RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 5
Solution Given any element a in A, both a and a must be either odd or even, so
that (a, a) ∈ R. Further, (a, b) ∈ R ⇒ both a and b must be either odd or even
⇒ (b, a) ∈ R. Similarly, (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R ⇒ all elements a, b, c, must be
either even or odd simultaneously ⇒ (a, c) ∈ R. Hence, R is an equivalence relation.
Further, all the elements of {1, 3, 5, 7} are related to each other, as all the elements
of this subset are odd. Similarly, all the elements of the subset {2, 4, 6} are related to
each other, as all of them are even. Also, no element of the subset {1, 3, 5, 7} can be
related to any element of {2, 4, 6}, as elements of {1, 3, 5, 7} are odd, while elements
of {2, 4, 6} are even.
EXERCISE 1.1
1. Determine whether each of the following relations are reflexive, symmetric and
transitive:
(i) Relation R in the set A = {1, 2, 3, ..., 13, 14} defined as
R = {(x, y) : 3x – y = 0}
(ii) Relation R in the set N of natural numbers defined as
R = {(x, y) : y = x + 5 and x < 4}
(iii) Relation R in the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} as
R = {(x, y) : y is divisible by x}
(iv) Relation R in the set Z of all integers defined as
R = {(x, y) : x – y is an integer}
(v) Relation R in the set A of human beings in a town at a particular time given by
(a) R = {(x, y) : x and y work at the same place}
(b) R = {(x, y) : x and y live in the same locality}
(c) R = {(x, y) : x is exactly 7 cm taller than y}
(d) R = {(x, y) : x is wife of y}
(e) R = {(x, y) : x is father of y}
2. Show that the relation R in the set R of real numbers, defined as
R = {(a, b) : a ≤ b2} is neither reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive.
3. Check whether the relation R defined in the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} as
R = {(a, b) : b = a + 1} is reflexive, symmetric or transitive.
4. Show that the relation R in R defined as R = {(a, b) : a ≤ b}, is reflexive and
transitive but not symmetric.
5. Check whether the relation R in R defined by R = {(a, b) : a ≤ b3} is reflexive,
symmetric or transitive.
Rationalised 2023-24
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 15
Solution Clearly IN is onto. But IN + IN is not onto, as we can find an element 3
in the co-domain N such that there does not exist any x in the domain N with
(IN + IN) (x) = 2x = 3.
π
Example 26 Consider a function f : 0, → R given by f (x) = sin x and
2
π
g : 0, → R given by g(x) = cos x. Show that f and g are one-one, but f + g is not
2
one-one.
π
Solution Since for any two distinct elements x1 and x2 in 0, , sin x1 ≠ sin x2 and
2
cos x1 ≠ cos x2, both f and g must be one-one. But (f + g) (0) = sin 0 + cos 0 = 1 and
π π π
(f + g) = sin + cos = 1 . Therefore, f + g is not one-one.
2 2 2
Miscellaneous Exercise on Chapter 1
x
1. Show that the function f : R → {x ∈ R : – 1 < x < 1} defined by f ( x ) = ,
1+ | x |
x ∈ R is one one and onto function.
2. Show that the function f : R → R given by f (x) = x3 is injective.
3. Given a non empty set X, consider P(X) which is the set of all subsets of X.
Define the relation R in P(X) as follows:
For subsets A, B in P(X), ARB if and only if A ⊂ B. Is R an equivalence relation
on P(X)? Justify your answer.
4. Find the number of all onto functions from the set {1, 2, 3,......, n} to itself.
5. Let A = {– 1, 0, 1, 2}, B = {– 4, – 2, 0, 2} and f, g : A → B be functions defined
1
by f (x) = x2 – x, x ∈ A and g ( x) = 2 x − − 1, x ∈ A. Are f and g equal?
2
Justify your answer. (Hint: One may note that two functions f : A → B and
g : A → B such that f (a) = g (a) ∀ a ∈ A, are called equal functions).
Rationalised 2023-24
