Normal Distribution: norm_dist(μ, σ, x)
● t-Distribution: t_dist(ν, x)
● Chi-Squared Distribution: chi2_dist(ν, x)
● F-Distribution: f_dist(d1, d2, x)
● Exponential Distribution: exp_dist(λ, x)
● Uniform Distribution: uniform_dist(a, b, x)

Correlation and Covariance

● Covariance: covariance(X, Y)
● Pearson Correlation Coefficient: pearson_r(X, Y)
● Spearman's Rank Correlation: spearman_rho(X, Y)
● Kendall's Tau: kendall_tau(X, Y)

By: Waleed Mousa

Regression Analysis

● Simple Linear Regression: y = b0 + b1*x

● Multiple Linear Regression: y = b0 + b1*x1 + b2*x2 + ... + bn*xn
● Polynomial Regression: y = b0 + b1*x + b2*x^2 + ... + bn*x^n
● Logistic Regression: logit(p) = ln(p/(1-p)) = b0 + b1*x
● Coefficient of Determination (R²): R² = 1 - (SS_res / SS_tot)

Hypothesis Testing

● Z-test: z = (x̄ - μ) / (σ/sqrt(n))

● t-test for Independent Samples: t = (x̄1 - x̄2) / sqrt(s_p²(1/n1 +
1/n2))
● t-test for Paired Samples: t = (d̄ - μd) / (Sd / sqrt(n))
● Chi-Squared Test: χ² = Σ((O - E)²/E)
● ANOVA (Analysis of Variance): F = MST / MSE
● Mann-Whitney U Test: U = n1*n2 + (n1(n1+1)/2) - R1
● Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test: W = Σ|ranked_differences|
● Kruskal-Wallis Test: H = (N-1)*Σ(ni(Ri²) / Σni)

Sampling and Estimations

● Simple Random Sampling: random_sample(n, population)

● Systematic Sampling: systematic_sample(k, population)
● Stratified Sampling: stratified_sample(strata, population)
● Cluster Sampling: cluster_sample(clusters, population)
● Point Estimation: point_estimate = x̄ or p̂
● Confidence Interval for Mean: (x̄ - Z*(σ/√n), x̄ + Z*(σ/√n))
● Confidence Interval for Proportion: (p̂ - Z*(√(p̂(1-p̂)/n)), p̂ +
Z*(√(p̂(1-p̂)/n)))

Significance and Power Analysis

● Alpha Level (Type I Error): α

● Beta Level (Type II Error): β
● Power of a Test: 1 - β
● Effect Size (Cohen's d): d = (μ1 - μ2) / σ pooled

By: Waleed Mousa

 ● Sample Size Calculation for Mean Difference: n = ((Zα/2 + Zβ)² *
2σ²) / d²
● Sample Size Calculation for Proportions: n = (p1(1-p1) + p2(1-p2))
* (Zα/2 + Zβ)² / (p1-p2)²

Time Series Analysis

● Moving Average: moving_average(t, k)

● Exponential Smoothing: smoothed_value = α*current_value +
(1-α)*previous_smoothed_value
● Seasonal Decomposition: decompose(time_series)
● Autocorrelation Function (ACF): acf(time_series)
● Partial Autocorrelation Function (PACF): pacf(time_series)
● Seasonal ARIMA (SARIMA): SARIMA(time_series, p, d, q, P, D, Q, s)
● Vector Autoregression (VAR): VAR(time_series)
● Cointegration Test: cointegration_test(series1, series2)
● Exponential Triple Smoothing (ETS): ETS(time_series)

Non-parametric Methods

● Mann-Kendall Trend Test: mann_kendall(time_series)

● Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test: ks_test(sample1, sample2)
● Kruskal-Wallis H Test: kruskal_wallis(groups)
● Spearman's Rank Correlation: spearman_rank(X, Y)
● Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test: wilcoxon_signed_rank(sample)
● Mood's Median Test: moods_median_test(sample1, sample2)
● Friedman Test: friedman_test(data)
● Cochran's Q Test: cochrans_Q(tests)
● Run Test for Randomness: runs_test(data)

Bayesian Statistics

● Bayes' Theorem: P(A|B) = (P(B|A) * P(A)) / P(B)

● Posterior Distribution: posterior ∝ likelihood * prior
● Beta Distribution as Prior: beta(α, β)
● Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC): mcmc(samples, parameters)

By: Waleed Mousa

Dimensionality Reduction

● Principal Component Analysis (PCA): PCA(data)

● Factor Analysis: factor_analysis(data)
● t-SNE (t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding): tSNE(data)

Cluster Analysis

● K-Means Clustering: kmeans(data, k)

● Hierarchical Clustering: hierarchical_clustering(data)
● DBSCAN: dbscan(data, ε, minPts)
● Silhouette Score: silhouette_score(data, labels)

Association Analysis

● Support in Association Rule: support(X) = P(X)

● Confidence in Association Rule: confidence(X=>Y) = P(X U Y) / P(X)
● Lift in Association Rule: lift(X=>Y) = confidence(X=>Y) / P(Y)

Survival Analysis

● Kaplan-Meier Estimate: kaplan_meier(survival_times)

● Log-Rank Test: log_rank(test, control)
● Cox Proportional Hazards Model: cox_proportional_hazards(data)
● Weibull Reliability Function: weibull_reliability(β, η, t)
● Log-Rank Test for Survival Data: log_rank(survival_times1,
survival_times2)
● Proportional Hazards Assumption Check:
proportional_hazards_test(data)

Quality Control

● Control Charts: control_chart(data)

● Pareto Chart: pareto_chart(data)
● Process Capability Index (Cpk): Cpk(lower_spec, upper_spec, data)
● Deming Regression (for Method Comparison):
deming_regression(method1, method2)
● Six Sigma Process Capability: six_sigma_capability(process_data)

By: Waleed Mousa

 ● Statistical Process Control (SPC): SPC(control_data)

Experimental Design

● Analysis of Variance (ANOVA): ANOVA(data)

● Covariance Analysis (ANCOVA): ANCOVA(data)
● Factorial Design Analysis: factorial_design(data)

Advanced Topics

● Generalized Linear Models (GLM): GLM(data, family)

● Mixed Effects Models: mixed_effects_model(data)
● Time Series Forecasting (ARIMA, etc.): forecast_ARIMA(time_series)
● Machine Learning Algorithms: machine_learning_algorithm(data)

Meta-Analysis

● Fixed-Effect Model: fixed_effect(meta_data)

● Random-Effects Model: random_effects(meta_data)

Decision Analysis

● Expected Value Calculation: expected_value(decision_outcomes,

probabilities)
● Decision Tree Analysis: decision_tree(decision, outcomes)
● Utility Function Modeling: utility(value, risk_aversion)
● Sensitivity Analysis: sensitivity_analysis(model, parameter)
● Monte Carlo Decision Making: monte_carlo_decision(decision_model,
iterations)

Advanced Probability

● Conditional Probability: P(A|B) = P(A and B) / P(B)

● Joint Probability: P(A and B)
● Marginal Probability: P(A)

Special Distributions and Functions

By: Waleed Mousa

 ● Gamma Distribution: gamma_dist(shape, scale, x)
● Beta Distribution: beta_dist(α, β, x)
● Weibull Distribution: weibull_dist(λ, k, x)
● Dirichlet Distribution: dirichlet_dist(alpha)

Quality and Performance Metrics

● Sensitivity/Recall/True Positive Rate: TP / (TP + FN)

● Specificity/True Negative Rate: TN / (TN + FP)
● Precision/Positive Predictive Value: TP / (TP + FP)
● F1 Score: 2 * (Precision * Recall) / (Precision + Recall)

Multivariate Analysis

● Canonical Correlation Analysis: CCA(X, Y)

● Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA): MANOVA(data)
● Principal Component Regression (PCR): PCR(X, Y)
● Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR): PLSR(X, Y)

Advanced Modeling Techniques

● Ridge Regression: ridge_regression(X, Y, λ)

● Lasso Regression: lasso_regression(X, Y, λ)
● Elastic Net: elastic_net(X, Y, α, λ)
● Support Vector Machines: SVM(X, Y)

Model Evaluation and Validation

● Cross-Validation: cross_validation(model, data, k)

● Bootstrapping for Error Estimation: bootstrap_error(model, data)
● AIC (Akaike Information Criterion): AIC(model)
● BIC (Bayesian Information Criterion): BIC(model)

Advanced Probability and Distributions

● Multinomial Distribution: multinomial_dist(n, probabilities)

● Negative Binomial Distribution: negative_binomial(r, p)
● Hypergeometric Distribution: hypergeometric(N, K, n)

By: Waleed Mousa

 ● Bivariate Normal Distribution: bivariate_normal(μ1, μ2, σ1, σ2, ρ)

Spatial and Geostatistical Analysis

● Kriging for Spatial Interpolation: kriging(spatial_data)

● Moran's I for Spatial Autocorrelation: morans_I(spatial_data)
● Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR): GWR(spatial_data)

Risk Analysis and Financial Statistics

● Value at Risk (VaR): VaR(portfolio, α)

● Expected Shortfall (CVaR): CVaR(portfolio, α)
● Sharpe Ratio: sharpe_ratio(returns, risk_free_rate)
● Beta Coefficient in Finance: beta(stock_returns, market_returns)

Advanced Cluster and Classification Methods

● Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM): GMM(data, components)

● Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering:
agglomerative_clustering(data)
● Dendrogram for Hierarchical Clustering:
dendrogram(hierarchical_model)
● Naive Bayes Classifier: naive_bayes(features, labels)

Psychometrics and Educational Statistics

● Item Response Theory (IRT): IRT(item_responses)

● Cronbach's Alpha for Reliability: cronbachs_alpha(data)
● ANOVA for Repeated Measures: repeated_measures_ANOVA(data)

Scale Development and Validation

● Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA): EFA(items)

● Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA): CFA(items, model)
● Item Discrimination Analysis: item_discrimination(test_items)

Network Analysis

By: Waleed Mousa

 ● Degree Centrality: degree_centrality(network)
● Betweenness Centrality: betweenness_centrality(network)
● Community Detection: community_detection(network)

Advanced Techniques in Data Reduction

● Multidimensional Scaling (MDS): MDS(distance_matrix)

● Isomap for Nonlinear Dimensionality Reduction: isomap(data)
● Local Linear Embedding (LLE): LLE(data)

Miscellaneous Advanced Operations

● Copula for Joint Distribution Modeling: copula(types, parameters)

● Gini Coefficient for Inequality: gini(income_distribution)
● Entropy for Information Theory: entropy(probabilities)
● Simpson's Diversity Index: simpsons_diversity(species_counts)
● Monte Carlo Simulations: monte_carlo(model, parameters)
● Bootstrap Resampling: bootstrap(sample)
● Jackknife Resampling: jackknife(sample)

By: Waleed Mousa