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29 views42 pages

Introduction To Statistical Quality Control, 7th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. 1

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© © All Rights Reserved
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Chapter 4 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 7th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery.

1
Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
4.1 Statistics and Sampling Distributions
• Statistical inference: it is concerned with drawing
conclusions about populations (or processes) based on sample
data from that system
• Random sample: a sample that is selected so that the
observations are independent – a random sample has the
property that it has the same probability of selection as any
other sample.
• Statistic: any function of the observations in a sample that
doesn't contain unknown parameters
• The sample mean, the sample variance, and the sample
standard deviation are all statistics

Chapter 4 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 7th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. 2


Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Observations in a sample are used to draw
conclusions about the population

Chapter 4 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 7th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. 3


Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sampling Distributions
• A statistic is a random variable, because a
different sample will produce a different
observed value of the statistic

• Every statistic has a probability distribution

• The probability distribution of a statistic is


called a sampling distribution
Chapter 4 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 7th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. 4
Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sampling from a Normal Distribution

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Chapter 4 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 7th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. 6
Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Chapter 4 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 7th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. 7
Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sampling from a Bernoulli Distribution

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Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
4.2 Point Estimation of Process Parameters

• Distributions are described by their parameters


• Parameters are generally unknown and must be
estimated
• Point estimator: a statistic that a single
numerical value that is the estimate of the
parameter

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Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Properties of Point Estimators

Chapter 4 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 7th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. 10


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Chapter 4 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 7th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. 11
Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Factors

Chapter 4 12
4.3 Statistical Inference for a Single Sample

• Statistical inference = decision making


• Hypothesis testing
– Null hypothesis, H0
– Alternative hypothesis, H1
• Confidence intervals
• These two techniques are closely related

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Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
4.3.1 Inference on the Mean of a Population, Variance Known

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Normal Distribution

Chapter 4 17
Minitab
output

Chapter 4 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 7th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. 18


Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Chapter 4 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 7th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. 20
Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Upper and
lower
confidence
bounds

Chapter 4 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 7th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. 21


Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
4.3.3 Inference on the Mean of a Normal
Distribution, Variance Unknown

Chapter 4 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 7th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. 24


Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Checking the normality assumption – we will see how to do this in
Example 4.3

Chapter 4 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 7th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. 25


Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
t Distribution

Chapter 4 26
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Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
P-values for t-Tests
• The tables of the standard normal distribution can
give exact P-values for the Z test for values of Z to
two decimals
• The t-table only has a selection of probabilities (see
the column headings in the table)
• Unless the value of the test statistic exactly matches a
value in the table, only an approximate P-value can
be obtained
• See text, page 124, for an example
• P-values can also be obtained from Minitab by using
the “Probability Distribution” function “Calc” menu
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Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
4.3.4 Inference on the Variance of a Normal Distribution

Chapter 4 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 7th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. 32


Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
χ² Distribution

Chapter 4 33
Upper and
lower
confidence
bounds

Chapter 4 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 7th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. 34


Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
4.3.5 Inference on a Population Proportion

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4.3.6 Type II Error and Sample Size

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Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
4.3.6 Type II Error and Sample Size

Chapter 4 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 7th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. 40


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Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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