ikB&1

^lh* Hkk"kk dk ifjp;

(Introduction to ‘C’ Language)

dEI;wVj ds fy;s fofHkUu Hkk"kkvks dk fodkl gqvk gSA ;s lHkh Hkk"kk fdlh fo'ks"k dk;Z gsrq fMtkbZu
dh xbZ gSA e’khu Hkk"kk (Machine Language) izksxzkfeax Hkk"kk ds :i esa fodflr gqbZ FkhA bles izksxzke
fy[kuk cM+k gh dfBu gksrk FkkA D;ksafd blesa cgqr gh foLrkfjr funsZ’k lewg (Instruction set) gksrk
FkkA ;g funsZ’k lewg dEI;wVj ds gkMZos;j (Hardware) dks lh/ks lapkfyr djrk FkkA
QksjVªku (FORTRAN) dk fodkl oSKkfud rFkk xf.krh; leL;kvksa ds lek/kku ds fy;s rFkk
dkscksy (COBOL) dk fodkl okf.kT; (Commercial) leL;kvksa esa mi;ksx ds fy;s gqvk FkkA ml
le; vko’;drk ds vuqlkj C Hkk"kk dk fodkl gqvkA bl Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx lHkh izdkj ds dk;ksZ esa fd;k
tk ldrk gSA
eq[; :i ls ^lh* Hkk"kk lu~ 1972 esa Msful fjph }kjk cSy VsfyQksu yscksjVªht b.MLVªht ¼vc ;g
AT & T Bell Laboratories) esa BCPL ¼csfld dEckb.M izksxzkfeax ySaXost½ rFkk B dh vxz.kh Hkk"kk ds
:i esa fodflr gqbZA bl Hkk"kk dks ;wfuDl (UNIX) rFkk MkWl (DOS) vkWijsfVax flLVe nksuksa ij iz;ksx
fd;k tk ldrk gS] blesa dEikbyj dk vUrj gksrk gSA ANSI ‘C’ vkSj TURBO ‘C’ Hkk"kk dk u;k
otZu C++ lu~ 1980 esa fodflr gqvk FkkA
1-1 ‘C’ Hkk"kk ds xq.k (Property of ‘C’ language)
1- ‘C’ Hkk"kk ,d yphyh Hkk"kk gS] ftlesa fofHkUu izdkj ds izksxzke vklkuh ls cuk;s tk ldrs gSaA
2- bl Hkk"kk esa fy[ks x, izksxzke dh xfr rhoz gksrh gSA
3- ;g ,d mPp Lrjh; Hkk"kk gS] ysfdu blesa fuEuLrjh; Hkk"kk ds xq.k Hkh fo|eku gksrs gaSA
4- blesa fy[ks gq, izksxzke de LFkku ?ksjrs gSaA
5- bl Hkk"kk esa izksxzkeksa dks [k.Mksa (Blocks) ds :i esa O;ofLFkr dj ldrs gSa ftlls cM+s izksxzkeksa dks
vklkuh ls cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
6- bl Hkk"kk esa ikWbUVj dk mi;ksx dj izksxzke cuk;s tk ldrs gSaA
7- bl Hkk"kk eas fcV ladkjd ¼0 ;k 1½ gksus ds dkj.k fcV~l }kjk dk;Z djuk lEHko gSA

1-2 izksxzke dh lajpuk

‘C’ Hkk"kk dk izksxzke fofHkUu Qyuksa dk lewg gSA izR;sd Qyu okD;ks dk lewg gS tks dksbZ ,d
fo'ks"k dk;Z djrk gSA dEikbyj (Compiler) main() Qyu dks lcls igys dkWy (call) djrk gSA vr%
main( )Qyu izR;sd izksxzke esa gksuk pkfg;sA ‘C’ Hkk"kk ds izksxzke dh lajpuk esa gesa ;g tkuuk vfr
vko’;d gS fd izksxzke ds dkSu ls okD;ks dks fdl LFkku ij fy[kuk gksxkA izskxzke dh lajpuk fuEu
izdkj gksrh gSA

(1)
1- izh izkslslj Mk;jsfDVo rFkk gSMj Qkby
(Pre-Processor directive and Header file)
2- Xykscy pj vkSj Qyu izksVksVkbi
(Global declarations of variables and Function Prototype)
3. main( ) Qyu
4. {
5. yksdy pj vkSj Qyu izksVksVkbi esu Qyu ds fy;s
(Local declarations of variables and Function Prototype of main function)
6. ,dy ;k fefJr okD;
(Single or compound statements)
7. }
8. vU; Qyu dk gSMj vkjxqesUV ds lkFk
(Header of other function with its arguments)
9. {
10. Qyu ds yksdy pj
(Local variables of function)
11- ,dy ;k fefJr okD;
(Single or compound statements)
12. }
o.kZu
ykbu ua- 1% ge tks ykbczsjh Qyu vius izskxzke esa lfEefyr djrs gSA mlds vuqlkj ge gSMj Qkby
dks fy[krs gSA ftlls gSMj Qkby ds lHkh Qyuks dh ifjHkk"kk izskxzke ds lkFk tqM+ tkrh gSA vxj gesa
vius izskxzke esa xf.krh; Qyuks dks lfEefyr ¼tSls& sin, cos vkSj sqrt½ djuk gks rks ge fuEu ykbu
fy[krs gSA
#include<math.h>
,d izskxzke esa ,d ;k ,d ls T;knk gSMj Qkby gks ldrh gSA rFkk budks fdlh Hkh Øe esa fy[k
ldrs gSA
izh&izkslslj Mk;jsfDVo (Pre-Processor Directive)
dEikbyj }kjk dEikby (compile) djus ls iwoZ fu"ikfnr fd;s tkrs gSA ;s dEikbyj dks dqN
funsZ’k iznku djrs gSAdqN izh&izkslslj Mk;jsfDVo #include, #define vkfn gSA
#include izh&izkslslj gSMj Qkbyks dks izskxzke esa lfEefyr djus gsrq mi;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gS
rFkk #define flEcksfyd vpj (symbolic constant) ?kksf"kr djus gsrq mi;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k %
#define A 10
A ,d vpj gksxk rFkk bldk eku 10 gksxkA
ykbu ua- 2% bl ykbu esa pjksa dks ?kksf"kr (declare) fd;k tkrk gSA ;gk¡ ij ?kksf"kr pj izskxzke ds fdlh
Hkh Hkkx esa mi;ksx fd;s tk ldrs gSA ;g Qyuksa esa rc gh mi;ksx fd;s tk ldrs gS tcfd ogk¡ mlh
(2)
uke (identifier) dk pj ?kksf"kr ugha gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k %
int A;
float B, C;
;gk¡ ij Qyu ds izksVksVkbi Hkh ?kksf"kr gksrs gSA rFkk ;g Qyu izskxzke ds fdlh Hkh Hkkx esa dkWy gks
ldrs gSA
mnkgj.k %
int sum(int a, int b);
float max(flaot a, float b, float c);
ykbu ua- 3 % ;g main ( ) Qyu gksrk gSA lHkh ‘C’ izskxzkeks esa ;g gksuk vfr vko’;d gSA D;kasfd
loZizFke dEikbyj main( ) Qyu dsk gh dkWy djrk gSA
ykbu ua- 4 % ck¡;k e>ayk dks"Bd ls main( ) Qyu dh lhek dh ’kq#vkr gksrh gSA
ykbu ua- 5 % e>ayk dks"Bd ds ckn ?kksf"kr pj dsoy main( ) Qyu esa gh mi;ksx dj ldrs gSA
bUgsa yksdy pj Hkh dg ldrs gSA ;g Xykscy pjksa ¼ykbu ua- 2½ dh rjg ?kksf"kr gksrs gSA ;gk¡ ij
Qyu ds izksVksVkbi Hkh ?kksf"kr gksrs gS rFkk ;g Qyu izskxzke esa dsoy esu Qyu esa gh dkWy gks ldrs gSA
ykbu ua- 6 % ;gk¡ ij main( ) Qyu dh ifjHkk"kk fy[krs gSA ftlesa ,dy ;k fefJr okD; gks ldrs gSA
ykbu ua- 7% nk¡;k e>ayk dks"Bd ls main( ) Qyu dh lhek dsk cUn djrs gSA
ykbu ua- 8] 9] 10] 11] vkSj 12 % ;g ykbusa] ykbu ua- 3] 4] 5] 6] 7 ds tSlh gSA buesa ykbu ua- 8 ij
Qyu dk 'kh"kZ (Header) fy[krs gS vkSj lHkh ykbusa main( ) Qyu ds ckn okyh ykbuks tSlh gSA
bu ykbuksa dks izskxzke esa tc fy[krs gS tc dksbZ mi;ksx drkZ ?kksf"kr Qyu (user define
function) izskxzke esa fy[krs gSA
‘C’ izskxzke esa fVIi.kh dk mi;ksx nLrkost cukus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA fVIif.k;ksa dks dEikbyj
vuns[kk dj nsrk gSA bls /* rFkk */ ds chp esa fy[kk tkrk gSA
izksxzke 1 % fdlh vk;r dk {ks=Qy Kkr djus gsrq ‘C’ Hkk"kk esa izksxzke fyf[k,A
#include<stdio.h>
/* To calculate the area of Rectangle.*/
main()
{
float a,b,area;
printf(“Enter Side of the Rectangle :\n");
scanf(“%f %f",&a,&b);
area = a * b;
printf(“\nThe area of the Rectangle = %f",area);
}
Input/output of the above program:
Enter Side of the Rectangle : 12 14
The area of the Rectangle = 168
izksxzke 2% fn, x, lw= dh x.kuk djus gsrq ‘C’ Hkk"kk esa izksxzke fyf[k,A
(3)
 1 2
c= mv
2
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
float m,v,c;
printf(“Enter The value of m & v :\n”);
scanf(“%f %f”,&m,&v);
c =0.5 * m * v * v;
printf(“\nThe value of c = %f”,c);
}
Input/output of the above program:
Enter The value of m & v : 2.5 1.7
The value of c = 3.612500
1-3 ‘C’ dk djSDVj lSV (Character set of ‘C’) :
‘C’ Hkk"kk esa fuEu rFkk mPp o.kZekyk (Lower and upper case letters), vad (digits) rFkk fo'ks"k
fpUg vkrs gSaA
v{kj A, B, C, . . . . . . . . . Z
a, b, c, . . . . . . . . . z
vad 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . . . . . . 9
fo'ks"k fpUg uhps lkj.kh&1-1 esa fn;s x;s gSaA
lkj.kh&1-1
fpUg vFkZ fpUg vFkZ
# gS’k dk fpUg ? iz’uokpd fpUg
< ySl nsu : dkWyu
> xzsVj nsu ; lseh dkWyu
= bDoy Vw ^ dSjsV
+ tksM+ dk fpUg & ,EijlSUV
- ?kVkus dk fpUg ~ VkbZYM
* ,fLVªd $ MkWyj
% izfr’kr , dksek
/ ÝaV Lys’k \ cSd LyS’k
@ ,V nk jsV ‘’ flaxy dksV
“” Mcy dksV ! foLe; cks/kd
| yEcor~ ckj
(4)
1-4 vfHkKkud (Identifier)
izksxzke ds fofHkUu rRoksa tSls pj dk uke (variable name), Qyu dk uke (Function name) rFkk
flEcksfyd vpj dk uke (Symbolic Constant Name) bR;kfn dks ;wtj }kjk fn;s x, uke dks
vfHkKkud (Identifier) dgk tkrk gSA
bldks fy[kus ds fy, fuEu fu;e gksrs gSa %
1- vfHkKkud dk izFke v{kj vaxzsth o.kZekyk dk v{kj gksuk pkfg,A
2 izFke v{kj ds ckn vfHkKkud esa vaxzsth o.kZekyk ds v{kj (A..Z vkSj a..z), vad ¼0 ls 9½ rFkk
js[kkadu fpUg ¼ _ ½ vk ldrs gSaA
3- vfHkKkud esa vf/kdre 31 v{kj gks ldrs gSaA ¼dEIkkbZyj ij fuHkZjrk½
4- vkjf{kr 'kCn vfHkKkud ds :i esa mi;ksx ugha dj ldrs gSaA
5- lh Hkk"kk ds dsl laosnu’khy gksus ds dkj.k blesa mPp o fuEu o.kZekyk v{kj vyx&vyx ekus
tkrs gSaA vr% vf/kdrj fuEu o.kZekyk v{kjksa dk gh mi;ksx djuk pkfg;sA
1-5 vpj (Constant)
,sls vfHkKkud ftudk eku iwjs izksxzke esa fLFkj gksrk gS vpj dgykrs gSaA vpj rhu izdkj ds gksrs
gSaA
vpj
(Constant)
¯
la[;kRed laizrhd fLVªax
(Numeric) (Character) (String)

iw.kkZad okLrfod
(Integer) (Real)

fp= 1-1% fofHkUu izdkj ds vpj

1- la[;kRed vpj (Numeric Constant)
;s nks izdkj ds gksrs gSaA
(a) iw.kkZad fLFkjkad (Integer Constant)
;s dsoy vadksa ls feydj curs gS vkSj blesa n’keyo ugha gksrk gSA budks rhu fofHkUu vad
iz.kkfy;ksa esa iznf’kZr fd;k tk ldrk gS %
(i) n’keyo (Base 10)
(ii) vkWDVy (Base 8)
(iii) gSDlk Mslhey (Base 16)
fofHkUu vad iz.kkfy;ksa esa dke vkus okys vad rFkk o.kZekyk ds v{kj lkj.kh&1-2 esa n’kkZ;s x, gSA
lkj.kh & 1-2
Type Digits / alphabet Example
Decimal 0, 1, 2, ......... 9 0, 279, 972, 32767

(5)
Octal 0, 1, 3, ......... 7 02, 027, 07777 vkWDVy uEcj 0 ¼’kwU;½ ls 'kq: gksrk
gSA
Hexa decimal 0, 1, 2, ... 9 and 0x1, 0xab, 0xffff gSDlk Mslhey uEcj 0x ;k 0X
a, b, c .... (upper ls 'kq: gksrk gSA
and lower case)
(b) okLrfod fLFkjkad (Real Constant)
ftu la[;kRed v{kjksa esa n’keyo gksrk gS] os okLrfod fLFkjkad dgykrs gSaA
mnkgj.k %
0.96, 872.127, 2.0 E-7
0.0693, 1.7676E + 10
2- djSDVj fLFkjkad (Character Constant)
tc ,d gh v{kj ,dy dksV (Single Quotes) esa fy[krs gSa rks og ,dy djSDVj fLFkjkad
dgykrk gSA blesa vaxzsth o.kZekyk ds v{kj] vad rFkk fo'ks"k fpUg vk ldrs gSaA
mnkgj.k % ‘A’ ‘5’ ‘b’ ‘$’
3- fLVªax fLFkjkad (String Constants)
tc ’kwU;] ,d ;k] ,d ls vf/kd djSDVj Mcy dksV esa fy[krs gS rks og fLVªax fLFkjkad dgykrk
gSA
mnkgj.k %
“Home Loan” “ALWAR”
“ “ “2 * 6 * 7 - 5 + 2”
4- cSd LyS’k fLFkjkad (Back Slash Character Constant)
;g Hkh ,d izdkj ds djSDVj fLFkjkad gS tks fd fizUV ugha gksrs gSA ;s djSDVj fLFkjkad dUVªksy
djus ds mi;ksx esa vkrs gaSA bldks cSd LyS’k (\) ds lkFk fy[krs gSA dqN cSd LyS’k fLFkjkad o muds vFkZ
lkj.kh&1-3 esa fn;s x;s gSaA
lkj.kh & 1-3
Escape Sequence Meaning
\a bell (alert)
\t horizontal tab
\v vertical tab
\n new line
\v carriage return
\’ quotation mark
\b back space
\0 NULL
1-6 pj (variable)
pj os vfHkKkud gksrs gSa ftuesa ekuksa (values) dk lap; gksrk gSa rFkk izksxzke fu"iknu esa budk
(6)
eku ifjofrZr gks ldrk gSA bldks fy[kus ds fy, vfHkKkud fy[kus okys fu;e gh ykxw gksrs gSa dqN
oS| pj fuEu gS %
employee, result123, roll_num, min
rFkk dqN voS/k pj fuEu gS %
short vkjf{kr 'kCn
b’ s fo'ks"k laizrhd
5ort izFke laizrhd o.kZekyk v{kj gksuk pkfg,A
int eger [kkyh LFkku
1-7 vkadM+ksa dk izdkj (Data Type)
'C' izksxzkfeax Hkk"kk fofHkUu izdkj ds vkadM+ksa dk leFkZu djrh gSaA vkadM+ksa ds bu izdkjksa dk eseksjh
esa lkbt (size) Hkh fHkUu&fHkUu gksrk gSA ^lh* Hkk"kk esa lkekU;r;k pkj izdkj ds vk¡dM+s dke esa fy;s tkrs
gSaA
1. int iw.kkZad eku lap; ds fy,
2. char ,d laizrhd dks lap; djus ds fy,
3. float bdgjh ’kq)rk okyh ¶yksfVax ikbZaV la[;k
4. double nksgjh ’kq)rk okyh ¶yksfVax ikbZaV la[;k

dqN vkadM+ksa ds izdkj] vkdkj] dh&’kCn o vad lhek,¡ lkj.kh&1-4 nh xbZ gSA
lkj.kh & 1-4
Data type key word Size (in bits) Range
Character char 8 -128 to +127
unsigned char 8 0 to 255
Integer int 16 -32768 to +32767
long int 32 -2, 147, 483, 648 to +2,147, 483, 647
unsigned int 16 0 to 65535
unsigned long int 32 0 to 4, 294, 967, 295
Float float 32 3.4E-38 to 3.4E+38
Double double 64 1.7E-308 to 1.7E+308
long double 80 3.4E-4932 to 1.7E +4932

1-8 ?kks"k.kk (Declaration)

lHkh pjksa dk fu"iknu gksus ls igys mUgsa izksxzke esa ?kksf"kr djuk vko’;d gksrk gSA pjksa dks
izksxzke esa lcls Åij ¼tSlk dh izksxzke dh lajpuk esa fn[kk;k x;k gS½ ?kksf"kr djuk gksrk gSA
bldk #i fuEu izdkj gS %
<data type> <variable name>;

(7)
mnkgj.k %
int a, b, c;
char cl;
1-9 dh&’kCn (key word)
,sls 'kCn ftudk vFkZ rFkk mi;ksx ^lh* Hkk"kk ds fy, igys ls gh fuf’pr fd;k x;k gks dh&’kCn
¼;k vkjf{kr 'kCn½ dgykrs gSA dh&’kCn dk mi;ksx ^lh* Hkk"kk esa fuf’pr vFkZ ds fy, gksrk gSA
dh&’kCn fdlh vfHkKkud ds :i esa mi;ksx ugha gks ldrk gSA ^lh* Hkk"kk eas dqy 32 dh&’kCn gksrs gSaA
budks lkj.kh& 1-5 esa n’kkZ;k x;k gSA
lkj.kh & 1-5
auto float const struct
break for continue switch
case goto default typedef
char if do union
double int short unsinged
else long singned void
enum register sizeof volatile
extern return static while
1-10 vkWijsVlZ (Operators)
dEI;wVj }kjk x.kuk;sa djkus ds fy;s izksxzke esa dqN izrhdksa (symbols) dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk
gSA bu izrhdksa dks ladkjd (operator) dgrs gSA ladkjd ;g crkrk gS fd dkSSu lh lafdz;k djuh gSA
pjksa] vpjksa rFkk ladkjdksa dh lgk;rk ls O;atd (expression) cuk;k tkrk gSA ‘C’ Hkk"kk esa ,dy
(Unary)] f}vk/kkjh (Binary) rFkk f=vk/kkjh (Ternary) ladkjd gksrs gSA
‘C’ Hkk"kk esa mi;ksx vkus okys vkWijsVj fuEu oxksZa esa ck¡Vs x;s gSa &
1- vadxf.krh; ladkjd (Arithmatic Operators)
2- rqyukRed ladkjd (Relational Operators)
3- rkfdZd ladkjd (Logical Operators)
4- dUMh’kuy ladkjd (Conditional Operators)
5- o`f) o âkl ladkjd (Increment and Decrement Operator)
6- fcVokj ladkjd (Bitwise Operators)
7- fu/kkZj.k ladkjd (Assignment Operators)
1-10-1 vadxf.krh; ladkjd (Arithmatic Operator)
vadxf.krh; ladkjdksa dk mi;ksx la[;kRed x.kuk;sa djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ^lh* Hkk"kk esa
mi;ksx esa vkus okys vadxf.krh; vkWijsVj fuEu gSaA

(8)
 lkj.kh & 1-6
vkWijsVj mís’;
+ tksM+uk
- ?kVkuk
* xq.kk
/ Hkkx
% ’ks"kQy ¼Hkkx djus ds ckn cpk 'ks"k½
‘C’ Hkk"kk esa dksbZ ?kkrh; (exponential) ladkjd ugha gS ?kkr ds fy, pow(x, y) Qyu gksrk gS tks
math.h gSMj Qkby esa miyC/k gksrk gSA
1-10-2 vadxf.krh; O;atd (Arithmatic Expression)
pjksa rFkk vpjksa dks ladkjdks dh lgk;rk ls tksM+dj O;atd cuk;s tkrs gSaA ;fn nksuks vkWijsaM
(operand) iw.kkZad pj ;k vpj gksrs gSa rks og O;atd iw.kkZad O;atd (Integer Expression) dgykrs gSaA
mnkgj.k % ;fn a = 15 vkSj b = 2 gks rks fuEu O;atdksa dk ifj.kke gksxkA
O;atd ifj.kke
a+b 17
a-b 13
a*b 30
a/b 7
a%b 1
a/b dk okLrfod ifj.kke 7-5 gksrk gSA ysfdu ;fn nksuksa vkWijsaM iw.kkZad pj ¼;k vpj½ gksrs gSa rks
ifj.kke Hkh iw.kkZad la[;k esa gh vkrk gS vr% 15@2 dk ifj.kke 7 vk;sxkA
Integer division
15/2 - 7 times 2, remainder 1

¯ ¯
result = 7 discarded

fp= & 1-2

ekWMwYl vkWijsVj (%), Hkkx vkWijsVj dk mYVk gksrk gSA blesa iw.kkZad Hkkx (Integer division) gksus
ds ckn ’ks"kQy ifj.kke gksrk gSA
Modulus Operation
15%2 - 7 time 2, remainder1

¯¯
discarded result = 1
fp= & 1-3
(9)
 ekWMwYl vkWijsVj (%) ds vU; mnkgj.k fuEu gS %
- 15 % 2 = -1
- 15 % -2 = -1
15 % -2 = 1
;fn nksuksa vkWijsaM okLrfod la[;k,¡ gks rks mudk ifj.kke Hkh okLrfod l¡[;k gksxhA bl rjg ds
O;atd dks okLrfod O;atd (real expression) dgrs gSaA ;fn blesa ,d la[;k okLrfod rFkk nwljh
la[;k iw.kkZad la[;k gks rks ifj.kke okLrfod la[;k gksxh rFkk bl O;atd dks feDl eksM+ O;atd dgrs
gSaA
mnkgj.k %
;fn a = 15.5, b = 4.2 rks
a + b = 15.5 + 4.2 = 19.700000
a * b = 15.5 * 4.2 = 65.100000
mijksDr nksuksa vkWijsaM okLrfod (real) la[;k,a gSA
mnkgj.k %
;fn a = 15.5 (real), b = 4 (integer) gks rks
a + b = 15.5 (real) + 4(int) = 19.500000 (real)
a * b = 15.5 (real) * 4 (int) = 62.000000 (real)
mijksDr nksuksa O;atd feDl eksM+ O;atd gSA
1-10-3 rqyukRed ladkjd (Relational Operators)
rqyukRed ladkjdksa dk mi;ksx nks ekuksa dh rqyuk djus esa gksrk gSA bu lHkh ladkjdksa dks nks
vkWijsaM dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA ;fn rqyuk djus ij lEcU/k lgh (True) gS rks ;g 1 fjVuZ djrk gSA
vU;Fkk xyr (False) gksus ij 0 fjVuZ djrk gSA blesa nksuksa vkWijsM ,d gh izdkj ds gksus vko’;d gSA
lh Hkk"kk esa mi;ksx esa vkus okys rqyukRed vkWijsVj fuEu gSA
lkj.kh 1-7
ladkjd (operater) vFkZ (Meaning)
< less than
<= less than equal to
== equal to
!= not equal to
> greater than
>= greater than equal to
mnkgj.k %
;fn p, q vkSj r iw.kkZad pj gS rFkk budk eku 1] 2 vkSj 3 Øe’k% gSA rks uhps nh xbZ lkj.kh esa
rqqyukRed O;atdksa dk eku fuEu gksxkA
lkj.kh 1-8
Relational expression Result value
p<q true 1
(10)
 (p + q) > = r true 1
(p + 5) = = r + 4 false 0
r!=5 true 1
p*q>q*r false 0
1-10-4 rkfdZd ladkjd (Logical Operator)
rkfdZd ladkjd nks vkWijsaM ij dk;Z djrs gSaA ;s vkWijsaM rkfdZd ;k rqyukRed O;atd Hkh gks
ldrs gSaA rkfdZd O;atdksa dk ifj.kke True ;k False esa vkrk gSA C Hkk"kk esa rhu rkfdZd vkWijsVj gksrs
gSaA
lkj.kh 1-9
ladkjd vFkZ
&& and
|| or
! not
rkfdZd And (&&)
rkfdZd and (&&) dk ifj.kke True rHkh gksxk tc nksuksa vkWijsM True gks vU;Fkk ifj.kke False
gksxkA
mnkgj.k %
;fn i = 9 rFkk j = 8.5 gS rc fuEu O;atd dk eku gksxk
(i > 6) && (j < 9.5)
bldk eku True gkssxk D;ksafd nksuksa O;atdksa dk eku True gSA
rkfdZd OR (||)
rkfdZd OR dk ifj.kke True gksxk ;fn blds nksuksa vkWijsaM~l esa ls ,d Hkh vkWijsaM dk eku True
gksA vU;Fkk ifj.kke False gksxkA
rkfdZd Not (!)
NOT ,d ,dy ladkjd gSA vr% blesa dsoy ,d gh vkWijsUM dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA ;fn
vkWijsaM True gS rks ;g ifj.kke False nsrk gS vkSj vkWijsaM False gksus ij ifj.kke True nsrk gSA
1-10-5 rkfdZd O;atd (Boolean Expression)
rkfdZd O;atd dk eku lgh (True) ;k xyr (False) gksrk gSA cwfy;u O;atd ,d cwfy;u pj]
vpj ;k vpj vkSj pj rqyukRed ladkjdks }kjk tqM+s gks ldrs gSA nks cwfy;u O;atd dks rkfdZd
ladkjdks ds }kjk tksM+k tk ldrk gSA
rkfdZd O;atdks ds mnkgj.k fuEu gS&
(i) age >55 && salary <1000
(ii) number <0 && number >100
(iii) ! (status==1)
mnkgj.k %
ekuk i=7, f=35 vkSj c = ‘W’ gS rksA vusd tfVy rkfdZd O;atd muds ifj.kke ds lkFk n’kkZ;s
x;sa gaSA
(11)
 Boolean Expression Result Value
(i >=6) && (c ==‘W’) True 1
(f >11) && (i >100) False 0
c = ! ( ‘a’ | | (1 + f) <=10) True 1
c = = i | | f > 20 False 0
1-10-6 dUMh’kuy ladkjd ¼\vkSj %½ (conditional operator)
;g ,d f=vk/kkjh (ternary) ladkjd gS vr% bl ladkjd esa rhu vkWijsaM gksrs gSaA budks fuEu
izdkj ls fy[kk tkrk gS&
variable = exp1 ? exp2 : exp3 ;
exp1 ,d rkfdZd O;atd (Logical Expression) gksrk gSA lcls igys O;atd exp1 ds eku dh
x.kuk gksrh gS ;fn ;g eku True gksrk gS rks exp2 O;atd dk eku variable esa LVksj gksrk gS vU;Fkk
blesa exp3 O;atd dk eku LVksj gksxkA
mnkgj.k %
;fn a = 5, b = 9
c =a>b?a:b;
blesa c dk eku 9 gksxkA D;ksafd a > b False gksus ds dkj.k O;atd exp3 dk eku c esa LVksj djsxk
tks fd b gS vr% b dk eku 9, c esa LVksj gksxkA
1-10-7 o`f) o âkl ladkjd ¼$$ vkSj & &½ (Increment and decrement operators)
‘C’ Hkk"kk esa nks vR;Ur mi;ksxh ladkjd fn;s x;s gSa :
(i) o`f) ladkjd (Increment Operator) - ++
(ii) âkl ladkjd (Decrement Operator) - -
;s nksuksa vkWijsVj ,dy (unary) gS vr% bUgsa dsoy ,d gh vkWijsaM dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA blesa
o`f) ladkjd ¼$$½ pj ds eku dks 1 c<+k nsrk gS vkSj âkl (—) ladkjd pj ds eku dks 1 ?kVk nsrk gSA
bu ladkjdksa dks fuEu izdkj ls fy[kk tkrk gSA
++A ;k A++
rFkk
- -A ;k A- -
;fn pj ds ck;sa bl vkWijsVj dk iz;ksx djrs gSa rks ;g vkWijsVj igys pj esa ,d tksM+rk gS vFkok
?kVkrk gSA ;fn ;g vkWijsVj nk;sa vksj iz;ksx djrs gSa rks ;g vkWijsVj ckn esa 1 ?kVkrk gS ;k tksM+rk gS
igys ;g lafØ;k esa Hkkx ysrk gSA
mnkgj.k %
int A = 10;
A++;
1-10-8 fu/kkZj.k ladkjd (Assignment Operators)
fdlh Hkh pj dk dksbZ eku fu/kkZfjr djus ds fy, fu/kkZj.k ladkjd dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
bldks “=“ fpUg }kjk iznf’kZr fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ladkjd vius nka;s Hkkx ds O;atd dk ewY;kadu

(12)
djds ifj.kke dks cka;h vksj fy[ks pj dks fu/kkZfjr dj nsrk gSA bldk lkekU; :i fuEu gS &
pj = O;atd
mnkgj.k %
fuEu dFku fu/kkZj.k ladkjd ds mnkgj.k gS %
area = 2 * P1 * r1
x= y
a = 7.52
Total = A[1] + A[2]
mijksDr dFkuksa esa ck;sa Hkkx esa pj ¼vpj o O;atd ugha gks ldrk gS½ gksuk pkfg,A
'C' Hkk"kk esa fo'ks"k fu/kkZj.k ladkjd gksrs gSa og fuEu gS&
+=, *=, %=, -=, /=
mnkgj.k %
x = x + 4 dks x += 4 fy[krs gSaA
x = x * 5 dks x *= 5 fy[krs gSaA
x = x % 4 dks x %= 4 fy[krs gaSA
x = x - 5 dks x -= 5 fy[krs gSaA
x = x / 4 dks x /= 4 fy[krs gSaA

1-10-9 O;atd dk izdkj cnyuk (Type Conversion of expression)

bldk mi;ksx fdlh Hkh O;atd ds ifj.kke dks vkadM+ksa ds izdkj (Data type) esa cnyus ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gSA bls fuEu izdkj ls fy[kk tkrk gS%
¼vkadM+ksa dk izdkj½ O;atd
(data type) expression, O;atd dk eku dks"Bd esa fn;s x;s vkadM+ksa ds izdkj esa cny nsrk gSA
;fn fdlh O;atd esa ,d ls vf/kd vkWijsaM gks rks O;atd dk eku mlesa mifLFkr vkWijsMks esa ls
lcls Åaps Lrj ds vksijsUM ds cjkcj gksxkA bl izdkj dks bEifyflV (implicit type casting) izdkj
cnyuk dgrs gSaA
mnkgj.k %
;fn a = 7 ¼iw.kkZad½ b = 9.5 ¼¶yksfVad ikbZaV½ gks rks O;atd 2a + b dk eku ¶yksfVax ikbZaV esa eku
23-500000 gksxkA
vxj fdlh vkWijsM dk eku izcyrk ls cnyuk gks rks mls ,DlfIyflV (Explicit Type Casting) izdkj
cnyuk dgrs gSaA
mnkgj.k %
;fn a = 7 ¼iw.kkZad½ b = 3 ¼iw.kkZad½ gks rks O;atd a/b dk eku iw.kkZad esa 2 gksxkA ;fn bldk ifj.kke
¶yksfVax ikbZaV esa ykuk gS rks bl O;atd dks fuEu çdkj fy[kuk gksxk rFkk bldk ifj.kke 2-333333
gksxkA
(float)a/b;

(13)
izksxzke 3 %
/* Program to convert a centimeter into meter-
centimeter with integer Arithmatic*/
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int cent,meter;
printf(“Enter the value = “);
scanf(“%d”,&cent);
meter = cent / 100;
cent = cent % 100;
printf(“\nMeters = %d and Centimeter = %d”,meter,cent);
}
mijksä çksxzke dk vkmViqV fuEu gksxkA
Enter the value = 1056
Meters = 10 and Centimeter = 56
izksxzke 4 %
/* Program to explain explicit and implicit conversion */
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int A=7,B=8;
float X,Y=7.5;
X = A + Y; /*Implicit Type Conversion*/
printf(“X = %f\n”,X);
X = (float)A/B; /*Explicit Type Convesion*/
printf(“X = %f\n”,X);
}
mijksä çksxzke dk vkmViqV fuEu gksxkA
X = 14.500000
X = 0.875000

1-11 ladkjdksa dh izkf;drk (Precedence of Operators):

;fn fdlh O;atd esa ,d ls vf/kd ladkjd gksrs gSa rks ;g vko’;d gks tkrk gS fd mudks fdl
Øe eas fu"ikfnr djuk gSA ;g Øe fuf’pr gksrk gS fd dkSulk ladkjd igys gy fd;k tk;sxkA blds
fy, bu ladkjdksa dh izkFkfedrk fuf’pr dj nh x;h gSA fdlh O;atd esa nks ladkjd dh izkf;drk
leku (equal) gksus ij mudk lkgp;Z fu;e ds vuqlkj ljyhdj.k fd;k tkrk gS %

(14)
 lkj.kh % 1-10 ladkjdksa dh izkf;drk o lkgp;Z fu;e
(Precedence of Operators and their associativity rules)
izkf;drk lewg ladkjd lkgp;Zrk
Qyu] ,js] struct lnL;
rFkk ladsrd () [ ] . à Là
R
,dy ladkjd - ++ -- ! ~*& Rà
L
sizeof(type)
vadxf.krh; xq.ku] Hkktd rFkk 'ks"kQy */% Là
R
vadxf.krh; ;ksx rFkk ?kVk +- Là
R
fcVokj f’k¶V ladkjd << >> Là
R
rqyukRed ladkjd < <= > >= Là
R
cjkcjrk ladkjd == != Là
R
fcVokj AND & Là
R
fcVokj XOR ^ LàR
fcVokj OR | Là
R
rkfdZd AND && Là
R
rkfdZd OR || Là
R
dUMh’kuy ladkjd ?: Rà
L
fu/kkZj.k ladkjd = += -= *= /= %=&= ^= Rà
L
!= <<= >>=
dkSek ladkjd , Là R
mnkgj.k %
;fn X = 7 y = 3.0 Z = 2 A = 2.5 B = 7 gks rks fuEu O;atd dks gy djksA
X + Y / (Z * A + B / Z)
gy &
X + Y / (Z * A + B/Z)
= 7 + 3.0 / (2 * 2.5 + 7/2)
= 7 + 3.0 / (5.0 + 7/2)
= 7 + 3.0 / (5.0 + 3)
= 7 + 3.0 / 8.0
= 7 + 0.375
= 7.375

(15)
izksxzke 5 %
/* Program to calculate a expression */
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
float A,B=2.5,D=9.25;
int i = 5,j=10;
A = (float)i/j + (B*2)/(i + j) + D;/* Explicit Type Conversion*/
printf(“Result = %f\n”,A);
}
mijksä çksxzke dk vkmViqV fuEu gksxkA
A = 10.083333
1-12 buiqV&vkmViqV Qyu (Input-Output Function) :
lk/kkj.kr;k fdlh Hkh izksxzke esa vkadM+ksa dks i<+uk] ml ij izfØ;k djuk rFkk vkmViqV nsuk] ;g
rhu dk;Z fd;s tkrs gSaA izksxzke dks buiqV vkSj vkmViqV nsus ds fy, buiqV&vkmViqV Qyuksa dk
mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;g Qyu gS scanf(), printf(), getchar(), putchar()A buiqV@vkmViqV nks
izdkj ds gksrs gSaA la:fir (formatted) rFkk vla:fir (unformatted)A printf rFkk scanf la#fir rFkk
putchar rFkk getchar vla:fir I/O dh Js.kh esa vkrs gSaA
1-12-1 dUlkWy buiqV@vkmViqV (Console I/O) :
dUlkWy buiqV@vkmViqV Qyu dks Hkh nks oxksZ esa foHkDr fd;k tkrk gS&
1- vuQkjesVsM dUlkWy buiqV@vkmViqV Qyu
(Unformatted console input/ output functions)
2- QkjesVsM dUlkWy buiqV@vkmViqV Qyu
(Formatted console input/ output functions)

dUlkWy buiqV@vkmViqV Qyu

Formatted Function Unformatted Function

Type Input Output Type Input Output
char scanf() printf() char getcher() putchar()
getch()
getch()
int scanf() printf()
int -- --
float scanf() printf()
float -- --
string scanf() printf() String gets() puts()

fp= 1-4
(16)
 bu nksuks esa eq[; vUrj ;g gS fd QkjesVsM dUlkWy buiqV dhcksMZ ls MkVk ysrk gS rFkk vkmViqV
VDU ij MkVk ;wtj dh vko’;drk ds vuqlkj QkjesVsM #Ik esa Hkstrk gS tcfd vuQkjesVsM esa ,d gh
izdkj ls MkVk izkIr dj ldrs gS vkSj Hkst Hkh ldrs gSA tSls gesa Total_item rFkk sale_item dks VDU
ij fizUV djuk gS rks og VDU ij dgk¡ ij fizUV gksxk rFkk buds e/; fdruh txg gksxh ;g ge dsoy
QkjesVsM dUlkWy buiqV@vkmViqV ds }kjk gh dj ldrs gSA uhps fp= esa nksuks oxksZ ds Qyuks dks
fn[kk;k x;k gSA
1-12-2 vkmViqV Qyu printf (Output Function printf)
vkmViqV Qyu ds }kjk dEI;wVj eseksjh ls ekud vkmViqV ;qfä ¼Output device) ;k vkmViqV
Qkby esa Hkstk tk ldrk gSA ^lh* Hkk"kk esa printf() Qyu gksrk gS tks vkadM+ksa dks dEI;wVj dh Le`fr
(Memory) ls vkmViqV ;qfDr ij Hkstrk gSA printf() Qyu fuEu izdkj ls fy[kk tkrk gSA
printf ¼^^fu;U=.k fLVªax**] pj1] pj2] pj3½ ;
pj1] pj2 rFkk pj3 os pj gS ftuds eku vkmViqV ;qfDr ij Hkstuk gSA fu;U=.k fLVªax dks Mcy
dksV~l ¼^^ ^^½ ds vUnj fy[kk tkrk gSA fu;U=.k fLVªax pjksa dks vkadM+ksa ds izdkj ds vuqlkj fy[kk
tkrk gSA tSls integer vkadM+s ds fy, %d fy[kk tkrk gSA uhps nh x;h lkj.kh 1-11 esa iz;ksx fd;s tkus
okys fu;U=.k fLVªax ds izk#i dks n’kkZ;k x;k gSA
lkj.kh & 1-11
izk:i ¼dUVªksy fLVªax½ pj ds eku dk izdkj
%d int ¼n’keyo½
%x int ¼gSDlk Mslhey½
%o int ¼vkWDVy½
%u unsigned int
%ld long int
%f float
%e float ¼eku ?kkrkad½
%lf double float
%Lf long double
%c character
%s string ¼fLVªax½
mnkgj.k %
A = 20, B = 30
printf(“%d %d”,A,B)
Output : 20 30
A vkSj B iw.kkZad izdkj ds pj gS rFkk dUVªksy fLVªax ds vuqlkj A o B ds eku fizUV gksrs gaSA printf
Qyu ds }kjk fdlh Hkh fLVªax dks T;ks dk R;ks fizUV djrk gSA
mnkgj.k %
printf (“C is a good programming language.”)
Output : C is a good programming language.
(17)
1-12-3 la:fir printf Qyu (Formatted printf function)
tc printf ( ) Qyu esa fy[ks pjksa ds ekuksa dks la:fir :i esa fy[kuk gksrk gS rks dUVªksy fLVªax esa
blds fy, vyx ls dqN djsDVj fy[kus gksrs gSaA
iw.kkZad uEcjksa ds fy, vkmViqV
Integer uEcjksa dks fizUV djus ds fy, dUVªksy fLVªax esa fuEu izk:i fy[kuk gksrk gSA
%wd
tgk¡ ij w ,d iw.kkZad uEcj gS tks ;g n’kkZrk gS fd vkmViqV fdrus dkWye esa fy[kuk gSA
mnkgj.k %
int A=1476
main()
{
printf(“%7d”,A);
{
mijksDr izksxzke dk vkmViqV gksxkA
1 4 7 6
;g vkmViqV lkr dkWye esa fy[kk tk;sxkA ysfdu uEcj pkj dkWye esa vk tkrk gSA vr% ’kq: ds
rhu dkWye [kkyh jgsxsaA
okLrfod uEcjksa ds fy, vkmViqV
Real uEcjksa dks fizUV djus ds fy, dUVªksy fLVªax esa fuEu izk:i fy[kuk gksrk gSA
% w.pf
tgka w o p nks iw.kkZad uEcj gSA w ;g n’kkZrk gS fd vkmViqV fdrus dkWye esa fy[kuk gS rFkk p
;g n’kkZrk gS fd n’keyo fcUnq ds ckn fdrus dkWye gksus pkfg,A
mnkgj.k %
float x = 17.7927 ;
main()
{
printf("7.3f ", x) ;
}
mijksDr izksxzke dk vkmViqV gksxk %
1 7 - 7 9 2
;g vkmViqV 7 dkWye esa fy[kk tk,xkA n’keyo fcUnq ds ckn rhu dkWye dk mi;ksx gksxk] ,d
dkWye n’keyo fcUnq ds fy, rFkk nks dkWye n’keyo fcUnq ds igys okys uEcj ds fy, mi;ksx gksxkA
D;ksafd blds fy, 6 dkWye dh vko’;drk gksxh vr% ,d dkWye [kkyh jgsxkA tSlk fd vkmViqV esa
n’kkZ;k x;k gSA
fLVªax ds fy, vkmViqV %
fLVªax dks fizUV djus ds fy, dUVªksy fLVªax esa fuEu izk:i fy[kuk gksrk gSA
% w.ps
tgka w o p nks iw.kkaZd uEcj gSA w ;g n’kkZrk gS fd vkmViqV fdrus dkWye esa fy[kuk gS rFkk p
(18)
;g n’kkZrk fd fLVªax esa ls fdrus djsDVj fizUV djus gSaA
mnkgj.k %
char str[9] = “computer” :
main( )
{
printf(“\n%12.5s”, str) ;
printf(“\n%.5s”, str) ;
printfl(“\n%12s”, str) ;
}
mijksDr izksxzke dk vkmViqV gksxk %
c o m p u

c o m p u

c o m p u t e r

izFke printf() dFku dqy 12 dkWye esa vkmViqV fy[ksxk rFkk fLVªax ds dsoy ik¡p djsDVlZ dks
gh fizUV djsxkA f}rh; printf( ) dFku dsoy ik¡p djsDVlZ] izFke ik¡p dkWye esa fizUV djsxk rFkk r`rh;
printf() dFku 12 dkWye esa ls 8 dkWye esa computer fLVªax dks fizUV djsxk ,oa 4 dkWye [kkyh jgsaxsA
tSlk fd vkmViqV esa n’kkZ;k x;k gSaA
,dy djSDVj dks mi;qDr LFkku ij j[kus ds fy, fuEu izk:i gksrk gSA
%wc
;g djsDVj (w-1) dkWye [kkyh NksM+ dj w osa dkWye esa fizUV gks tk,xkA
1-12-4 buiqV Qyu scanf(input function scanf)
scanf( ) Qyu ds }kjk vkadM+ksa dks ekud buiqV ;qfDr (Input device-keyboard) ls ysdj
izksxzke ds fofHkUu pjksa esa HkaMkfjr (store) fd;k tkrk gSA scanf( ) Qyu fuEu izdkj ls fy[kk tkrk gS &
scanf(“dUVªksy fLVªax”,&pj1]&pj2]&pj3½
scanf esa &pj1] &pj2 rFkk &pj3 mu pjksa ds irs (address) gS tgk¡ ij dh&cksMZ }kjk izkIr
vkadM+ksa dks HkaMkfjr djuk gSA blesa pj ls iwoZ & dk fpUg ;g n’kkZrk gS fd ;g ml pj dk irk gS u
fd mldk ekuA dUVªksy fLVªax esa % fpUg ds lkFk printf Qyu dh Hkk¡fr vaxzsth o.kZekyk dk v{kj
fy[kk tkrk gSA tSlk lkj.kh & 1-11 esa n’kkZ;k x;k gSA
mnkgj.k %
scanf(“%d%d%d”, &NUM1, &NUM2, &NUM3) ;
NUM1, NUM2 vkSj NUM3 iw.kkZad izdkj ds pj gSA lHkh pjksa ds fy, vyx&vyx dUVªksy
fLVªax fy[kuk gksrk gSA
izksxzke 6 % rhu okLrfod uEcj i<+dj muesa ls lcls NksVk uEcj Kkr djus gsrq ‘C’ Hkk"kk eas izksxzke
fyf[k,A-

(19)
#include<stdio.h>
/* C program to read three float number and find smallest number.*/
main()
{
float a,b,c,small;/*Declaration of float numbers*/
printf(“Enter three float Numbers :\n");
scanf(“%f %f %f",&a,&b,&c);/*read three float numbers*/
if(a < b)
if(a < c)
small = a;
else
small = c;
else
if(b < c)
small = b;
else
small = c;
printf(“\nThe Smallest Number = %f",small);
}
Input :Enter three float Numbers :
78.23 78.96 85.52
Output:The Smallest Numbers : 85.52
Input :Enter three float Numbers :
23.23 23.15 23.16
Output:The Smallest Numbers : 23.15
getchar( ) Qyu
;g Qyu buiqV ;qfDr ls ,d djsDVj ysrk gS vkSj dEI;wVj dks nsrk gSA bldk lkekU; Lo:i gS
%
pj&uke = getchar( );
mnkgj.k
char c ;
......
......
c = getchar ( ) ;

(20)
 mijksDr mnkgj.k esa igyh iafDr esa c uked pj char izdkj dk ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gSA tSls gh
nwljk dFku c=getchar( ) fu"ikfnr fd;k tkrk gS dEI;wVj dh&cksMZ ls dqath ds ncus dh izrh{kk djrk
gS ¼;fn MkVk cQj esa ugha gS rks½ rFkk dqath ncus ij ml laizrhd dks c esa HkaMkfjr dj nsrk gSA vr% c =
getchar( ) rFkk scanf(“%c”, &c) nksuks dFku lerqY; gSA
putchar() Qyu
bl Qyu ds }kjk dEI;wVj dh eseksjh ls ,d djsDVj ysdj mls eksuhVj ij fn[kkrk gSA bldk
lkekU; Lo:i fuEu gS %
putchar ¼laizrhd pj dk uke½ (
blesa laizrhd pj iwoZ esa ?kksf"kr pj gS ftldk eku eksuhVj ij fMLIys gksxkA
mnkgj.k %
char a;
.....
.....
putchar(a)
igys dFku ls a laizrhd izdkj dk pj ?kksf"kr gksrk gSA nwljk dFku a pj ds eku dks vkmViqV
;qfDr ij Hkst nsrk gSA putchar esa vko’;d gS fd a laizrhd izdkj dk pj gSA vr% putchar(a) rFkk
printf (“%c”,a) nksuksa dFku lerqY; gSaA
izksxzke 7 % ‘C’ Hkk"kk esa ykbu i<+dj mldks vij dsl esa fy[kus ds fy, izksxzke fyf[k,A
#include<stdio.h>
/* C program to read a line and print it into upper case.*/
main()
{
char c[80];/*Declaration of char array or string*/
int i;
printf(“Enter A line:\n");
for(i=0;(c[i]=getchar()) != ‘\n’;i++);/*This statement read a line*/
c[i]=‘\0’; /* Store NULL char at end*/
printf(“The UpperCase line is:\n");
for(i=0;c[i]!=‘\0’;i++) {
c[i] = toupper(c[i]);/*Convert into the UpperCase Letter*/
putchar(c[i]); /*To print a Character on the screen*/
}}
Input :Enter a line :
The string is a combination of character.
Output:The UpperCase line is:
THE STRING IS A COMBINATION OF CHARACTER.
(21)
1-13 dUVªksy dFku (Control Statements)
‘C’ Hkk"kk ls dFkuksa dk fu"iknu mlh Øe esa gksrk gS ftl Øe esa dFku izksxzke esa fy[ks x;s gSaA
izR;sd dFku dsoy ,d ckj gh fu"ikfnr gksrk gSA ijUrq dqN izksxzkeksa esa ,d rkfdZd dUMh’ku ls fu.kZ;
gksrk gS fd fdu dFkuksa dk fu"iknu gksuk gS vkSj fdu dFkuksa dk fu"iknu ugha gksuk gSA ;g if rFkk
switch dFkuksa ds }kjk iwjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA
tc rd rkfdZd d.Mh’ku (Logical Condition) true jgrh gS tc rd dqN dFku fu"ikfnr
gksrs jgrs gSaA bldks ywfiax dgrs gSaA
dUVªksy dFku izksxzke ds dFkuksa dks fuf’pr Øe esa fu"ikfnr djrh gSaA ‘C’ Hkk"kk esa fuEu izdkj
ds dUVªksy dFku gksrs gS &
1- fu.kZ; lEcU/kh dFku (Decision Making Statement)
(a) if dFku (b) if else dFku (c) switch dFku
2- ywi okys dFku
(a) for ywi (b) while ywi (c) do-while ywi
3- vU; dUVªksy dFku-
(a) break (b) continue (c) goto
1-14 if dFku (if statement)
;g ,d ’kfDr’kkyh dUVªksy dFku gS ftlesa igys dUMh’ku dks tk¡pk tkrk gS mlds ckn
ifj.kke ds vk/kkj ij vU; dFkuksa dk fu"iknu fd;k tkrk gSA if dFku fuEu pkj izdkj ds gksrs gSaA
(i) lk/kkj.k if dFku (simple if statement)
(ii) if-else dFku (if else statement)
(iii) uhfM+r if else dFku (Nested if else statement)
(iv) else if lksiku (else if stairs)
1-14-1 lk/kkj.k if dFku (Simple if statement)
bl dFku esa lcls igys dUMh’ku dks tk¡pk tkrk gSA ;fn og True gksrh gS rks ;g dFku lewg
dks fu"ikfnr djsxk vU;Fkk ugha djsxkA dFku lewg esa ,d ;k ,d ls T;knk dFku gks ldrs gSaA bldk
lkekU; :i fuEu gS %
if ¼dUMh’ku½
{
dFku&lewg
}
;fn dFku lewg esa ,d gh dFku gksus ij ea>yk dks"Bd ({}) yxkus dh vko’;drk ugha gksrh
gSA tSlk uhps mnkgj.k esa n’kkZ;k x;k gSA
(a) if (a > 10) printf(“a is greater than 10");
(b) if (b = = 5)
printf(“b is equal to 5");
(c) if (n%2 ==0)
printf(“N is a even number");

(22)
(d) if (a>10||b = = 5)
{
printf(“a is greater than10");
printf(“b is equal to 5");
}
mnkgj.k (a) (b) vkSj (c) esa ,d dFku gksus ds dkj.k ea>yk dks"Bd ({}) yxkus dh
vko’;drk ugha gSA ysfdu mnkgj.k (d) esa nks dFku gksus ds dkj.k ea>yk dks"Bd yxkuk t:jh gksrk
gSA
1.14.2 if-else dFku (if-else statement)
bl dFku dk fu;a=.k izokg nks fn’kkvksa esa fu;a=.k djrk gSA lcls igys dUMh’ku dks tkapk
tkrk gSA ;fn dUMh’ku True gS rks izFke dFku lewg fu"ikfnr gksrk gSA False gksus ij nwljk
dFku&lewg fu"ikfnr gksrk gSA if-else dFku dks fuEu izdkj fy[kk tk,xk &
if ¼d.Mh’ku½
{
dFku lewg 1
}
else
{
dFku lewg 2
}
if-else dFkuksa ds mnkgj.k fuEu gS %
(a) if (a > b)
printf(“a is greater than b");
else
printf(“b is greater than a");
(b) if (n%2 = = 0)
printf(“N is Even Number") ;
else
printf(“N is odd Number") ;
(c) if (Basic > 50000)
{
HRA = BASIC * 0.15 ;
DA = BAISC * 0.61 ;
}
else {
HRA = BASIC * 0.10
DA = BASIC * 0.61 ;
}

(23)
mnkgj.k (a) vkSj (b) esa ,d dFku gksus ds dkj.k ea>yk dks"Bd ({}) yxkus dh vko’;drk ugha gSA
ysfdu mnkgj.k (c) esa nks dFku gksus ds dkj.k ea>yk dks"Bd yxkuk t:jh gksrk gSA
izksxzke 8 % ‘C’ Hkk"kk esa ,d izksxzke fyf[k;s tks ;g Kkr djs fd fn;k x;k o"kZ yhi o"kZ gS ;k ughaA
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
/*It is C program to check for leap Year*/
main()
{
int year,leap;
printf(“\nEnter the year :");
scanf(“%d",&year);
if(year % 100 == 0) /* Checking for century*/
if(year % 400 == 0)/* Century is leap year*/
printf(“It is century and leap year");
else
printf(“It is century but not leap year");
else if(year % 4 == 0) /* Ckecking for leap year*/
printf(“It is leap year");
else
printf(“It is not leap year");
getch();
}
Input/Output:
Enter the year :2000
It is century and leap year
Enter the year :2001
It is not leap year
Enter the year :2004
It is leap year
Enter the year :1900
It is century but not leap year
1.14.3 uhfM+r if-else dFku (Nested if else statement) :
tc if-else dFku esa nwljk if-else dFku fy[kk tkrk gS rks mls uhfM+r if-else (Nested if-
else) dgrs gSaA
if ( d.Mh’ku 1½
{
if ¼d.Mh’ku 2½
{

(24)
 dFku lewg 1
}
else
{
dFku lewg 2
}
dFku lewg 3
}
else
{
dFku lewg 4
}
mijksDr dUVªkWy dFku esa igys d.Mh’ku 1 tkaph tkrh gSA ;fn ;g False gS rks fu;U=.k izokg
dFku lewg 4 dks fu"ikfnr djuk izkjEHk dj nsrk gSA blls iwoZ ds lHkh dFku lewgksa dks NksM+ nsrk gSA
;fn d.Mh’ku 1 True gS rks d.Mh’ku 2 tkaph tkrh gSA ;fn df.M’ku 2 true gS rks dFku lewg 1 dk
fu"iknu djsaxk vU;Fkk False gksus ij dFku lewg 2 dk fu"iknu djsaxkA rn~i’pkr~ dFku lewg 3 dks
fu"ikfnr dj daVªksy izokg if else dFku ls ckgj vk tk,xk rFkk dFku lewg 4 dks fu"ikfnr ugha
djsxkA
mnkgj.k %
if ( x > = 40)
{
if (x > = 65)
{
printf(“FIRST DIVISION") ;
}
else
{
printf(“SECOND DIVISION");
}
}
else
{
printf(“FAIL") ;
}
1-14-4 else if lksiku (else if stairs)
bl izdkj ds if dFku cgqekxhZ dFkuksa ds fu"d"kZ ds dke vkrs gSaA bl dFku dk iz;ksx rc fd;k
tkrk gS tc ,d&,d djds d.Mh’ku yxkuh gksrh gSA bldks fuEu izdkj fy[kk tkrk gSA

(25)
 if ¼d.Mh’ku 1½
{
dFku lewg 1
}
else if ¼d.Mh’ku 2½
{
dFku lewg 2
}
else if ¼d.Mh’ku 3½
{
dFku lewg 3
}
else
{
dFku lewg 4
}
1.14.5 switch dFku (switch statement)
;g ,d cgqekxhZ d.Mh’kuy fu;U=.k dFku gSA blesa Hkh if-else dh Hkk¡fr ,d d.Mh’ku gksrh
gSA switch dFku esa O;atd ;k pj ds ekuksa ds vuqlkj fofHkUu dFku lewg fu"ikfnr fd;s tkrs gSaA
ysfdu O;atd ;k pj dk eku iw.kkZad ;k djSDVj gh gksuk pkfg,A bldk Lo:i fuEu izdkj gksrk gSA
switch ¼O;atd ;k pj½
{
case eku 1 % dFku lewg 1
break ;
case eku 2 % dFku lewg 2
break ;
case eku n : dFku lewg n
break ;
default : dFku lewg
}
;gk¡ ij switch, case, break rFkk default dh&oMZ gSA loZizFke switch dFku esa O;atd ;k pj
dk eku tkapk tkrk gSA bl eku dks case dh&oMZ ds lkFk fy[ks vpj ds lkFk rqyuk dh tkrh gSA ;fn
;g eku fdlh case ds cjkcj ik;k tkrk gS rks ml case ls lEcfU/kr dFku lewg dks fu"ikfnr dj fn;k
tkrk gS vkSj break; dFku feyrs gh og switch dFku ls ckgj vk tkrk gS vU;Fkk ;g blds ckn lHkh
case dFkuksa dks fu"ikfnr djrk tkrk gSA ;fn O;atd ;k pj dk eku fdlh case eku ls ugha feyrk rks

(26)
default okys dFku lewg dks fu"ikfnr djrk gSA ;fn default dFku switch dFku esa ugha fy[kk gS rks
O;atd ;k pj dk eku fdlh case eku ls ugha feyus ij dksbZ Hkh dFku&lewg fu"ikfnr ugha gksrk vkSj
fu;U=.k izokg switch dFku ls ckgj vk tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k %
switch (N) /* N is an integer value * /
{
case 1 : printf(“ONE") ;
break ;
case 2 : printf(“TWO") ;
break ;
case 3 : printf(“THREE") ;
break ;
case 4 : printf(“FOUR") ;
break ;
case 5 : printf(“FIVE") ;
break ;
default : printf(“Enter Between 1-5")
}
mijksDr mnkgj.k esa uEcj ’kCnksa esa fizUV gks tk,xsA N dk eku vpj ¼1] 2] 3] 4 vkSj 5½ ls
rqyuk djsxkA ;fn ;g fdlh vpj ds cjkcj gksrk gS rks og ml vad dks 'kCnksa esa fizUV dj nsxk vU;Fkk
fMQkYV dFku dks fu"ikfnr djsxk vkSj dUVªkWy izokg switch dFku ls ckgj vk tk,xkA
izksxzke 9 % ‘C’ Hkk"kk esa ,d izksxzke fyf[k;s tks ,d Nk= dh xzsM crk ldsA xzsM fuEu izdkj gksaxsA
100 - 90 A+
89 - 80 A
79 - 70 B+
69 - 60 B
56 - 50 C
50 - 0 Fail (switch dFku }kjk½
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
/* It is C program to Use switch Statement.*/
main()
{
int marks,Rollno;
char Name[20],grade[5];
clrscr();
printf(“Enter The Name of a Student : “);

(27)
 gets(Name); /*Library function to read a string*/
printf(“Enter The Roll No. of a Student : “);
scanf(“%d",&Rollno);
printf(“Enter The Marks Obtained : “);
scanf(“%d",&marks);
switch(marks/10) /* Interger Division*/
{
case 10:
case 9: strcpy(grade,"A+");break;
case 8: strcpy(grade,"A");break;
case 7: strcpy(grade,"B+");break;
case 6: strcpy(grade,"B");break;
case 5: strcpy(grade,’C’);break;
default: strcpy(grade,"Fail");
}
printf(“\nName of a Student : %s",Name);
printf(“\nThe Roll No. of a Student : %d",Rollno);
printf(“\nThe Marks Obtained : %d",marks);
printf(“\nThe Grade Obtained : %s",grade);
getch();
}
Result of student as per the above program:
Input:
Enter The Name of a Student : Sunil Methi
Enter The Roll No. of a Student : 8542
Enter The Marks Obtained : 85
Output:
Name of a Student : Sunil Methi
The Roll No. of a Student : 8542
The Marks Obtained : 85
The Grade Obtained :A
Input:(for second student)
Enter The Name of a Student : Yashika Gupta
Enter The Roll No. of a Student : 8645
Enter The Marks Obtained : 97
Output:
Name of a Student : Yashika Gupta
The Roll No. of a Student : 8645

(28)
 The Marks Obtained : 97
The Grade Obtained : A+
1-15 ywfiax (Looping)
fu.kZ; lEcU/kh dFkuksa ds vfrfjDr izksxzke esa dqN dFkuksa dks ,d ls vf/kd ckj fu"ikfnr djus
dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA dqN dFkuksa dk fu"iknu ckj&ckj mlh Øe esa nksgjk;k tkrk gS rc ;g fØ;k
ywfiax (looping) dgykrh gSA for, while rFkk do-while rhu ywi dFku ‘C’ Hkk"kk esa gksrs gSaA bl lHkh
dFkuksa ds nks Hkkx gksrs gSa &
(i) ywfiax dk;k (looping body)
(ii) fu;U=.k dFku (condition)
ywi dFku esa fu;U=.k dFku dh tkap gksrh gS vkSj ;fn ;g True jgrk gS rks ywi fu"ikfnr gksrk
gS vU;Fkk fu;a=.k izokg ywi ls ckgj vk tk,xkA
1.15.1 for ywi (for loop)
for dFku dk lkekU; Lo:i fuEu gksrk gS %
for (exp1 ; exp2 ; exp3)
{
ywi dk;k
}
tgk¡ exp1 : ;g ywi ds dkm.Vj pj dh vkjfEHkd eku crkrs gS vkSj ;g O;atd ,d gh ckj
fu"ikfnr gksrk gSA
exp2 : ;g ,d d.Mh’ku O;atd gksrk gSA vxj ;g True gksrk gS rks ywi fu"ikfnr gkssrk jgrk
gSA
exp3 : o`f)@âkl dFku ls dkm.Vj pj dk eku c<+kus@?kVkus ds fy, gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k %
(a) for (i = 0 ; i < 10 ; i + +)
printf(“%d", i) ;
(b) for (j = 1 ; j < = 20 ; j + = 2)
{
printf(“%d\n",j) ;
SUM = SUM + j ;
{
printf(“SUM = %d", SUM);
(c) for (j = 1, i = 10; j < i ; j ++, i - -)
printf(“%d %d", j, i);
izksxzke 10 % 10 iw.kkZad la[;kvksa dks tksM+us gsrq izksxzke fyf[k;sA
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
(29)
 int N,sum=0,i;/*Sum initialize by zero at declaration*/
for(i=1; i<=10;i++)
{
printf(“Enter %d Number :",i);
scanf(“%d",&N);
sum += N; /*short hand assignment operator.*/
}
printf(“\nSum of ten integer Number = %d",sum);
getch();
}
Input/Output:
Enter 1 Number :23
Enter 2 Number :47
Enter 3 Number :98
Enter 4 Number :45
Enter 5 Number :85
Enter 6 Number :93
Enter 7 Number :123
Enter 8 Number :243
Enter 9 Number :24
Enter 10 Number :45
Sum of ten integer Number = 826

1.15.2 while ywi (while loop)

tc ywi dk fu"iknu djus ls iwoZ ;g Kkr ugha gksrk fd ywi dks fdruh ckj pykuk gS rks ;g
,d dUMh’ku ij fuHkZj gksrk gSA tc rd ;g d.Mh’ku True jgrh gS rc rd ywi ds dFku ckj&ckj
fu"ikfnr gksrs jgrs gSaA tSls gh dUMh’ku False gksrh gS ywi dk fu"iknu #d tkrk gSA bldks fuEu
izdkj fy[kk tkrk gS %
while ¼dUMh’ku½
{
ywi dk;k
}
mnkgj.k %
(a) while (i < 10) / * i dk izkjfEHkd eku 1 gS * /
{
printf(“%d", i) ;
i++;
}

(30)
(b) while (j < = 20) / * initial value of j is one * /
{
printf(“%d", j) ;
SUM = SUM + j ;
j+=2;
}
printf(“SUM = %d", SUM) ;
izksxzke 11 % ,d izksxzke fyf[k, tks fn;s x;s uEcj ds vadksa dk ;ksx Kkr djsaA
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
/*It is C program to Add the digit of a given number*/
/*e.g. 12345 ,sum = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 */
main()
{
int m,N,sum=0;/* Sum initialize by zero at declaration*/
printf(“Enter a Number :");
scanf(“%d",&N);
while(N != 0)
{
m = N % 10;
sum = sum + m;
N = N / 10;
}
printf(“\nSum of digits = %d",sum);
getch();
}
Input/Output:
Enter a Number :24563
Sum of digits = 20
1.15.3 do-while ywi (do-while loop)
do-while ywi Hkh while ywi fd rjg ,d ywfiax dFku gSA while ywi esa igys dUMh’ku dks
tk¡pk tkrk gS mlds ckn ywi dk;k dks fu"ikfnr fd;k tkrk gSA tcfd do-while ywi esa igys ywi
dk;k dks fu"ikfnr fd;k tkrk gS mlds ckn dUMh’ku dks tk¡pk tkrk gSA vr% do-while ywi de ls
de ,d ckj rks fu"ikfnr gksrk gSA do-while ywi Hkh while ywi dh rjg gh True dUMh’ku ij fu"ikfnr
gksrk gSA bldk lkekU; #i fuEu izdkj gksrk gS %
do
{
ywi dk;k
}while ¼dUMh’ku½ ;
(31)
mnkgj.k %
(a) do
{
printf(“%d", i) ; / * /initial value of i is one */
i++;
}while (i < 10) ;
(b) do / * initial value of j is one * /
{
printf(“%d", j) ;
SUM + = j ;
j+=2;
} while (j < = 20) ;
izksxzke 12 % ,d ‘C’ Hkk"kk esa izksxzke fyf[k;s tks fn;s x;s uEcj dks mYVk fy[ksA
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
/*It is C program to reverse a given number*/
/*e.g. 32512 print as 21523*/
main()
{
int m,N,rev=0;
printf(“Enter a Number :");
scanf(“%d",&N);
do
{
m = N % 10;
rev = rev * 10 + m;
N = N / 10;
}while(N != 0);
printf(“\nReverse Number is = %d",rev);
getch();
return 0;
}
Input/Output of the above program:
Enter a Number :32512
Reverse Number is = 21523
1-15-4 uhfM+r ywi (Nested Loop)
tc ,d ywi ds vUnj nwljk ywi pys (loop in side loop) rks bls uhfM+r ywi dgrs gSaA tSls
,d for ywi ds vUnj nwljk for ywi gksukA blesa /;ku j[kus ;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd ckgj ds ywi dk
lekiu ckn esa] vUnj ds ywi dk lekiu igys gksrk gS tSlk fp= esa fn[kk;k x;k gS&

(32)
 for ( condition )
{
for ( condition )
{
}
}
mnkgj.k %&
(a) for (i = 0 ; i < 10 ; i ++)
for (j = i; j < 10 ; j ++)
printf(“%d", i) ;
printf dFku 55 iw.kkZad uEcjksa dks fizUV djsxkA
(b) for (i = 1 ; i < =10; i ++)
{ j=1;
while (j < = 10)
{
printf(“%d", i*j) ;
j++ ;
}
printf(“\n") ;
}
mijksDr ywi 1 ls 10 rd igkM+s (Tables) fizUV djsaxsA
1.15.5 break dFku (break statement)
break dFku dk mi;ksx lk/kkj.kr;k ywi esa ;k switch dFku esa fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ywi dks
chp esa lekIr djus ds fy, dke vkrk gSA vxj uhfM+r ywi esa break dFku fu"ikfnr gksrk gS rks og
mlh ywi ls ckgj vk,xk ftl ywi esa break dFku fu"ikfnr gqvk gSA bldks fuEu izdkj ls fy[krs gSa %
mnkgj.k %
(a) for (i = 1 ; i < = 10 ; i + +)
{
scanf(“%d", &N) ;
SUM = SUM + N ;
if (SUM> = 200)
break ;
}
mijksDr ywi nks rjg ls lekIr gks ldrk gS] ;fn i dk eku 10 gks tk, ;k SUM dk eku 200
ls vf/kd gks tk, rks break dFku ds fu"ikfnr gksus ij Hkh ywi lekIr gks tk,xkA
1.15.6 continue dFku (continue statement)
‘C’ Hkk"kk esa break rFkk continue] nksuks dFku ywi ds fu"iknu dks chp esa jksdus ds fy,
mi;ksx fd;s tkrs gSaA ijUrq break dFku ls ywi dk fu"iknu :d tkrk gS rFkk fu;U=.k izokg ywi ds
(33)
ckgj okys dFku dks fu"ikfnr djuk vkjEHk dj nsrk gSA tcfd continue dFku dk fu"iknu gksus ij
ywi ds ek= mlh iqujkorZu (iteration) ds fu"iknu dks NksM+dj vxys iqujkorZu (iteration) dk
fu"iknu 'kq: dj nsrk gSA
bldks fuEu izdkj fy[krs gSa %
continue ;
mnkgj.k %
do
{
scanf(“%d", &N) ;
it (N < 0)
{
printf(“Error") ;
continue ;
}
/ * other statements * /
} while (N < = 50) ;
mijksDr mnkgj.k esa] N ds _.kkRed eku ds fy, ;g Error fizUV djsxk rFkk continue dFku
dk fu"iknu gksus ds dkj.k ;g ywi dks 'kq: ls nqckjk (Next iteration) fu"ikfnr djsxkA

egRoiw.kZ fcUnq

1- dFkuksa dks vyx djus ds fy;s v)Zfojke ¼;½ yxkuk vko’;d gSA ;g dFku dh lekfIr dk lwpd
gSA izh&izkslslj Mk;jsfDVo ds ckn v)Zfojke ugha yxrkA
2. C izskxzke Hkk"kk ,d dsl laosnu’khy Hkk"kk gS vFkkZr mPp dsl (upper case) rFkk fuEu dsl (lower
case) fHkUu&fHkUu gksrs gSA
3. printf dFku lans'kkas dks fuxZr ;qfDr (output devices) rd igq¡pkrk gSA
4. scanf Hkh ,d Qyu dk vkokgu djrk gS tks buiqV ;qfDr (input devices) ls buiqV ysrk gSA
5- ‘C’ Hkk"kk esa lHkh 32 dh&’kCn NksVs v{kjksa (Lower Case Letter) esa gksrs gSaA
6- ‘C’ Hkk"kk ladkjd /kuh Hkk"kk gSA blesa vadxf.kr;] rqyukRed] rkfdZd] fcVokbt vkfn ladkjd
gksrs gSaA
7- fdlh O;atd dks gy djus ds fy, izkFkfedrk rFkk lkgp;Z fu;e dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
8- main() Qyu Hkh ;wtj fMQkbu Qyu dgykrk gS rFkk ;g izksxzke esa gksuk vko’;d gSA
9- scanf(), getchar(), getch(), getche() rFkk gets() buiqV Qyu gSA
10- printf(), putchar() rFkk puts() vkmViqV Qyu gSA
11- ‘C’ Hkk"kk esa fu.kZ;kRed dFku if, if-else rFkk switch dFkuksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
12- ywfiax ds }kjk izksxzke ds fdlh Hkkx dks ,d ls T;knk ckj fu"ikfnr dj ldrs gSaA for, while rFkk
(34)
 do while ywi ‘C’ Hkk"kk esa mi;ksx djrs gSaA
13- break dFku] switch ;k ywi dFku dk fu"iknu jksdus gsrq fd;k tkrk gS rFkk dUVªksy izokg dFku
ls ckgj vk tkrk gSA
14- continue dFku ds }kjk ywi ds fdlh dks fu"iknu gksus ls jksdk tk ldrk gSA

vH;klkFkZ iz’u
cgqp;ukRed iz’u
1- if(1)
printf(“True");
else printf(“false");
mijksDr dFku fizUV djsaxk&
(v) true (c) false
(l) dFku xyr gS (n) mijksDr esa ls dksbZ ughsa-
2- ‘C’ Hkk"kk dh [kkst fdlus dh \
(v) dsu FkkWEilu (c) Msful fjph
(l) ekfVZu fjpMZl (n) MkWuksou
3- ‘C’ Hkk"kk esa izR;sd dFku dks i`Fkd djus ds dke esa vkrk gS\
(v) & ( c) ! (l) ; (n) “
4. ‘C’ Hkk"kk ds lHkh izksxzke esa fdldk fy[kuk vfrvko’;d gS&
(v) Xykscy pj (c) main() Qyu
(l) ikWbUVj (n) Qyu
5- ,sls 'kCn ftudk mi;ksx o vFkZ igys ls gh fuf’pr gksrk gS&
(v) pj (c) vpj
(l) vfHkKkud (n) vkjf{kr 'kCn
6- fuEu esa ls dkSulk vkjf{kr 'kCn ugha gS &
(v) auto (c) while
(c) switch (n) total
7. fuEu esa ls oS| vpj gS &
(v) 4, 78 (c) 0X23A
(l) 177A (n) 5.7, 632
8. blesa ls dkSulk vfHkKkud oS| ugha gS &
(v) 5XYZ (c) total_subject
(l) Stud_mark (n) XSXY

(35)
9- long double MkVk izdkj ds fy, printf esa dUVªksy fLVªax gksxh &
(v) %d (c) %lf (l) %ld (n) %Lf
10. % ¼izfr’kr½ ladkjd dk mís’; gS &
(v) tksM+uk (c) Hkkx nsuk
(l) 'ks"kQy fudkyuk (n) xq.kk djuk
11- ;fn i = 8 rFkk b = - -i +3 rks b dk eku gksxk&
(v) 11 (c) 10 (l) 9 (n) 12
12- ywi dk fu"iknu jksdus ds fy, dkSulk dFku mi;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gS &
(v) break (c) stop
(l) end (n) mijksDr esa ls dksbZ ugha
13. for (i=0;i<=5;i++)
for(j=i;j<=5;j++)
printf(“India");
mijksDr izksxzke esa India fdruh ckj fizUV gksxk
(v) 6 (c) 21 (l) 36 (n) 30
14- case dh&oMZ fdl dFku esa mi;ksx gksrk gS \
(v) switch (c) for
(l) do while (n) while
15- uhfM+r ywi lajpuk esa lcls igys lekIr gksus okyk ywi gksxk &
(v) ckgj okyk ywi (c) vUnj okyk ywi
(l) nksuksa ,d lkFk (n) mijksDr esa ls dksbZ ugha

vfry?kwÙkjkRed iz’u
1- vkjf{kr 'kCn D;k gksrs gSa \
2- izkpy fdrus izdkj ds gksrs gSa \
3- ‘C’ Hkk"kk esa main( ) Qyu dk mi;ksx fdruh ckj fd;k tkrk gSA
4- ++ ladkjd dk D;k mi;ksx gS \
5- getchar() Qyu ds }kjk D;k djrs gSa \
6- vkmViqV fdl Qyu ds }kjk fn;k tk ldrk gS \
7- default dFku fdl lajpuk esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS \
8- uhfM+r if else dFku dSls fy[krs gSa \
9- continue dFku dk mi;ksx dgk¡ fd;k tkrk gS \
10- ‘C’ Hkk"kk esa fdruh ywi lajpuk, gS \
11- do while lajpuk dks mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb;s \

(36)
y?kwÙkjkRed iz’u
1- ,YxksfjFke ls D;k rkRi;Z gS \
2- vpj fdls dgrs gS \
3- pj dh ?kks"k.kk fdl izdkj gksrh gS \
4- fLVªax pj vkSj djSDVj pj esa vUrj crykb;sA
5- vfHkKkud fdls dgrs gSa \
6- f=vk/kkjh vkWijsVj dks le>kb;saA
7- ladkjdksa dh izkf;drk (Precedence) D;k gksrh gS \le>kb;sA
8- ladkjdksa ds fy, lkgp;Z fu;eksa dh vko’;drk dc gksrh gSA
9- ‘C’ Hkk"kk dks fefMy ysoy Hkk"kk D;ksa dgk tkrk gS \
10- uhfMr ywi fdls dgrs gS \
11- do-while dFku dks le>kb;sA
12- if dFku ds lHkh izdkjksa dks fyf[k;sA
13- switch dFku dks fdl izdkj fy[krs gSa] QkjesV fyf[k;s \
14- continue rFkk break esa vUrj Li"V dhft, \
15- uhps fy[ks izksxzke dk vkmViqV crkb;s&
(a) #include<stdio.h>
main ()
{
int i = 1, x = 1 ;
for (i = 1 ; i < 10, i++)
{
printf(“%d\n", x+i);
x = x + 1;
}
}
(b) # include <stdio.h>
# define p 10
{
int k =1, w = p;
while (k <=w)
{
printf(“%d\n",k);
}
}
(37)
fucU/kkRed iz’u
1- ‘C’ Hkk"kk ds izksxzke dh lajpuk crkb;sA
2- izksxzke lajpuk ls D;k rkRi;Z gS \
3- MsVk VkbZi fdrus izdkj ds gksrs gSa \le>kb;sA
4- ‘C’ Hkk"kk esa dke vkus okys buiqV@vkmViqV dFkuksa dks le>kb;sA
5- ladkjdksa dh izkf;drk rFkk lkgpk;Z fu;e ls vki D;k le>rs gSaA mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb;sA
6- lHkh buiqV Qyuksa dks mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb;s \
7- vkmV Qyuksa ds }kjk fdl izdkj vkmViqV izkIr fd;k tkrk gS \mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb;sA

8- fuEu O;tdkas dks ‘C’ ds lerqY; O;atdksa esa cnfy;sA

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

9- rhu la[;kvksa dks i<+dj mlesa ls lcls cM+h la[;k Kkr djus ds fy, dUMh’kuy ladkjd dk
mi;ksx djds izksxzke fy[kksA
10- ywfiax ds fy, dkSu&dkSu ls dFku mi;ksx fd;s tkrs gSa\o.kZu dhft,A
11- 1 ls 50 rd dh lHkh fo"ke la[;kvksa dks fizUV djus gsrq ‘C’ Hkk"kk esa izksxzke fyf[k;sA
12- while ywi vkSj do-while ywi esa vUrj mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb;sA
13- fuEufyf[kr Js.kh dk ;ksx Kkr djus ds fy, izksxzke fyf[k;sA
1+
x+
x2 +
x3 +
.........x n

mÙkjekyk
1- v 2- c 3- l 4- c 5- n
6- n 7- c 8- v 9- n 10- l
11- c 12- v 13- c 14- v 15- c

(38)
 ikB&2

^lh* Hkk"kk dh izksxzkfeax

(Programming in 'C' Language)

2-1 ,js (Array)

vxj gesa 10 Nk=ksa ds vadks dh lwph cukuh gks rks blds fy, gesa 10 pj ysus gksaxsA vxj Nk=ksa dh
la[;k c<+rh tk,xh rks pj dh la[;k c<+rh tk,xh vkSj ;g izksxzke tfVy gksrk tk,xkA 'C' Hkk"kk esa bl
izdkj dh leL;k ds gy gsrq ,js (Array) dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
,js ,d pj gS tks ,d lkFk ,d gh izdkj ds vkadM+ksa dks ,df=r dj ldrk gSA vHkh rd geus i<+k
fd ,d le; esa pj dk ,d gh eku gksrk gSA fdUrq dbZ ckj ,slh vko’;drk gksrh gS tc ge ,d izdkj
ds vkil esa lEcfU/kr ekuksa dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA ,sls esa ;g dfBu gS fd lHkh ds eku vyx&vyx pj esa
LVksj (store) djsaA vr% ,d gh pj ds }kjk bu lHkh dks n’kkZ;k tk ldrk gSA blesa lewg ds izR;sd
?kVd dks mlds lwpdkad (Index) }kjk mYys[k djrs gSaA vkadM+ksa dk izdkj char, int, float, double etc.
gks ldrk gSA ;fn fdlh d{kk esa 50 Nk= gks rks muds vadksa dks LVksj (store) djus ds fy, marks uked
,js dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSa ftls marks[50] ds uke ls tkusaxsA blesa dks"Bd [ ] esa fy[kk uECkj 50
crkrk gS fd pj marks dqy 50 vkadM+ksa dk lewg gSA izR;sd ?kVd mldh fLFkfr ;k lwpdkad ds }kjk
igpkuk tkrk gSA tSls marks [8] dk vFkZ gS marks uked ,js esa uosa LFkku ij LVksj vadA
mnkgj.k %
nl vo;oksa dh ,d ,js P[10] ds nl vo;o fuEu gksaxsA
P[0], P[1], P[2], . . . P[8], P[9]

2-1-1 ,js dh ?kks"k.kk (Array Declaration)

,js dks Hkh vU; pjksa ds leku ,js ds mi;ksx ls iwoZ ?kksf"kr djuk vko’;d gSA ,js dh ?kks"k.kk esa rhu
phtksa dh ?kks"k.kk dh tkrh gS %
(i) ,js dk izdkj
(ii) ,js dk uke
(iii) ,js dh {kerk ¼dqy vo;oksa dh la[;k½
tc ,js ?kksf"kr fd;k tkrk gS rks ,js ds lkbt ds cjkcj LFkku eSeksjh esa vkoafVr dj fn;k
tkrk gSA ,js dh ?kks"k.kk fuEu izdkj djrs gSa %
<,js dk izdkj> <,js dk uke><[lkbt]>
mnkgj.k %
int marks[50];
;gk¡ int marks[50] crkrk gS fd marks uked ,js dk vkdkj 50 gS rFkk ;g iw.kkZad dks
Hk.Mkfjr dj ldrk gSA

(39)
 float salary[100];
double total[20];
char emp_name[20];

2-1-2 ,js ij izfØ;k (Processing on Array)

,js ij lafØ;k,sa ,d&,d vo;o ij lafØ;k djds dh tkrh gSA ,slk djus ds fy, ywi dh
vko’;drk gksrh gSA ,d ckj ywi pykus ij ,js ds izR;sd vo;o ij lafØ;k gksrh gSA
mnkgj.k %
for ( i = 0; i<10; i++)
scanf(“%d",&A[i]) ;
mijksDr dFkuksa ls ,js ds 10 ekuksa dk buiqV fy;k tk,xkA ;g uhps fy[ks izksxzke ls Li"V gks
tk,xkA
izksxzke 1% 'C’ Hkk"kk esa 10 uEcjksa dks O;ofLFkr djus gsrq izksxzke fyf[k,A-
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
/*It is C program to sort 10 numbers using selection sort. */
int main()
{
int A[10];
int i,j,temp;
printf(“\nEnter Ten Integer Values :\n");
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
scanf(“%d",&A[i]));
/* Selection Sorting Algorithm */
for(i=0;i<9;i++)
for(j=i+1;j<10;j++)
if(A[i]) > A[j])
{
temp = A[i];
A[i] = A[j];
A[j] = temp;
}
printf(“\nThe Sorted Data are :\n");
for(i = 0; i<10;i++)
printf(“%d “, A[i]);
getch();
return (0);
}

(40)
Result:
Enter Ten Values :
5 19 45 63 7 4 78 12 89 56
The Sorted Data are :
4 5 7 12 19 45 56 63 78 89
2-1-3 ,js ds izdkj (Type of Array)
eq[;r% ,js nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa %
1- ,d foeh; ,js (One Dimensional Array)
2- cgq foeh; ,js (Multi Dimensional Array)
1- ,d foeh; ,js (One Dimensional Array)
,d foeh; ,js esa ,d jks (Row) ;k ,d dkWye (column) gksrh gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ& ,d d{kk esa 50
Nk= gSa vkSj muds vadksa dks Hk.Mkfjr djus ds fy, ,d foeh; ,js dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA ;fn ,js dk uke
Marks gks rks %
Marks [ 0 ] = 77
Marks [ 1 ] = 55
Marks [ 2 ] = 67
Marks [ 3 ] = 65
Marks [ 4 ] = 89
:
:
:
Marks [ 47 ] = 78
Marks [ 48 ] = 48
Marks [ 49 ] = 52

2- cgqfoeh; ,js (Multi Dimensional Array)

dbZ ckj gesa ,slh vko’;drk gksrh gS tc ,d foeh; ,js esa vkadM+ksa dk HkaMkj.k ugha gks ldrk gSA
tSls ;fn fdlh d{kk esa 20 Nk= gks rFkk izR;sd fo|kFkhZ ds ik¡pksa fo"k;ksa ds vadksa dk Hk.Mkj.k djuk gks rks
gesa lkj.kh ¼ftlesa 20 Row rFkk 5 column½ dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA cgqfoeh; ,js ,slh lkj.kh ds
leku gksrh gS ftlesa nks ;k vf/kd foek;sa gksrh gSA
bldks fy[kus dk izdkj fuEu gS %
<,js dk izdkj><,js dk uke>[vf/kdre lhek1][vf/kdre lhek 2]..... ........[vf/kdre lhek n]
;fn nks foeh; ,js (Two Dimensional Array) gS rks uke ds lkFk nks dks"Bd ([ ][ ]) vk;saxsA
mnkgj.k %
A[5][5] blesa A[0][0] igyk vo;o gS A[0][1] nwljk vo;o] blh izdkj A[4][4] vfUre
vo;o gksxkA blesa 5 Row rFkk 5 column gSA bldks fp= 2-1 esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA

(41)
 fp= % 2.1 A[5][5] dk fp=.k

2-1-4 cgqfoeh; ,js dk izkjfEHkdj.k (Initialization of Multi Dimensional Array)

cgqfoeh; ,js dk izkjfEHkdj.k Hkh ,d foeh; ,js dh rjg gksrk gSA+
mnkgj.k %
int MAT[3][3]={0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,};
mijksDr izkjfEHkdj.k esa iafDr vkSj dkWye dks vyx&vyx iznf’kZr ugha fd;k x;k gSA mijksDr ,js
dks fuEu izdkj iafDr vkSj dkWye esa Hkh iznf’kZr dj ldrs gSA
int MAT[3][3]={ {0,1,2,} {3,4,5,} {6,7,8,} };
igyh iafDr ds eku igys dks"Bd esa gksaxsA nwljh o rhljh iafDr ds eku Øe’k% nwljs o rhljs
dks"Vd esa gksaxsA vxj dks"Bd esa fn, x, dqy eku HkaMkfjr {kerk ls de gks rks ckdh eku vius vki
'kwU; gks tk,¡xsA
mnkgj.k %
int MAT[3][3] ={ {1,2,3,} {4,5,6,} };
bl ,js dh dqy {kerk 9 gS rFkk dks"Bd esa dqy 6 eku gS vr% ckfd rhu eku ’kwU; gksaxsA
,js ds eku fuEu gksaxsA

MAT[0][0]=1 MAT[0][1]=2 MAT[0][2]=3

MAT[1][0]=4 MAT[1][1]=5 MAT[1][2]=6
MAT[2][0]=0 MAT[2][0]=0 MAT[2][2]=0

izksxzke 2 % nks 3 x 3 eSVfjDl dks xq.kk djus gsrq 'C’ Hkk"kk dk izksxzke fyf[k,A
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
/*It is C program to Multiply two 3 x 3 Matrix*/

(42)
 /*All elements of Array C are initialized by Zero*/
int i,j,k,A[3][3],B[3][3],C[3][3]={0};
/* Read Matrix A & B*/
printf(“\nEnter Matrix A :\n");
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
for(j=0; j<3; j++)
scanf(“%d",&A[i][j]);
printf(“Enter Matrix B :\n");
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
for(j=0; j<3; j++)
scanf(“%d",&B[i][j]);
/* Multiply Two Matrix A And B*/
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
for(j=0; j<3; j++)
for(k=0; k<3; k++)
C[i][j] += A[i][k] * B[k][j];
printf(“\nMultiply Matrix C :\n");
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<3; j++)
printf(“%d " ,C[i][j]);
printf(“\n");
}
getch();
}

Result :
Enter Matrix A :
123
321
684
Enter Matrix A :
145
621
538
Multiply Matrix C :
28 17 31
20 19 25

(43)
74 52 70
izksxzke 3 % 10 uEcjksa dks O;ofLFkr djus gsrq 'C’ Hkk"kk esa izksxzke fyf[k,A
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
/*It is C++ program to sort 10 numbers using Bubble sort.*/
int main()
{
/*Array A declare with initialization.*/
int a[10]={5,4,89,12,78,6,19,45,63,7};
int i,j,temp;
/* Bubble Sorting Algorithm*/
for(i=0;i<9;i++)
for(j=0;j<9-i;j++)
if(a[j] > a[j+1])
{
temp = a[j];
a[j] = a[j+1];
a[j+1] = temp;
}
printf(“\nThe Sorted Data are :\n");
for(i = 0; i<10;i++)
printf(“%4d” ,a[i]);
getch();
}

Result:
The Sorted Data are :
4 5 6 7 12 19 45 63 78 89

2-2 fLVªax (String)

fLVªax laizrhdksa (characters) dk lewg gSA 'C' Hkk"kk esa fLVªax dks ,js ds laizrhdksa (Array of Char)
}kjk ?kksf"kr djrs gSaA laizrhdksa ds lewg dks Mcy dksVs’ku (“ ”) esa cUn fd;k gks rks og vpj fLVªax
gksrh gSA
mnkgj.k %
“C language is better than other Computer languages." /* It is string constant*/

2-2-1 fLVªax pj dh ?kks"k.kk rFkk izkjfEHkdj.k (Declaration and initialization of string variable)
,d fLVªax dks laizrhd ds ,js ds (Array of char) :Ik esa ?kksf"kr djrs gSaA fLVªax dks fuEu izdkj
?kksf"kr djrs gSaA

(44)
 char<string name>[size]
blesa size ;g crkrk gS fd bl fLVªax esa fdrus laizfrd gksaxsA mnkgj.k %
char name[20];
char address[30];
mijksDr mnkgj.kksa esa 20 vkSj 30 laizrhd vk ldrs gSaA ysfdu okLro esa buesa 19 vkSj 29 laizrhd
gh LVksj dj ldrs gaS D;ksafd fLVªax dk vfUre laizrhd ges’kk NULL char ('\0’) gksuk pkfg,A NULL
char fLVªax dh lekfIr dk |ksrd gksrk gSA
;gk¡ ij ;g /;ku j[kuk t:jh gS fd vxj ge iwjh fLVªax dh lafØ;k ,d lkFk dj jgs gSa rks NULL
char vius vki fLVªax ds var esa tqM+ tk,xkA vxj ge fLVªax dh lafØ;k char by char dj jgs gS rks
izksxzkej dks ;g /;ku j[kuk vfr vko’;d gS fd og NULL char dks laizrhd ds :Ik esa LVksj djsaA
D;ksafd bl dsl esa dEikbyj NULL char dks LVksj ugha djrk gSA fLVªax dk izkjfEHkdj.k fuEu izdkj
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
name[20]="RAMSHANKAER";
name[20]={'R’,’A’,’M’,’S’,’H’,’A’,’N’,’K’,’E’,’R’, '\0’};
mijksDr izkjfEHkdj.k esa Hkh gedks ;gh /;ku j[kuk gS fd vxj lEiw.kZ fLVªax ,d vpj dh Hkakfr
izkjfEHkdj.k esa mi;ksx vkrh gS rks NULL char dh vko’;drk ugha gksxhA vU;Fkk mlesa NULL char
var esa LVksj djuk gksxkA tc ge izkjfEHkdj.k djrs gS rks fLVªax dh lkbZt dks fy[kuk t:jh ugha gksrk
gSA
mnkgj.k %
name[]="RAM SHANKER";
mijksDr mnkgj.k esa dks"Bd esa lkbZt ugha fy[kh gSA ;g fLVªax vpj dh lkbZt ds vuqlkj cuk
nsrk gSA mijksDr mnkgj.k esa fLVªax dh lkbZt 12 gksxhA
2-2-2 fLVªax dk buiqV (Input a String)
fLVªax dks Ik<+usa (read) ;k buiqV djokus ds dbZ rjhds gSaA scanf() Qyu ds }kjk fLVªax dks
Ik<k tk ldrk gSA
mnkgj.k %
char name[20];
scanf(“%s", name);
scanf() Qyu dk mi;ksx djrs le; fLVªax ds uke ds lkFk ,eijlsUM (& ampersand) vkWijsVj
dk mi;ksx ugha djrs gSa D;ksafd fLVªax ds uke gh fLVªax ds irs (Address) dks iznf’kZr djrh gSA mijksDr
rjhds ls ge fLVªax dks [kkyh LFkku (Blank Space) vkus rd gh Ik<+ (read) ldrs gSaA vxj mijksDr
scanf() Qyu ds buiqV Ram Shanker nsrs gSA ;g Ram dks gh fLVªax esa LVksj djsxkA vxj gesa bl
leL;k dk lek/kku djuk gks rks ge fLVªax ds fy, fua;=d fLVªax dks cnysaxsA
mnkgj.k %
scanf(“%[^\n]", Name);
;g fLVªax dks u;h ykbu laizhrd vkus ls igys rd Ik<+sxk (read) vxj ge buiqV nsrs gSa vkSj mlds
ckn ,UVj dh (Enter Key) nckrs gS rks fLVªax esa Ram Shanker fLVªax LVksj gks tk,xhA ge fLVªax dks
char by char Hkh read dj ldrs gSaA
mnkgj.k %
int i = - 1;
(45)
 char name[20], ch;
while(ch!=’\n’)
{
ch=getchr();
name[i]=ch;
}
name[i]=’\0' /*store NULL Char at end.*/

mijksDr dksM dks for ywi dh lgk;rk ls fuEu izdkj fy[k ldrs gaSA
for(i=0; (name[i] = getchar())!=’\n’; i+ +);
name[i]=’\0';
mijksDr rjhdkss ls Hkh fLVªax u;h ykbu rd buiqV djk ldrs gSaA fLVªax buiqV djus ds fy, ,d
ykbczsjh Qyu (gets()) Hkh gksrk gSa og Hkh fLVªax dks u;h ykbu rd gh Ik<+rk gSA
mnkgj.k %
gets(name);
2-2-3 fLVªax fizUV gsrq (Print a string)
printf() rFkk puts() Qyuksa dh lgk;rk ls fLVªax dks fizaV dj ldrs gSaA
mnkgj.k %
printf(“%s", name);
;k
gets(name);
mijksDr nksuksa rjhdksa ls fLVªax NULL Char rd fizUV gksxhA
2-2-4 fLVªax ds fy, ykbczsjh Qyu (Library Function for string) :
C Hkk"kk esa fLVªax ds fy, cgqr lkjs Qyu gksrs gS muesa dqN egRoiw.kZ Qyu lkj.kh 2-1 esa
n’kkZ;s x;s gSA
lkj.kh 2-1 % fLVªax Qyu (string.h)
Qyu dk;Z
1. strcat( ) nks fLVªaxksa dks tksM+us ds fy,
2. strcmp( ) nkss fLVªaxksa dh rqyuk djus ds fy,
3. strcpy( ) ,d fLVªax ls nwljh fLVªax esa dkWih djus ds fy,
4- strlen( ) ,d fLVªax dh yEckbZ Kkr djus ds fy,

1. strcat( ) Qyu
bldks fuEu izdkj fy[krs gaS %
strcat(string1, string2);
string1 vkSj string2 nksuksa character array gSA tc Qyu strcat() fu"ikfnr gksxk rks string1
ds vUr esa string2 esa tqM+ tk,xhA

(46)
mnkgj.k %
char st1[10]="Computer";
char st2[10]=" System";
strcat (st1, st2);
fu"iknu ds ckn fLVªax gksxh&
st1="Computer System";
st2="System";
blesa st1 ds vUr esa st2 tqM+ xbZ gSA blesa ;g /;ku j[kuk gksxk fd igyk argument pj gksuk
pkfg,A
2. strcmp( ) Qyu
bldks fuEu izdkj fy[krs gS %
n = strcmp(string1, string2);
;g string1 vkSj string2 dh rqyuk djsxk rFkk fuEu ifj.kke nsrk gSA
string1 = = string2 n dk eku 'kwU; gksxkA
string1 < string2 n dk eku _.kkRed gksxkA
string1 > string2 n dk eku /kukRed gksxkA
mnkgj.k %
strcmp (“this","that")
mijksDr mnkgj.k esa this cM+h fLVªax gS D;ksafd fLVªax ds izFke nks laizrhd (char) leku gS rFkk
rhljk laizrhd i, a laizrhd ls cM+k (ASCII value of i is 105 and a is 97) gS A ftldk ASCII eku
cM+k gksrk gS] og cM+h fLVªax dgyk;sxhA rFkk ;g ASCII Value esa vUrj dks okil djrk gSA mijksDr
mnkgj.k esa 8(105-97=8) dks okil djsxkA
mnkgj.k %
strcmp(“Kapil","Anish"); return –7
strcmp(“Mohan","Mohan"); return zero
strcmp(“Anish","Anil"); return +7
rqyuk djus ds fy, strcmpi() Qyu Hkh gksrk gS tks fLVªax ds dsl (upper and lower) dks
vuns[kk (ignore) djrk gS vFkkZr nksuksa dks leku ekurk gSA tcfd strcmp( ) Qyu nksuksa dslksa esa
vUrj j[krk gSA
3. strcpy ( ) Qyu
bldks fuEu izdkj fy[krs gSa %
strcpy (string1, string2);

blesa string1pj rFkk string2 pj ;k vpj gks ldrs gSaA blesa string2 ds laizrhd string1 esa
dkWih gks tk,¡xsaA

mnkgj.k %
strcpy (State, “Rajasthan");

(47)
;g vpj fLVªax “Rajasthan", State pj esa dkWih dj nsxkA
4. strlen ( ) Qyu
bldks fuEu izdkj fy[krs gS %
n = strlen (string);
;g string dh yEckbZ (total character) dks n esa LVksj dj nsxkA String pj ;k vpj gks
ldrk gSA
mnkgj.k %
n = strlen (“Rajasthan");
n dk eku 10 gksxkA blesa NULL Char ('\0’) dks Hkh tksM+k tkrk gSA
2-2-5 nks foeh; fLVªax ,js (Two Demensional String Array)
vxj gesa dbZ fLVªax ,d lkFk LVksj djuh gksrh gS rks ge nks foeh; fLVªax ,js dk mi;ksx djrs
gSA bldh ?kks"k.kk fuEu izdkj djrs gSaA
char name [10][20];
mijksDr ,js 10 fLVªax rFkk izR;sd fLVªax dh yEckbZ 20 rd gks ldrh gSA
bl fLVªax dks fuEu izdkj Ik<+k (read) tk ldrk gSA
for (i= 0; i < 10; i + + )
scanf (“%s", name[i]);
/* or gets (name[i]);*/
vkSj fuEu izdkj fizUV dj ldrs gSaA
for (i= 0; i < 10; i + + )
printf (“%s", name[i]);
/* puts (name[i]);*/
izksxzke 4 % dksbZ fLVªax isfyuMªkse (Palindrome) gS ;k ugha Kkr djus gsrq izksxzke fyf[k,A
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
main()
{
int m,n,flag=1;
char str[80];
clrscr();
printf(“\nEnter a String :");
gets(str);
m=0;
n= strlen(str) - 1;
while(m <= n)
{

(48)
 if(str[m] != str[n])
{
flag = 0;
break;
}
m++;
n - -;
}
if(flag==1)
printf(“\nString is Palindrome");
else
printf(“\nString is not Palindrome");
getch();
return (0);
}
2-3 Qyu (Function)
,d cM+k izksxzke cukuk dfBu gksrk gSA vr% 'C’ Hkk"kk ds izksxzke dks NksVs&NksVs Hkkxksa esa foHkDr dj
fn;k tkrk gSA ;g NksVs&NksVs Hkkx fdlh ,d lafØ;k dks iw.kZ djrs gSaA bu lHkh Hkkxksa dks Øec) rjhds
ls bl izdkj tksM+k tkrk gS fd tfVy leL;k gy gks tk,A
lHkh mPp Lrjh; Hkk"kkvksa esa ;g izko/kku gS fd ml dFku [k.M dks vyx uke nsdj LorU= :i ls
fy[kk tk lds rFkk tc Hkh vkSj ftruh Hkh ckj ml dFku [k.M dh vko’;drk gks mldk vkokgu~ dj
fy;k tkrk gSA bl LorU= [k.M ¼izksxzke½ dks mi izksxzke ;k Qyu dgrs gSaA
izR;sd leL;k ds fy, vyx&vyx izksxzke [k.M cuk, tkrs gSaA bu [k.Mksa dks gh Qyu dgrs gaSA
bldh ifjHkk"kk fuEu izdkj fy[k ldrs gSaA “A function is a self contained program segment that is
used for some specific well defined task."
Qyu dk C Hkk"kk esa egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA main(), scanf(), printf() Qyuksa dks ge izksxzke esa mi;ksx
dj pqds gSaA 'C’ Hkk"kk ds Qyuksa dks nks oxksZ esa foHkDr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
2-3-1 main( ) Qyu
lHkh 'C’ Hkk"kk ds izksxzkeksa dk fu"iknu main() Qyu ls 'kq: gksrk gSA main() Qyu dh ifjHkk"kk
bl rjg dh tkrh gSA
main()
{
dFku
}
;g Qyu 'C’ Hkk"kk esa lgh gSA blesa main() Qyu dksbZ eku okil ugha djrk gS ysfdu u;s
dEikbyjksa esa main() Qyu int eku dks okil djrk gSA vxj gedks eku okil ugha djuk gS rks
main() ls igys void Key-word dks mi;ksx djuk gksxkA
mnkgj.k %

(49)
 void main()
{
dFku
}
main() Qyu dks izksVksVkbi fuEu izksVksVkbi esa ls fdlh ls feyuk t:jh gksrk gSA
int main()
void main()
int main (int argc, char * argv[])
void main (int argc, char * argv[] )
vxj main() Qyu ds lkFk int ;k void dhoMZ mi;ksx ugha djsxsa rks ;g int eku gh okil
HkstsxkA blh rjg vxj fdlh Qyu ds lkFk okil djus dk izdkj ugha fy[kk gksrk rks og Hkh int
izdkj dk eku okil djsxkA
3-3-2 Qyu ds ykHk (Advantages of Function)
1- Qyu ds }kjk izksxzke dks NksVs&NksVs Hkkxksa esa foHkDr dj fn;k tkrk gS ftlls cM+s izksxzke dks
vklkuh ls fy[k ldrs gSaA
2- Qyu fy[kus ij izksxzke dks vklkuh ls Ik<+ vkSj le> ldrs gSaA
3- Qyu ds }kjk ge izksxzke esa vklkuh ls dksbZ u;k Qyu Hkh tksM+ ldrs gSaA ftlls izksxzke esa vklkuh
ls cnyko dj ldrs gSaA
4- Qyu ds }kjk tfVy leL;kvks dks vklkuh ls gy dj ldrs gSaA
5- Qyu ds }kjk izksxzke esa =qfV dks vklkuh ls <wa<+ ldrs gSaA
6- Qyu esa nksgjkus (Repeat) okys dFku ,d lkFk fy[k fn;s tkrs gSa ftlls mUgsa eq[; izksxzke esa
ckj&ckj fy[kus dh vko’;drk ugha gksrh gSA blls izksxzke dk vkdkj NksVk gks tkrk gSA
7- buds iz;ksx ls tfVy izksxzkeksa dks le>uk vklku gks tkrk gSA
8- 'C’ Hkk"kk esa Qyu ,d mi izksxzke gS tks fdlh fo’ks"k dk;Z dks djus ds fy, cuk;k tkrk gSA
'C’ Hkk"kk esa ,d izksxzke esa ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd Qyu gksrs gSaA izR;sd izksxzke esa main( ) Qyu dk
,d vkSj dsoy ,d ckj vkuk vko’;d gSA bl izdkj dk Qyu mi;ksxdrkZ dks dksbZ Hkh eku okil ugha
nsrk gSA blds vfrfjDr vU; dbZ Qyu Hkh 'C’ Hkk"kk esa igys ls miyC/k gS] tSls scanf(), pow() vkfnA
dksbZ Hkh Qyu ,d ckj esa dsoy ,d eku gh okil djrk gSA fdlh iz;ksDrk ifjHkkf"kr Qyu dk mi;ksx
djus ds fy, mls eq[; Qyu esa call djrs gSaA tc dksbZ Qyu eq[; izksxzke esa call gksrk gS] rc
fu;U=.k orZeku funsZ’k NksM+dj] tgk¡ Qyu fy[kk x;k gS ogka pyk tkrk gSA rRi’pkr~ iwjs Qyu dks
fu"ikfnr djus ds ckn iqu% ml funsZ’k] tgk¡ mlus fu;a=.k NksM+k Fkk] ds ckn okys funsZ’k ij vkrk gSA
ge eq[; Qyu esa ,d gh Qyu dks dbZ ckj call dj ldrs gSaA
2-3-3 Qyuksa ds izdkj (Types of Functions)
Qyuksa dks eq[; :i ls nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gS %
1- ykbczsjh Qyu (Library Functions)
2- iz;ksDrk ifjHkkf"kr Qyu (User Defined Functions)
1- ykbczsjh Qyu (Library Functions)
tks Qyu Hkk"kk esa igys ls gh ifjHkkf"kr gksrs gSa] ykbczsjh Qyu dgykrs gSaA bUgsa lh/kk gh izksxzke eas
mi;ksx ys ldrs gSaA yxHkx izR;sd mPp Lrjh; Hkk"kk esa bl izdkj dh lqfo/kk miyC/k gSA lkekU; :i

(50)
ls iz;ksx esa vkus okys dbZ Qyuksa dk laxzg ykbczsjh ds :i esa cgqr mi;ksxh jgrk gSA blls gesa dbZ cM+s
izksxzke cukus esa vklkuh jgrh gSA lkj.kh 2-2 esa ykbczsjh Qyu n’kkZ;s x, gSaA
lkj.kh 2-2 % ykbczsjh Qyu
S. No. Name of Purpose of Function Header file
Function name
1. getchar() returns the next character typed on the keyboard. stdio.h
2. putchar() outputs a single character to the screen. stdio.h
3. printf() outputs a single character to the screen. stdio.h
4. scanf() returns the next character typed on the keyboard. stdio.h
5. isdigit() returns non-0 if arg is digit 0 to 9 ctype.h
6. isalpha() returns non-0 if arg is a letter of the alphabet ctype.h
7. isalnum() returns non-0 if arg is a letter or digit ctype.h
8. islower() returns non-0 if arg is lowercase letter ctype.h
9. isupper() returns non-0 if arg is uppercase letter ctype.h
10. acos() returns arc cosine of arg math.h
11. sqrt() returns square root of num math.h
12. fabs() returns absolute value of num math.h
13. asin() returns arc sine of arg math.h
14. atan() returns arc tangent of arg math.h
15. cos() returns cosine of arg math.h
16. exp() returns natural logarithim e math.h

2- iz;ksDrk ifjHkkf"kr Qyu (User Defined Functions)

lHkh vko’;drkvksa dks iwjk dj lds ,slh ykbczsjh dk gksuk cgqr eqf’dy gSA cgqr ckj ,slh
vko’;drk gksrh gS fd gesa funsZ’kksa ds lewg dks dbZ ckj fu"ikfnr djuk gksrk gS vkSj ,slk lewg fdlh
Qyu ds :i esa ykbczsjh esa miyC/k ugha gksrkA rc iz;ksDrk ifjHkkf"kr Qyuksa dh vko’;drk iM+rh gSA
,sls Qyu ftUgsa iz;ksDrk viuh vko’;drkuqlkj cukrk gS] iz;ksDrk ifjHkkf"kr Qyu (Use Defined
Function) dgykrs gSaA ,d izksxzke esas ,d ls T;knk iz;ksDrk ifjHkkf"kr Qyu cuk, tk ldrs gSaA ,d
iz;ksDrk ifjHkkf"kr Qyu dks eq[; Qyu ds Åij vFkok uhps nksuksa rjQ fy[k ldrs gSaA
2-3-4 Qyu dh ?kks"k.kk ,oa ifjHkk"kk (Declaration of Function and Definition of a function)
'C’ Hkk"kk esa fdlh iz;ksDrk Qyu dks fuEu izdkj ls ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSaA
okilh dk izdkj Qyu&uke ¼izkpyksa dh lwph½
{
LFkkuh; pjksa dh lwph (Local Variables)
Qyu izfØ;k esa fy[ks tkus okys dFku dh Qyu dk;k
(function body) ¼O;atd o pj½
}
Qyu dk uke ,d vfHkKkud (Identifier) dh rjg gksrk gSA fdlh Qyu dks dkWy djus ij Qyu

(51)
esa fy[ks funsZ’kksa ds vuq:i fu’iknu ds i’pkr~ gesa ,d eku izkIr gksrk gSA fuf’pr :i ls bl eku dk
,d izdkj gksxk vr% Qyu dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs le;] lkFk gh ge okilh dk izdkj Hkh nsrs gSa ftlesa
crkrs gSa fd return dFku ds }kjk tks ifj.kke okil eq[; Qyu esa tk;sxk] og fdl izdkj dk gksxkA
;fn ge okilh dk izdkj ugha nsrs gSa rks Qyu integer eku gh okil djrk gSA ,d Qyu esa return
dFku ,dkf/kd ckj Hkh mi;ksx esa ys ldrs gSa rFkk ;g Hkh vko’;d ugha gS fd ;g dFku var esa gh fy[kk
tk,] vko’;drkuqlkj dgha Hkh fy[kk tk ldrk gSA
izksxzke 5 % Qyu }kjk nks uEcjksa eas ls NksVk uEcj Kkr djus gsrq C Hkk"kk esa izksxzke fyf[k,A
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
/* It is C program to illustrate Function*/
/* It is use to find biggest number between two numbers*/
main() /* Main function */
{
int A,B,big; /*Local variable for main function*/
printf(“\n Enter two number :");
scanf(“%d %d",&A,&B);
big = fun_big(A,B); /*Function Call By Value*/
printf(“The biggest number : %d",big);
getch();
}

/* Function return an integer value */

int fun_big(int C,int D)
{
if( C > D )
return(C);
else
return(D);
}
Result :
Enter two number : 45 85
The biggest number : 85
Enter two number : 105 85
The biggest number : 105
blesa lcls igys eq[; Qyu (main) dks fu"ikfnr djrs gSaA tc eq[; Qyu esa fu;a=.k izokg
(Flow Control) esa fun_big Qyu ij vk tkrk gS rFkk mlesa fy[ks funsZ’kksa dks fu"ikfnr djrk gSA ftl
le; fu;a=.k eq[; Qyu ls iz;ksDrk ifjHkkf"kr Qyu ij vkrk gS ml le; eq[; Qyu esa Qyu ds
uke ds lkFk dks"Bd esa fn;s x;s eku Hkh iz;ksDrk ifjHkkf"kr Qyu esa fn, x, pjksa esa vk tkrs gSaA
tSls mi;qZDr Qyu esa Qyu dk fu"iknu iw.kZ gksus ds ckn fu;a=.k iqu% eq[; Qyu esa pyk tkrk gS
(52)
vkSj vkxs fy[ks gq, funsZ’kksa dh vuqikyuk djrk gSA
bl izdkj dk Qyu ftlesa ge iz;ksDrk ifjHkkf"kr Qyu dks Call djrs gS “Calling Function"
dgykrk gS rFkk og iz;ksDrk ifjHkkf"kr Qyu tks Call gksrk gS “Called Function" dgykrk gSA
2-3-5 okLrfod izkpy (Actual Parameters) ,oa vkSipkfjd izkpy (Formal/Dummy
Parameters)
tc ge eq[; Qyu esa fdlh iz;ksDrk ifjHkkf"kr Qyu dks call djrs gSa rks ml le; Qyu ds lkFk
dks"Bd esa tks iSjkehVj fn;s tkrs gaS] os okLrfod izkpy (Actual Parameter) dgykrs gSaA okLrfod
izkpy ds :i esa dksbZ pj] fLFkjkad o ,Mªsl Hkh gks ldrs gSaA
iz;ksDrk ifjHkkf"kr Qyu dh ?kks"k.kk ;k fu/kkZj.k ds le; tks izkpy fn, x, gksrs gSa] os vkSipkfjd
izkpy (Formal/Dummy Parameter) dgykrs gSaA
iz;ksDrk ifjHkkf"kr Qyu dks Call djus ij okLrfod izkpy dk eku vkSipkfjd izkpy esa dkWih gks
tkrk gSA bl ckr dk /;ku j[kuk iM+rk gS fd Call djrs le; okLrfod izkpy dh la[;k o vkSipkfjd
izkpy dh la[;k cjkcj gksA
mnkgj.k %
int a ;
main ( )
{
int x, y;
int z;
printf(“Enter the first number\n");
scanf(“%d",&x);
printf(“Enter the second number\n");
scanf(“%d",&y);
z = mul (x,y); /*okLrfod izkpy (x, y)*/
printf(“%d\n",z);
}
int mul(int a, int b)/* vkSipkfjd izkpy*/
{
int c;
c = a * b;
return(c) ;
}
bl le; a = x rFkk b = y gks tk;sxkA
2-3-6 Qyu dks Call djuk (Calling a Function)
fdlh Hkh eq[; Qyu (main function) esa ge Qyu dks mlds uke ls call djrs gSaA gesa ;g ges’kk
/;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd eq[; Qyu esa Qyu dk uke ges’kk fdlh O;atd esa nk;sa gkFk (Right hand) dh
rjQ vkuk pkfg,A Qyu nks izdkj ls Call fd, tkrs gSa &
1- eku }kjk vkg~oku (Call by Value)
2- ,Mªsl }kjk vkg~oku (Call by Address)
1- eku }kjk vkokgu~ (Call by Value)
tc ge fdlh Qyu dks Call djrs le; mlesa izkpyksa ds :i esa dksbZ pj o dksbZ fLFkjkad
(53)
Qyu esa Hkstrs gSa rks bl izdkj dk vkokgu~ Call by Value dgykrk gSA
mnkgj.k %
main ( )
{
int mark1,mark2,mark3;
float d;
printf(“Enter the first marks\n");
scanf(“%d",&mark1);
printf(Enter the second marks\n");
scanf(“%d",&mark2);
printf(“Enter the third marks\n");
scanf(“%d",&marks3);
d=ave(mark1, mark2, mark3); /*function call*/
printf(“Average of three marks is %f\n",d);
}
float ave(int x, int y, int z)
{
float f;
f = (x + y + z)/3;
return (f);
}
bl mnkgj.k esa Qyu dks Call djrs le; pjksa dks Hkst jgs gSaA
2- lanHkZ }kjk vkg~oku (Call by Reference)
fdlh Qyu dks Call djrs le; dksbZ pj ;k fLFkjkad Qyu esa u Hkstdj mldk ,Mªsl
(Address) Hkstrs gSa ;g Call by Reference dgykrk gSA ;gk¡ gesa ,d ckr dk /;ku j[kuk iM+rk gS fd
ftl Qyu esa ge ,Mªsl Hkst jgs gSa ml Qyu esa og pj] tks ,Mªsl dks laxzfgr djrk gS og lk/kkj.k pj
ugha gksdj ,d ladsrd (Pointer) pj gksuk pkfg,A lk/kkj.k pj ,Mªsl laxzfgr ugha dj ldrs gSaA
mnkgj.k %
main ()
{
int a,b;
float d;
printf(“Enter the first number\n");
scanf(“%d",&a);
printf(“Enter the second number\n");
scanf(“%d",&b);
d=ave(&a,&b);
printf(“Average of two number is %f\n",d);

(54)
 }
float ave(int*x, int *y)
{
float f;
f = (*x + *y)/2
return (f)
}
;gk¡ Qyu esa ave(&a, &b) ls a,b ds addresses Qyu eas Hkstk x;k gSA ekuk fd ;g addresses
1000 o 1050 gSa] ftlls x dk eku 1000 rFkk y dk eku 1050 gksxkA ;fn int *x, int *y dh txg
ge int x, int y ns nsrs gSa rks xyr gksrk D;ksafd ;gk¡ x o y nks lk/kkj.k pj gks tk,¡xs tks a o b ds
addresses dks laxzghr ugha dj ldsaxsA
2-3-7 Qyu dh fofHkUu Jsf.k;k¡ (Categories of Functions)
Qyu dks mlds izkpyksa ds Qyu esa Hkstus ds vuqlkj fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkDr djrs gSaA
1- izkpy jfgr o okilh jfgr eku ds lkFk Qyu (Function with No Arguments and No Return
Values).
2- izkpy lfgr o okilh jfgr eku ds lkFk Qyu (Function with Arguments But No Return
Values).
3- izkpyksa o okilh eku nksuksa ds lkFk Qyu (Function with Arguments and Return Value)
1- izkpy jfgr o okilh jfgr eku ds lkFk Qyu (Function with No Arguments and No
Return Values)
bl izdkj ds Qyuksa esa ge Qyu esa uk rks dksbZ izkpy Hkstrs gaS rFkk uk gh Qyu gesa okil dksbZ
okilh eku Hkstrk gSA bl izdkj dh Js.kh esa dsoy fu;a=.k gh eq[; Qyu ls iz;ksDrk ifjHkkf"kr Qyu esa
rFkk iz;ksDrk ifjHkkf"kr Qyu ls eq[; Qyu esa vkrk o tkrk gSA fdlh izdkj dk dksbZ MkVk mlds lkFk
ugha gksrk gSA bl izdkj dh Js.kh dk mi;ksx dsoy fu;a=d dks ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku Hkstus ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k %
main ( )
{
printf(“You are in Main program\n");
ave();
}
void ave(int x, int y, int z)
{
float f;
printf(“Enter the first marks\n");
scanf(“%d",&x);
printf(Enter the second marks\n");
scanf(“%d",&y);
printf(“Enter the third marks\n");

(55)
 scanf(“%d",&z);
f = (x + y + z)/3;
printf(“Average of three marks is %f\n",d);
}
2- izkpy lfgr o okilh jfgr eku ds lkFk Qyu (Function with Argument But No Return
Values)
bl Js.kh esa ge Qyu dk vkg~oku djrs le; eq[; Qyu ls izkpyksa dks Hkstrs gSa] ysfdu Qyu
eq[; Qyu dks fdlh izdkj dk dksbZ Hkh eku okil ugha Hkstrk gSA blesa MkVk dks ge eq[; Qyu esa gh
i<+ ysrs gSa rFkk ckn esa mldks iz;ksDrk ifjHkkf"kr Qyu esa Hkst nsrs gSaA
bl izdkj dh Js.kh esa ,d ckr dk fo’ks"k /;ku j[kuk iM+rk gS fd tc izkpyksa dks eq[; Qyu
ls Qyu esa Hkstk tkrk gS rc okLrfod izkpyksa dk MsVk Vkbi rFkk vkSipkfjd izkpyksa dk MsVk Vkbi
leku gksuk pkfg,A blesa okLrfod izkpyksa ds eku ,d ,d djds mlds lkFk fy[ks vkSipkfjd izkpyksa
esa dkWih dj fn, tkrs gSaA
mnkgj.k %
main ( )
{
int mark1,mark2,mark3;
float d;
printf(“Enter the first marks\n");
scanf(“%d",&mark1);
printf(Enter the second marks\n");
scanf(“%d",&mark2);
printf(“Enter the third marks\n");
scanf(“%d",&mark3);
ave(a,b,c);
}
void ave(int x, int y, int z)
{
float f;
f = (x + y + z)/3;
printf(“Average of three marks is %f\n",f);
}
tc Hkh sum () Qyu dk uke vkrk gS rc fu;a=d a o b pjksa dk eku iz;ksDrk ifjHkkf"kr Qyu
esa vkrk gS tgk¡ x = a rFkk y fu"iknu iwjk gksus ds ckn fu;a=.k fcuk dksbZ okilh eku fy, eq[; Qyu esa
pyk tkrk gSA
3- izkpyksa o okilh eku ds lkFk Qyu % (Function with Arguments and Return Value)
bl izdkj dh Js.kh esa iz;ksDrk ifjHkkf"kr Qyu dks vkokgu~ djrs le; okLrfod izkpyksa dks
Hkstk tkrk gS vkSipkfjd izkpyksa }kjk xzg.k dj fy;s tkrs gSaA tc iz;ksDrk ifjHkkf"kr Qyu dk
fu’iknu iwjk gks tkrk gS rc fu;a=.k okilh eku ds lkFk eq[; Qyu esa tkrk gSA tc iz;ksDrk

(56)
ifjHkkf"kr Qyu esa lHkh ekuksa dks eq[; Qyu esa vkxs dgha dke esa ysuk gksrk gS rc bl Js.kh dk mi;ksx
djrs gSaA ;gka fjVuZ dFku dk mi;ksx dj iz;ksDrk ifjHkkf"kr Qyu ls okilh eku izkIr djrs gSaA fjVuZ
dFku ,d ckj esa dsoy ,d eku gh okil djrk gSA vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd tc Hkh dHkh ge fdlh
Qyu dk vkg~oku djrs gSa rks og okilh eku ds :i esa ,d vkg~oku ij dsoy ,d eku gh okil djrk
gSA ;gk¡ mnkgj.k esa fjVuZ dFku fy[kuk t:jh gksrk gS rFkk ;g fjVuZ dFku vius vki float eku dh gh
okilh djrk gSA
mnkgj.k %
main ( )
{
int mark1,mark2,mark3;
float d;
printf(“Enter the first marks\n");
scanf(“%d",&mark1);
printf(“Enter the second marks\n");
scanf(“%d",&mark2);
printf(“Enter the third marks\n");
scanf(“%d",&mark3);
d=ave(mark1, mark2, mark3);
printf(“Average of three marks is %f\n",d);
}
float ave(int x, int y, int z)
{
float f;
f = (x + y + z)/3;
return (f);
}
2-4 lhek ds fu;e (Scope rules)
ge ftu pjksa ds Qyu esa mi;ksx djrs gS og izksxzke mldk mi;ksx dgk¡ dj ldrs gaS ;g
fu/kkZj.k lhek ds fu;e }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA izksxzke esa ftu pjksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS og nks izdkj
ds gksrs gSA
1- yksdy pj (Local variable)
2- Xykscy pj (Global variable)
1- yksdy pj
;g Qyu ds vUnj ?kksf"kr gksrs gaSA Qyu ds gSMj esa fy[ksa pj Hkh yksdy pj dgykrs gSaA
yksdy pjksa dh lhek Qyu dh lhek gh gksrh gSA vr% yksdy pj dsoy Qyu ds vUnj gh dk;Z djrs
gSaA
mnkgj.k %
#include<stdio.h>

(57)
 main( )
{
int a=5, b=20; /*Local variables*/
printf(“%d", b);
fun( );
}
fun( )
{
int b=10;\* Local variable*/
printf(“%d", b);
/*printf(“%d", a); uncommented cause and error*/
}
output:
20 10
;gk¡ ij rhu pj ?kksf"kr fd, x, gSA a vkSj b pj main( ) Qyu esa b pj fun( ) Qyu esa ?kksf"kr
fd;k x;k gSA nksuksa b pj ,d nwljs ls fHkUu gaA ftl Qyu esa tks pj ?kksf"kr gS mldk mi;ksx mlh
Qyu esa dj ldrs gSA tSls a pj dk mi;ksx fun( ) Qyu esa ugha dj ldrs gSaA
2- Xykscy pj (Global Variable)
;g izksxzke ds ,d LFkku ij gh ?kksf"kr gksrs gSa rFkk budks izksxzke ds fdlh Hkh Hkkx esa mi;ksx dj
ldrs gSaA Xykscy pj gSMj QkbZy ds ckn ,oa main() Qyu ls igys ?kksf"kr gksrs gSaA
mnkgj.k %
#include<stdio.h>
int a, b, c:/* Global declaration of vaiable*/
main()
{
a=10; b=20; c=30;
fun1();
printf(“a=%d b=%d c=%d", a , b, c);
}
funl()
{
printf(“\na=%d b=%d c=%d", a, b, c);
a + = 5;
c + = 10;
return;
}
output:
a=10 b=20 c=30

(58)
 a=15 b=20 c=40
a, b vkSj c dk eku fdlh Hkh Qyu esa cny ldrs gSA ;gk¡ ;g /;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd
vxj dksbZ pj ¼,d gh uke ls½ Xykscy vkSj yksdy nksuksa txg ?kksf"kr gS rks ml Qyu esa yksdy pj dk
mi;ksx gh gksxk Xykscy pj dk mi;ksx ugha gksxkA Xykscy pj ml Qyu esa mi;ksx gksxk tgk¡ ij ml
uke ls yksdy pj ?kksf"kr ugha gSA
mnkgj.k %
#include<stdio.h>
int a=10, b=20;
main()
{
a=20; c=30;
printf(“a=%d b=%d c=%d",a, b,c);
}
output:
a=20, b=20, c=30
;gk¡ ij a yksdy pj dk eku fizUV djsxkA D;kssfd yksdy pj dh izkf;drk Xykscy pj
ls vf/kd gksrh gSA
2-5 lafpr oxZ ds izdkj (Storage classes type)
fdlh Hkh pj dks nks izdkj ls le> ldrs gSaA
1- MkVk ds izdkj ds vk/kkj ij (Data Type)
2- Lafpr oxZ ds vk/kkj ij (Storage class)
MkVk ds izdkj ds vk/kkj ij ge pj esa LVksj gksus okys eku dks fu/kkZfjr djrs gSa rFkk lafpr oxZ
ds vk/kkj ij ml pj dh lhek,a vkSj thou le; (life time) fu/kkZfjr gksrk gSA
Lafpr oxZ pkj izdkj ds gksrs gS&
(i) automatic
(ii) external
(iii) static vkSj
(iv) register
budks Øe’k% auto, extern, static vkSj register dhoMZ dk mi;ksx djds fy[krs gSaA
mnkgj.k %
auto int x, y, z;
extern float r1, r2;
register char ch1;
static int c, d;
lafpr oxZ dk dhoMZ MkVk ds izdkj ds dhoMZ ls igys fy[krs gaSA Xykscy vkSj yksdy pjksa ds
ckjs esa ge v/;k; ds iSjkxzkQ 2-4 esa Ik<+ pqds gSaA
2-5-1 Automatic pj
Automatic pj Qyu ds vUnj ?kksf"kr gksrs gSA rFkk ;g Qyu ds fy, yksdy pj gksrs gSaA
(59)
budh lhek Qyu ds vUnj gksrh gS rFkk budk thou dky (life time) Qyu dkWy gksus ls Qyu
lekIr gksus rd gksrk gSA ,d gh uke ls pj dbZ Qyuksa esa ?kksf"kr dj ldrs gSaA ;g pj vkil esa LorU=
gksrs gSA Automatic pjksa dks ?kksf"kr djus ds fy, auto dhoMZ dks mi;ksx djrs gSaA
mnkgj.k %
auto int A;
vxj fdlh pj dk lafpr oxZ ugha fy[kk gS rks automatic izdkj dk pj cu tk,xk (Default
storage class is Automatic)A
mnkgj.k %
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
/*Function main() scope start here*/
auto int total1=10;
auto int total2=30;
printf(“\ntotal1 = %d",total1);
fun();
printf(“\ntotal1 = %d",total1);
}/*Function main() scope End here*/
fun()
{
/*Function fun() scope start here*/
auto int total1=30;
printf(“\ntotal1 = %d",total1);
/*printf(“total2 = %d",total2);
uncommented to get an error*/
}/*Function fun() scope End here*/

Result :
total1 = 10
total1 = 30
total1 = 10
mijksDr izksxzke esa total1 pj main() vkSj fun() nksuksa Qyuksa esa ?kksf"kr gSA ;g nksuksa total1
,d nwljs ls LorU= gksrs gSa rFkk Qyu fun() dkWy ds igys rFkk ckn esa main() Qyu ds pj total1 dk
eku ugha cnysxkA rFkk total2 dks fun() Qyu esa mi;ksx ugha dj ldrs gSaA ;g dsoy main() Qyu
esa gh mi;ksx gks ldrk gSA
2.5.2 External pj
External pj automatic pj dh rjg ,d Qyu ds fy, ugha gksrs gSaA ;g ftl Qyu esa

(60)
?kksf"kr gksrs gS mlds ckn vkus okys lHkh Qyuksa esa bl pj dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA ;g Xykscy pj dh
rjg dk;Z djrs gSaA bldh lhek (scope) ml Qyu ls ’kq: ¼tgk¡ ?kksf"kr gksrs gS½ gksrh gS rFkk izksxzke ds
vUr rd gksrh gSA rFkk tc ml Qyu dk call djrs gS ftlesa ;g ?kksf"kr gS rc ls bldk thou le;
(life time) ’kq: gksrk gS rFkk izksxzke lekIr gksus rd jgrk gSA ?kksf"kr gksus ds ckn vkus okys lHkh Qyuksa
esa bldks mi;ksx dj ldrs gSA bldks ?kksf"kr djus ds fy, extern dhoMZ dk mi;ksx djuk gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k %
extern int A, B, C;
extern char D, E;
2.5.3 Static pj
Static pj Hkh Qyu ds vUnj gh ?kksf"kr gksrs gaSA vkSj mudh lhek automatic pj dh rjg gksrh
gSA Static pj Qyu esa yksdy pj dh rjg gksrs gSa rFkk ;g pj vius eku dks lqjf{kr j[krs gSA ftl
Qyu esa static pj ?kksf"kr gS mldk izFke ckj dkWy djus ij static pj ?kksf"kr gks tkrk gS rFkk static pj
dk eku ’kwU; gks tk,xkA ;fn dksbZ izkjfEHkdj.k ugha fd;k x;k gSA RkFkk bldk thou le; Qyu dks
izFke ckj dkWy djrs gh ’kq: gksrk gS rFkk izksxzke lekfIr rd jgrk gSA Qyu esa static pj dk vfUre
eku gksxk og lqjf{kr jgsxk rFkk tc ge Qyu dks nqckjk dkWy djsxsa rks mldk og eku mi;ksx esa
vk,xkA bldks ?kksf"kr djus ds fy, static dhoMZ dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA
mnkgj.k %
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int I;
for (I = 1; I <= 10; I ++);
fun();
}
void fun();
{
static int K=0;
printf(“%d", K);
K++;
}
main() esa Qyu esa fun() Qyu dks ywi ds }kjk 10 ckj dkWy fd;k x;k gSA tc Qyu dks
igyh ckj dkWy djsxas rks bldk izkjfEHkd eku 'kwU; (i.e. K=0) gks tk,xkA vkSj ;g K dk eku 'kwU;
fizUV dj nsxkA vkSj K eku 1 c<dj 'kwU; ls 1 gks tk,xkA tc Qyu nqckjk call gksxk rks K dk vfUre
eku ¼izFke call dk ½ 1 fizUV gksxk vkSj K eku 1 ls c<dj 2 gks tk,xk rhljh ckj dkWy gksus ij vfUre
eku ¼nwljs call dk½ 2 fizUV gksxk vkSj K eku 3 gks tk,xkA vkSj ;g K ds nl ekuksa dks fizUV djsxkA
bldk vkmViqV fuEu gksxk
0123456789
2.5.4 Register pj
mijksDr rhu izdkj ds pj eSeksjh address ij LVksj gksrs gSaA ysfdu Register izdkj ds pj

(61)
CPU ds jftLVªj esa LVksj gksrs gSaA T;knkrj mu pjksa dks register izdkj ?kksf"kr djrs gSa tks izksxzke esa
cgqr T;knk mi;ksx esa vk jgs gaSA ;g izksxzke ds fu"iknu dk le; de djus esa mi;ksxh gksrs gSaA
mnkgj.k %
register int A, B, C;
register cahr x, y, z;
;g automatic pj dh rjg dk;Z djrs gS rFkk Qyu ds fy, yksdy gksrs gSaA vxj geusa budks
register izdkj dk pj ?kksf"kr dj fn;k gS rks t:jh ugh gS fd og registger izdkj dk gh ?kksf"kr gksA
vxj CPU register [kkyh ugha gksxk rks ;g automatic izdkj dk pj cu tk,xkA lHkh pjksa dks laf{kIr
esa lkj.kh 2-3 es n’kkZ;k x;k gSA
lkj.kh 2-3
OkxZ dk dgk¡ LVksj IkzkjfEHkd Lkhek (Scope) Tkhou dky (life time)
izdkj gksxk eku (default)
Automatic Memory Garbage ftl Qyu esa ?kksf"kr gS Tkc rc dUVªksy Qyu esa jgsxk
eku mldh lhek esa dk;Z djrk tgk¡ pj ?kksf"kr gSA
gS
External Memory 'kwU; ?kksf"kr LFkku ls lEiw.kZ ?kksf"kr gksus ds ckn izksxzke
izksxzke esaA lekfIr rdA
Static Memory 'kwU; ftl Qyu esa ?kksf"kr gS ftl Qyu esa?kksf"kr gS mlds
mldh lhek esa dk;Z djrk izFke dkWy ls ysdj izksxzke
gSA lekfIr rd dk;Zdjrk gSA
Register CPU Garbage ftl Qyu esa ?kksf"kr gS Tkc rd dUVªksyQyu esa jgsxk
register eku mldh lhek esa dk;Z djrk tgk¡ pj?kksf"kr gSA
gSA

2-6 vkO;wgksa ds lkFk Qyuksa dk vkokgu~ (Arrays and Functions)

eq[; Qyu ls iz;ksDrk ifjHkkf"kr Qyu esa ;fn vkO;wg dks Hkstuk gks rks eq[; Qyu esa izkpkyksa
ds :i esa ge ml vkO;wg (Array) dk uke rFkk mlh vkO;wg dh Hk.Mkj.k {kerk (Size) nsrs gSaA
mnkgj.k %
average (a,n);
;gka average iz;ksDrk ifjHkkf"kr Qyu dk uke gSa tgka a o n izkpyksa ds :i esa fn, x, gSa tks
Øe’k% vkO;wg dk uke o vkO;wg dk vkdkj gSA bl Qyu dh ifjHkk"kk fuEukuqlkj gksxhA
float average (float arr[ ], int n1);
eq[; Qyu esa average (a,n) okyk dFku fu"ikfnr djrs le; fu;a=.k vkO;wg dk uke o
vkdkj ysdj iz;ksDrk ifjHkkf"kr Qyu esa vk tk;sxkA float arr [] = a rFkk n1 = n gks tk;sxkA
arr ds lkFk '[ ]’ dks"Bd ;g n’kkZrs gSa fd arr ,d vkO;wg gS rFkk bldk vkdkj n1 ds cjkcj gSA
;gk¡ vkO;wg dk vkdkj '[ ]’ dks"Bd esa nsus dh vko’;drk ugha gksrh gS D;ksafd ;g vkdkj okLrfod
(62)
izkpy ls fu/kkZfjr gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k %
float average (float arr [],int n1);
main()
{
float a[40],r ;
int n;
printf(“Enter the size of the array\n");
scanf(“%d",&n);
printf(“Enter the element of the array\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
scanf(“%d",&a[i]);
}
r=average(a,n);
printf(“The average of the element is%f",r);
}
float average(float arr[], int n1);
{
int i, sum = 1;
float ave;
for(i=0;i<n1;i++)
{
sum = sum + arr[i];
}
ave = sum/n1;
return(ave);
}
mnkgj.k esa ge eku ysrs gSa fd vkO;wg dk vf/kdre vkdkj 40 gS ysfdu bl vkO;wg esa geus
n = 10 eku gh Hk.Mkfjr fd;s gSaA tc eq[; Qyu esa average (a, n) vkrk gSA bldk eryc average (a,
40) gSA rc fu;a=.k bu nksuksa dks ysdj Qyu dks fu"ikfnr djus pyk tkrk gSA tSls gh fu;a=.k Qyu
esa tkrk gS ml le; arr[ ] vkO;wg esa ogh eku Hk.Mkfjr gks tkrs gSa tks a eas Fks rFkk nl dk eku n ds cjkcj
gks tkrk gSA rc bl Qyu dks bu ekuksa ds vk/kkj ij fu"ikfnr fd;k tkrk gS rFkk result dks return
dFku ls iqu% eq[; Qyu esa Hkst fn;k tkrk gSA
2-7 iqujkorZu (Recursion)
iqujkorZu og izfØ;k gS ftlesa dksbZ Qyu vius vki (itself) dk gh vkg~oku (call) djrk gS
tc rd fd dksbZ fo’ks"k of.kZr dUMh’ku larq"V (satisfy) ugha gksrh gSA iqujkorZu Qyu fy[kus gsrq nks
ckrksa dk /;ku j[kuk gksrk gSA

(63)
1- Qyu vius vki dk Lo;a vkg~oku (call) djsaA
2- Qyu esa dksbZ ,slh dUMh’ku gksuh pkfg;s ftlds lUrq"V gksus ij iqujkorZu :d tk,
(Termination condition).
lk/kkj.kr;k fdlh Qyu dks vU; Qyu esa gh call fd;k tkrk gSA cgqr lh izksxzkfeax Hkk"kkvksa
esa ;g lqfo/kk miyC/k gS fd ge ,d Qyu dks mlh Qyu esa Hkh dkWy dj ldrs gSa rks bls fjd’kZu dgrs
gSaA ,d Qyu dks tc ge fdlh vU; Qyu esa call djrs gSa rks izksxzke fu;a=.k lk/kkj.kr;k bldh
lekfIr ij iqu% mlh Qyu esa vk tkrk gSA ijUrq tc Qyu dks mlh esa call djrs gSa rks og iqu% mlh
Qyu esa vk tkrk gSA ;gk¡ bl ckr dk [krjk jgrk gSa fd dUVªksy izokg dHkh Hkh Qyu ls ckgj ugha
vk,A ,slh fLFkfr esa izksxzke pysxk vkSj tc dEI;wVj esa lalk/ku miyC/k ugha gksaxs rc =qfV lans’k nsdj
izksxzke vlkekU; :i ls cUn gks tk;sxkA vr,o bl ckr dk /;ku j[kuk vR;ar vko’;d gS fd Qyu
esa dksbZ ,slk izfrcU/k gks tks Qyu dk fu"iknu cUn dj lds vkSj Qyu dks call djrs le; ,slk MkVk
mlesa tk, ftlesa fu"iknu lekfIr dh ifjfLFkfr Hkh cusA
izksxzke 6 % fdlh fn;s x;s uEcj dk factorial fjd’kZu Qyu }kjk Kkr djukA
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
/* It is C program to calculate the factorial of N*/
main() /* Main function */
{
int N,f1; /*Local variable for main function*/
int fact(int N);/* Function Prototype*/
printf(“\n Enter a number :");
scanf(“%d",&N);
f1 = fact(N); /* Function Call By Value*/
printf(“The Factorial of %d is = %d",N,f1);
getch();
}
/* Function return an integer value */
int fact(int k) /* Function Defination */
{
if(k==1)
return(1);
else
return(k*fact(k-1));
}
Result :
Enter a number : 5
The Factorial of 5 is = 120
Enter a number : 7
The Factorial of 7 is = 5040

(64)
ekuk number = 5
izFke in esa return(5 * fact(4))
f}rh; in esa return (5 * 4 * fact(3))
r`rh; in esa return (5 * 4 * 3 * fact(2))
prqFkZ in esa return (5 * 4 * 3 * 2*fact(1))
ikapoka o vfUre in esa return (5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1)
izksxzke 7 % blh izdkj ge ,d vU; mnkgj.k ds }kjk fjd’kZu Qyu dks le>rs gSaA
ekuk ges xy dk eku ckjEckjr% xq.kk (successive multiplication) ls Kkr djuk gSA
int power(int a, int b);
main()
{
int x,y,z;
printf(“Enter the Number\n");
scanf(“%d\n",&x);
printf(“Enter the power\n");
scanf(“%d\n",&y);
z = power(x,y);
printf(“The result is\n");
printf(“%d\n",z);
}
int power(int a, int b)
{
if (b==1)
return a;
else
return(a*power(a,b-1));
}
izksxzke 8 % fQcksuslh la[;k dk N oha la[;k Kkr djus gsrq izksxzke fyf[k,A
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
/* It is C program to calculate Nth Fibonacci Number*/
/* Fibonacci Number Start with 1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55*/
main()
{
int N,f1;
int fib(int N);/* Function Prototype*/
printf(“\nEnter a number :");
scanf(“%d",&N);

(65)
 f1 = fib(N); /* Function Call By Value*/
printf(“The Nth Fibonacci Number is = %d",f1);
getch();
}
/* Function return an integer value */
int fib(int K) /* Function Defination */
{
int i,f1=1,f2=1,f3; /*Local variable for fact function*/
for(i=1;i<=K-2;i++)
{
f3 = f1 + f2;
f1 = f2;
f2 = f3;
}
return(f3);
}

Result :
Enter a number : 5
The Nth Fibonacci Number is = 5
Enter a number : 10
The Nth Fibonacci Number is = 55
izksxzke 9 % f}?kkrh; lehdj.k ax +bx +
c=
2
0 dk gy djus gsrq Qyu fyf[k,A
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
main()
{
void Q_EQ(int p,int q,int r);
int a,b,c;
printf(“Enter the value of a,b and c :");
scanf(“%d %d %d",&a,&b,&c);
Q_EQ(a,b,c);
getch();
}

void Q_EQ(int p,int q,int r)

{
float r1,r2,D;
(66)
 D = q * q - 4.0 * p * r;
if(D < 0)
printf(“Roots are imaginary");
else
{
if(D == 0)
{
printf(“Roots are Equals\n");
r1 = r2 = - q / (2.0 * p);
}
else
{
r1 = (- q - sqrt(D)) / (2.0 * p);
r2 = (- q + sqrt(D)) / (2.0 * p);
}
printf(“\nRoots are : %f %f", r1,r2);
}
}
izksxzke 10 % ,d izkbe Qyu fyf[k, tks fd 1 fjVuZ djsa ;fn fn;k x;k vkjX;wesUV izkbe la[;k gks
vU;Fkk 0 fjVuZ djsaA
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
main()
{
int prime(int p);
int flag,N;
printf(“\nEnter the value of N :");
scanf(“%d",&N);
flag = prime(N);
if(flag == 1)
printf(“\nNumber is prime");
else
printf(“\nNumber is not prime");
getch();
}

int prime(int p)

(67)
 {
int i,r1;
r1 = (int)sqrt(p);
for(i=2; i<=r1; i++)
if(p % i == 0)
return(0);
return(1);
2-8 ladsr (Pointer)
ikWbUVj (Pointer) ,d mi;ksxh rFkk ’kfDr’kkyh Vwy gSA izR;sd pj ftl LFkku ij izkFkfed
eSeksjh esa LVksj gksrk gSA mls ml pj dk irk (Address) dgrs gSA izR;sd pj ds fy, ,d eSeksjh ,Mªsl
(Address) gksrk gSA
ikWbUVj ,d pj gS ftlesa vk¡dM+s dk irk ¼eSeksjh esa vkadM+s dk irk½ HkaMkfjr (Store) gksrk gSA C
Hkk"kk esa mPp rFkk tfVy izksxzke cukus ds fy, ikWbUVj dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
dksbZ Hkh pj vius vkdM+s ds izdkj (data type) ds vuqlkj eSeksjh HkaMkfjr djrk gS A char izdkj
dk MkVk 1 ckbV~l esa int izdkj dk MkVk 2 ckbV~l esa rFkk float izdkj dk MkVk 4 ckbV~l esa HkaMkfjr
gksrk gSA blesa izR;sd ckbV~l ds xzqi dk ,d eSeksjh irk gksrk gS tks ml pj ds lkFk gksrk gSA tSls int
izdkj dk MkVk 2 ckbV~l ysrk gSA vkSj bldk irk Øe’k% FAB o FAC gS rks ml pj dk irk FAB gh
gksxkA ;g igys eSeksjh lsy dk Address gksrk gSA
ekuk d ,d pj gS tks fdlh vk¡dM+s dks iznf’kZr djrk gSA dEikbyj bl pj dks mlds vk¡dM+s ds
izdkj ds vuqlkj ckbV~l vkoafVr dj nsrk gSA tgk¡ Lo;a dk eku HkaMkfjr (store) djrk gSA bl
vk¡dM+s dks vklkuh ls ,Dlsl (Access) dj ldrs gSA ekuk d pj esa geusa 10 LVksj fd;k gSA
K ikWbUVj ,d izdkj dk pj gS ;g dsoy eSeksjh irk gh LVksj dj ldrk gS vr% K ds vUnj eSeksjh
irk 4522(d dk eSeksjh esa irk½ LVksj gksxkA
mijksDr dk;Z gsrq C Hkk"kk esa nks ,dy ladkjd (operator) mi;ksx esa fy;s tkrs gSA * ladkjd
}kjk ikWbUVj pj dks ?kksf"kr djrs gS rFkk ikWbUVj pj esa LVksj ,Mªsl (Address) ij eku Kkr djus ds
mi;ksx vkrk gSA bl ladkjd dks eku ladkjd (value operater) Hkh dgrs gS rFkk & operator ds
}kjk fdlh pj dk eSeksjh irk Kkr fd;k tk ldrk gSA tSls d pj dk irk Kkr djuk gks rks gesa &d
fy[kuk gksrk gSA vr% ikWbUVj pj esa d dk ,Mªsl fy[kus ds fy, fuEu dFku dk mi;ksx djrs gSA
K = &d;
mijksDr fooj.kkuqlkj *K vkSj d leku eku dks iznf’kZr djsaxsA
ladsr pj dks ?kksf"kr fuEu izdkj djrs gSA
int *A;
float *B;
double *C;
izksxzke 11 % ikWbUVj dk mi;ksx djrs gq, ik¡p iw.kkZd la[;kvksa dks tksM+us gsrq izksxzke fyf[k,A
#indclude<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

(68)
#include<alloc.h>
main( )
{
int I, *A,sum=0, B;/* A is a poniter type variable */
A = &B;
for(I=1; I < = 5, I++)
{
printf(“Enter a number:");
scanf(“%d", A);
/*don’t use ampersand sign with pointer variable.*/
sum=sum + *A;
}
printf(“\nSum of Five Numbers = %d”, sum);
getch( );
}
2-8-1 ladsrd O;atd
ladsrd O;atd ,sls O;atd gS ftuesa ladsrd pj dk mi;ksx gksrk gSA ;fn P1 vkSj P2 vkSj nks
ladsrd pj gSA ftudh ?kks"k.kk rFkk izkjEHku fd;k x;k gSA
1- fu/kkZj.k O;atd
ftlesa fu/kkZj.k fd;k gS mls fu/kkZj.k O;atd dgrs gSaA
mnkgj.k %
P2++;
- -P1;
P1 = P1 + 1;
*P2 = *p2 + 1
izFke rhu O;atdksa ds }kjk ikWbUVj pj esa LVksj eSeksjh Address esa ,d yksds’ku dh o`f) vFkok
âkl gksxkA rFkk pkSFks O;atd esa P2 esa LVksj eSeksjh Address ij LVksj eku esa ,d dh o`f) gksxhA
2- vadxf.krh; O;atd
P2 = P2 + 1;
P2 = P1 + 1;
IkkWbUVj pj esa eSeksjh location c<+k RkFkk ?kVk ldrs gSA fuEu vadxf.krh; lafØ;k,¡ tks ladsrdksa
ij oS| ugha gS fuEu gS %
P1 / P2 nks ladsrdkas dks ?kVk;k tk ldrk gS ;fn os ,d gh izdkj ds
P1 / 50 vo;oksa dks bafxr dj jgs gksA lkekU;r% nks ladsrdksa dks
P1 + P2 rHkh ?kVk;k tk ldrk gS tc os fdlh ,js ds vo;oksa
P1 * P2 dsk bafxr dj jgs gksa A

(69)
P1 * 17
3- rqyukRed O;atd
ladsrdksa ij rqyukRed ladkjdksa dk iz;ksx Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k %
P2 > P1
P1 == P2
P2 >= P1
P1 != P2
2-8-2 ladsrd ds ykHk (Advantages of pointers)
1- vkadM+ks dh lkj.kh dks ladsrd dq’kyrk ls fu;af=r djrs gSA
2- ladsrd ds }kjk Qyu esa lwpuk dks Hkst ldrs gS ftlls ;g Qyu esa fd;s x;s cnyko dks dkWy fd;s
x;s pjksa esa Hkh vius vki cnyko gks tkrk gSA
3- ;s izksxzke fu"iknu dh xfr c<+k nsrs gSaA
4- blds }kjk ,js ds rRo dks vklkuh ls ,Dlsl (Access) dj ldrs gSaA
5- ladsrd dh lgk;rk ls Qyu ls ckgj ?kksf"kr pj dks Hkh ,Dlsl dj ldrs gSaA
2-9 xfrt eSeksjh fu/kkZj.k (Dynamic Memory Allocation)
;gka ij eSeksjh fu/kkZj.k nks izdkj ls dh tkrh gSA
¼1½ fLFkj eSeksjh fu/kkZj.k
¼2½ xfrt eSeksjh fu/kkZj.k
1. Static eSeksjh dk fu/kkZj.k izksxzke fu"iknu ls igys gh fu/kkZfjr gks tkrk gSA ;g ,js esa mi;ksx gksrk
gSA rFkk bldks fu"iknu ds le; cny ugha ldrs gSaA
Xkfrt eSeksjh dk fu/kkZj.k fu"iknu 'kq: gksus ds ckn fd;k tk ldrk gSA bldk fu/kkZj.k
vko’;drk vuqlkj fd;k tkrk gSA C Hkk"kk esa xfrt eSeksjh fu/kkZj.k ds Qyu lkj.kh 2-4 esa n’kkZ, x,
gSA
lkj.kh 2-4
Qyu Okkilh eku dk;Z
malloc Pointer vko’;drk ds vuqlkj fn;s x;s size dh eSeksjh ,yksdsV gksxhA
(size) void
calloc Pointer vko’;drkuqlkj fn;s x;s size dh eSeksjh ,yksdsV gksxh rFkk ;g
(size) void fn;s x;s size ds CykWd esa foHkDr gks tk,xhA
free dksbZ ugha Lkadsrd esa fu/kkZj.k eSeksjh Free gks tk,xhA
¼ladsrd½
realloc Pointer IkwoZ fu/kkZfjr eSeskjh dks ?kVkus o c<+kus gsrq A
(size) void

1. molloc( ) Qyu
malloc() Qyu }kjk eSeksjh dk CykWd ,yksdsV dj ldrs gaSA malloc() Qyu fn;s x;s lkbt

(70)
dh eSeksjh ,yksdsV gksxh rFkk bl eSeksjh dk Vkbi void gksxk ge type casting ds }kjk void eSeksjh
dks nwljs MkVk izdkj dh eSeksjh esa cny ldrs gaSA malloc () Qyu dks fuEu izdkj fy[k ldrs gSaA
Str = malloc (size in byte)
malloc }kjk ,yksdsV eSeksjh dk type cnyuk gks rks ¼vxj Str int rjg ds MkVk eSeksjh dk address
LVksj djsxk½ rc malloc Qyu dks fuEu izdkj fy[ksaxs
Str=(int* )malloc(size in byte)
mnkgj.k %
int *integer;
integer=(int *) malloc (sizeof(int) * 10);
mijksDr dFku 20 byte eSeksjh esa CykWd ,yksdsV djsxkA ,d integer uEcj 2 byte esa LVksj
gksrk gS vkSj ;g integer Type dk pointer okil djrk gSA
mnkgj.k %
char *cptr;
cptr=(char *) malloc(20);
;g Hkh 20 byte memory allocate djsxk rFkk char type dk pointer okil (return)
djsxkA blesa fp= 4-5 esa n’kkZ;k x;k gSA
2. calloc( ) Qyu
calloc() Qyu }kjk Hkh eSeksjh ,syksds’ku fd;k tkrk gSA ;g leku lkbt ds CykWd esa eSeksjh dks
foHkDr djrk gSA bl dks fuEu izdkj fy[krs gSaA
Str = (type cast*) calloc (n, sizeof(element))
fn;s x;s vo;o dh lkbt ds n CykWd ,yksdsV djsxk rFkk izR;sd CykWd esa 'kwU; LVksj gksxkA
mnkgj.k %
int *cptr,
cptr = (int *) calloc(10, size of (int));
2 ckbVl ds 10 CykWd dks ,yksdsV djsaxsa rFkk izR;sd CykWd esa 'kwU; LVksj gksxkA
3- eSeksjh NksM+uk (Releasing Memory)
tc dksbZ eSeksjh CykWd gesa mi;ksx ugha djuk gksrk gS ;k izksxzke esa ml eSeksjh dh vko’;drk ugha
gksrh gS rks ge ml eSeksjh dks NksM+ nsrs gSa ftlls og Hkfo"; esa fdlh MkVk ds fy, ,yksdsV dj lds A
blds fy, free Qyu dk mi;ksx djrs gSA bldks fuEu izdkj fy[krs gSaA
free(Str);
Str ,d ladsrd gS rFkk ftlesa calloc( ) ;k malloc( ) Qyu }kjk eSeksjh ,yksds’ku dh x;h gSA
4- eSeksjh CykWd ds lkbt dks cnyuk (Altering the size of memory block)
realloc( ) Qyu }kjk eSeksjh CykWd ds lkbt dks ?kVk ;k c<+k ldrs gSaA
mnkgj.k %
malloc( ) Qyu }kjk ,yksdsV eSeksjh

(71)
 Str=malloc(size)
rc bldks realloc( ) Qyu }kjk lkbt fuEu izdkj ?kVk ;k c<+k ldrs gaSA
Str=realloc(ptr, new_size)
ubZ lkbt dk eSeksjh ,yksds’ku gksxkA
uksV % vxj eSeksjh Ik;kZIr ugha gksus ij malloc( ) ;k calloc( ) Qyu ikWbUVj pj esa NULL dks
okil (retrun) djsxkA
2-10 ladsrd vkSj ,js (Pointer and Array)
ge igys Ik<+ pqds gS fd ,js dks ?kksf"kr djrs le; gh ,js ds fy, LFkku fuf’pr gks tkrk gSA ftlesa
,js ds vo;oksa dks HkaMkfjr dj fn;s tkrs gSaA bl ,js dk csl irk (Base Address) ml ,js ds izFke
vo;o ds LFkku dk irk gksrk gSA
ekuk ,d ,js A dks fuEu izdkj ls ?kksf"kr dh x;h gS %
int A[5] = {7, 9, 15, 12, 14};
;g Hkh ekuk fd bldk csl irk 2000 gSA pwafd iw.kkZad (int) nks ckbV dk LFkku ?ksjrk gS vr% ,js A
ds ik¡p vo;o fuEu izdkj ls HkaMkfjr gkasxsA
gesa ;g Hkh Kkr gS fd ,js dk uke Hkh ,js dk csl irk dks crykrk gS vr% A vkSj &A[0] nksuksa gh
,js ds igys vo;o dk irk (Base Address) crkrs gSA rFkk ,js ds vo;o eSeksjh esa yxkrkj LVksj
gksrs gaSA
blh izdkj ikWbUVj pj Hkh ml eSeksjh CykWd ds csl ,Mªsl dks gh LVksj djrk gSA vr% ,js vkSj
ikWbUVj dks ,d nwljs ds lkFk vkil es cny ldrs gSaA
mnkgj.k %
int*ptr;
int A[5] = {7, 9, 15, 12, 14};
ptr = A/* ptr = & A[0]*/
mijksDr mnkgj.k esa ptr vkSj A nksuksa gh ,js dh rjg dk;Z djsxsaA nksuksa dks gh ge ikWbUVj :Ik es rFkk
ijEijkxr :Ik esa mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA
tSls ptr[1] dk eku 9 gksxk rFkk *(A + 1) dk eku 9 gksxkA bldks fuEu mnkgj.k ls le>k tk
ldrk gSA
izksxzke 12 %
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int *ptr,I;
int A[5] = {7, 9, 1, 2, 4};
ptr = A;
clrscr();

(72)
 for(I=0;I<+5;I++)
{
printf(“\nI = %d ptr[I] = %d",I,ptr[I]);
printf(“ *(A+I) = %d &ptr[I] = %x",*(A+I),&ptr[I]);
printf(“ (A+I) = %x",ptr[I]);
}
getch();
}
vkmViqV fuEu gksxk %
I=0 ptr[I] = 7 *(A+I) = 7 &ptr[I] = ffca (A+I) = ffca
I=1 ptr[I] = 9 *(A+I) = 9 &ptr[I] = ffcc (A+I) = ffcc
I=2 ptr[I] = 1 *(A+I) = 1 &ptr[I] = ffce (A+I) = ffce
I=3 ptr[I] = 2 *(A+I) = 2 &ptr[I] = ffd0 (A+I) = ffd0
I=4 ptr[I] = 4 *(A+I) = 4 &ptr[I] = ffd2 (A+I) = ffd2
mijksDr izksxzke esa ikWbUVj pj dks ijEijkxr :Ik esa rFkk ,js dks ikWbUVj :Ik esa fy[kk x;k gSA
tksfd ;g n’kkZrk gS fd ,d foeh; ,js rFkk ikWbUVj dks vkil esa cnyk tk ldrk gSA ;gk¡ ij /;ku
j[kuk vko’;d gS fd vxj ikWbUVj pj esa 1 dks tksM+rs gS rks mlesa 2 ckbV~l c<+rs gSaA ;g blesa LVksj
MkVk izdkj ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ;fn ;g long int gksxk rks ikWbUVj pj esa 1 dks tksM+rs gS rks pkj ckbV
c<++rs gSaA
izksxzke 13 % 10 iw.kkZadksa dks O;ofLFkr djus gsrq lysD’ku 'kkWVZ ds fy, ^lh* Hkk"kk esa izksxzke fyf[k,A
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<alloc.h>
#include<string.h>
/*It is C program to sort 10 Numbers. */
int main()
{
int *A;
/* Array A declared as pointer type.*/
int i,j,temp;
A = (int *)malloc(20);
printf(“\nEnter Ten Numbers :\n");
for(i=0;i<+10;i++)
scanf(“%d",(A+i));
/* Sorting Algoritham */
for(i=0;i<+9;i++)
for(j=i+1;j<+10;j++)
if(*(A+i) > *(A+j))

(73)
 {
temp = *(A+i);
*(A+i) = *(A+j);
*(A+j) = temp;
}
printf(“\nThe Sorted Numers are :\n");
for(i = 0; i<+10;i++)
printf(“%d\n", *(A+i));
getch();
return 0;
}
Result:
Enter Ten Numbers :
20 10 40 60 50 30 80 70 90 75
The Sorted Numbers are :
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 75 80 90
izksxzke 14 % ladsrd dk mi;ksx djrs gq, nks fLVªax tksM+us ds fy, izksxzke fyf[k,A
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<alloc.h>
#include<string.h>
main()
{
char *s1,*s2,*s3;
int n1,i,j;
/*Memory Allocation */
printf(“\nEnter the length of first string : “);
scanf(“%d",&n1);
s1 = (char *)malloc(n1+1);
printf(“\nEnter the length of second string : “);
scanf(“%d",&n1);
s2 = (char *)malloc(n1+1);
s3 = (char *)malloc(strlen(s1) + strlen(s2) -1);
printf(“\nEnter Two strings :\n");
scanf(“%s %s",s1,s2);
/* Algorithm */
strcpy(s3,s1);
i=strlen(s3);
j=0;

(74)
 while(s2[j] != '\0’)
s3[i++] = s2[j++];
s3[i] = '\0’;
printf(“Strings are : \n %s %s %s",s1,s2,s3);
getch();
}

2-11 lajpuk,¡ (Structures)

vHkh rd geusa ,js ds ckjs esa Ik<++k ftlesa lHkh vo;o ,d gh izdkj ds gksrs gaSA ysfdu lajpukvksa
(structures) esa fofHkUu izdkj ds vo;oksa dks ,d lkFk j[k ldrs gaSA vr% ,d lajpuk esa mi;ksxdrkZ
(user) ds vuqlkj int, float, double, char vkSj array izdkj vyx&vyx vk¡dM+ksa dk mi;ksx
dj ldrs gSaA lajpuk ds izR;sd vo;o dks lnL; (member) dgrs gSaA ekuk fd gesa d{kk ds 40
fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, muds uke (name), Basic, irk (Address) rFkk HRA HkaMkfjr djus gks rks
vHkh rd geus Ik<+k dh ,js lcls vPNk rjhdk gSA ysafdu buesa uke] jksy ua-] irk vkSj izkIrkad ds fy,
vyx vyx ,js ysdj mlesa vkadM+ksa dks HkaMkfjr djrs gSaA ijUrq lajpukvksa dk mi;ksx djds ge bls
vklku cuk ldrs gSaA blesa ,d lajpuk Employee cuk;saxs ftlds lnL; uke] csfld] irk rFkk
HRA gksxsaA bl lajpuk dk ,js cukdj ge 40 deZpkfj;ksa dh lwpuk dks HkaMkfjr dj ldrs gSaA
2-11-1 lajpuk dh ?kks"k.kk (Declarartion of Structure )
lajpuk dh ?kks"k.kk djuk dfBu gksrk gS D;ksafd lajpuk esa izR;sd lnL; dh ?kks"k.kk dh tkrh gSA
lajpuk dks ?kksf"kr djus ds fy, jpuk (syntax) fuEufyf[kr gS %
struct <tag>
{
<data type> member1;
<data type> member2, member3;
…………………………………
………………………………..
<data type> membern;
};
mijksDr lajpuk ?kks"k.kk esa struct dh oMZ gSA tag lajpuk dk vfHkKkud (identifier) gSA rFkk
member1, member2, member3......member_n vyx vyx lnL; ?kksf"kr fd, x, gSaA
lnL;ksa dk izdkj ikWbUVj] ,js] lk/kkj.k pj rFkk vU; lajpuk gks ldrh gSA ftu lnL;ksa dk MkVk dk
izdkj leku gks mudks ,d lkFk ?kksf"kr dj ldrs gSaA tSls mijksDr ?kks"k.kk esa datatype member2,
member3; dks ,d lkFk ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gSA
mnkgj.k %
,d employee lajpuk dks ?kksf"kr dhft, ftlds lnL; fuEu gS %
name, basic, address, HRA
struct employee
{
(75)
 char name[20];
int basic;
char address[25];
int HRA;
};
mijksDr employee lajpuk mi;ksxdrkZ ?kksf"kr lajpuk dgykrh gSA vc employee tSlh dbZ
lajpuk,¡ ?kksf"kr dj ldrs gSA
mnkgj.k %
struct employee emp1, emp2;
emp1 vkSj emp2 employee rjg dh lajpuk,¡ gksxhA mijksDr nksuksa ?kks"k.kkvksa dks ,d gh dFku esa
lfEefyr dj ldrs gSa A
mnkgj.k %
struct tag
{
<data type> member 1
<data type> member2
...........
...........
data type member n;
} vaiable1, variable2;
bl n’kk (case) esa tag dks fy[kuk t:jh ugha gSA mijksDr mnkgj.kksa dks fuEu izdkj fy[ksaxsA
struct employee
{
char name[20];
int basic;
char address[25];
int HRA;
}emp1, emp2;
mijksDr mnkgj.k esa geusa lk/kkj.k pj rFkk ,js pj dk mi;ksx fd;k gSA
mnkgj.k %
struct employee
{
char name[20];
int basic;
char address[25];

(76)
 int HRA;
}emp1, emp2;
ge lajpuk ds vUnj nwljh lajpuk dks Hkh lnL; cuk ldrs gSaA
mnkgj.k %
struct date
{
int day;
int month;
int year;
};
struct employee
{
char name[20];
int basic;
char address[25];
int HRA;
struct date DOB;
}emp1;
mijksDr mnkgj.k esa DOB lnL;] ,d date dh rjg dh lajpuk gSaA ;g employee lajpuk ds
vUnj fy[kk x;k gSA
ge lajpuk dks ?kksf"kr djrs le; Hkh izkjfEHkdj.k dj ldrs gSA mnkgj.k %
struct employee emp1 = {“Sangeeta Gupta”, 8000, “153, Arya Nagar”,
1200, 25, 01, 1976};
igyk eku struct ds igys lnL; esa LVksj gksxk nwljk eku lajpuk ds nwljs lnL; esa LVksj gksxkA
2-11-2 eSeksjh eSi (Memory Map)
dbZ lajpuk eSeksjh esa vyx&vyx lnL; ds fy, vyx&vyx eSeksjh ,d lkFk ,syksdsV gksrh gSA
ml lajpuk dh lkbt mlesa gksus okys lnL;ksa ds vyx&vyx lkbt ds ;ksx ds cjkcj gksxhA mijksDr
employee lajpuk dk eSeksjh eSi fuEu gksxk&
bl lajpuk esa mi;ksx gksus okyh eSeksjh gksxh %
20 + 2 +25 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 55 bytes
bldh lkbt dh x.kuk djus gsrq sizeof ladkjd gksrk gS ftlls bldh lkbt Kkr dh tk
ldrh gSA
mnkgj.k %
sizeof(employee)
output – 55

(77)
2-11-3 lajpuk dh izfØ;k
lajpuk ds lnL; T;knkrj vyx&vyx gh izfØ;k esa Hkkx ysrs gSaA lajpuk ds lnL;ksa dks fuEu
izdkj ,Dlsl (Access) dj ldrs gSaA
<lajpuk dk uke>-<lajpuk dk lnL;>
blesa .(dot) ladkjd dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA fuEu mnkgj.k dks nsf[k,A
struct employee
{
char name[20];
int basic;
char address[25];
int HRA;
struct date DOB;
}emp1;
st1 lajpuk ds lnL;ksa dks ,Dlsl fuEu izdkj djsaxsA
emp1.basic = 8000
emp1.HRA = 1200
strcpy(emp1.name, “Yashika’);
blh rjg ls ge lajpuk ds lHkh lnL;ksa dks Ik<++ vkSj fy[k ldrs gSaA
lajpuk ds lnL;ksa dks Ik<++us ds fy, %
scanf(“%d’, &emp1.basic);
scanf(“%d’, &emp1. HRA);
scanf(“%s’, emp1.name);
lajpukvksa ds lnL;ksa dks fy[kus ds fy,
printf(“%d’, emp1.basic);
printf(“%d’, emp1. HRA);
printf(“%s’, emp1.name);
vxj fdlh lajpuk ds vUnj lajpuk dks ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gS rks mi lnL;ksa ds ,Dlsl djus gsrq
.(dot) ladkjd dk mi;ksx djrs gaSA bldks fuEu izdkj fy[krs gSa
<lajpuk dk uke>.<lajpuk dk lnL;>.<lajpuk dk mi lnL;>
mijksDr mnkgj.kksa esa DOB lnL; date dh lajpuk gS tks fuEu izdkj ?kksf"kr gSaA
struct date
{
int day;
int month;
int year;
};

(78)
 DOB lnL; dks fuEu izdkj ,Dlsl djsaxsA
emp1.DOB.day= 25
emp1.DOB.Month = 01
emp1.DOB.Year = 1976,
vxj ,d lajpuk ds nks pj ?kksf"kr fd, x, gks rks muesa Assignment ladkjd dk mi;ksx dj
,d pj dk eku nwljs pj esa LVksj dj ldrs gSaA
mnkgj.k %
struct student emp1={“Jahanvi Gupta”, 12000, “Alwar”, 1200, 01, 11, 2006},
emp2;
vxj ge assigment ladkjd dk mi;ksx djsa rks okD; fu;ekuqlkj fy[k ldrs gSaA
emp2 = emp1;
bl dFku ds }kjk emp1 ds lnL;ksa dk eku emp2 esa dkWih gks tk,xkA leku lajpuk pjksa ds
lnL; ls lnL; esa dkWih djus dh t:jr ugha gksrh gSA
2-12 lajpuk vkSj ,js (Structure and Array)
ge lajpuk lnL; esa ,js dks lnL; ds :Ik esa /kksf"kr dj ldrs gSa tSlk fd mijksDr mnkgj.kksa esa
fd;k x;k gSA
ge lajpuk dk ,js (structure of array) Hkh cuk ldrs gSA ftlls vxj gesa 100 deZpkfj;ksa ds
MkVk dks LVksj djuk gks rks ge lajpuk dk ,js cuk dj ldrs gSaA bldks fuEu izdkj ?kksf"kr djrs gaS%
struct employee
{
char name[20];
int basic;
char address[25];
int HRA;
struct date DOB;
};
struct employee emp1[100];
mijksDr mnkgj.k esa emp1 dks employee lajpuk dk ,js cuk;k x;k gSA bldks fuEu izdkj
,sDlsl fd;k tkrk gSA
lajpuk dk uke[subscript Value].lajpuk dk lnL;
mnkgj.k %
emp1[0].basic = 12000;
emp1[1].basic = 8000;
2-13 lajpuk vkSj Qyu
ge Qyu esa lajpuk ds lnL;ksa dks lk/kkj.k pjksa dh rjg Hkst ldrs gSaA

(79)
mnkgj.k %
Calculate(emp1.basic,emp1.HRA);
Basic vkSj HRA lajpuk emp1 ds lnL; gSA ge lEiw.kZ lajpuk dks Hkh ,d lkFk Qyu esa Hkst
ldrs gSaA tSls emp1 ,d employee rjg dh lajpuk gS rks
Calculate(emp1); /*calling*/
mnkgj.k %
void Calculate (struct employee Temp)
{
dFku
}
emp1 ds lHkh lnL; temp ds lnL;ksa esa dkWih gks tk,xkA
izksxzke 15 % Employee lajpuk dks ?kksf"kr djks ftlds lnL; fuEu gSA
name, address, basic pay, HRA vkSj DA gSaA blds eku LVksj djks rFkk dqy osru dh x.kuk djksA
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
struct employee
{
char name[20];
char address[25];
int basic_pay;
float da,hra;
float gross_pay;
};
struct employee e1;
/* Read structure*/
printf(“\nEnter Employee Data :");
printf(“\nName : “);
gets(e1.name);
printf(“Address : “);
gets(e1.address);
printf(“Basic Pay : “);
scanf(“%d",&e1.basic_pay);
printf(“DA(%) : “);
scanf(“%f",&e1.da);
printf(“HRA(%) : “);

(80)
 scanf(“%f",&e1.hra);
/* Gross Pay Calculation*/
e1.gross_pay = e1.basic_pay + e1.basic_pay * e1.da/100 +
e1.basic_pay * e1.hra/100;
/* Printing */
printf(“\nEmployee Data :");
printf(“\nName : %s",e1.name);
printf(“\nAddress : %s",e1.address);
printf(“\nBasic Pay : %d",e1.basic_pay);
printf(“\nDA : %5.2f%",e1.da);
printf(“\nHRA : %5.2f%",e1.hra);
printf(“\nGross Pay : %8.2f",e1.gross_pay);
getch();
}
Results:(Input data)
Enter Employee Data :
Name : Sunil Methi
Address : 153, Arya Nagar, Alwar.
Basic Pay : 9375
DA(%) : 43
HRA(%) : 15
Employee Data :(Output Data)
Name : Sunil Methi
Address : 153, Arya Nagar, Alwar.
Basic Pay : 9375
DA : 43.00%
HRA : 15.00%
Gross Pay : 14812.50
izksxzke 16 % ,d d{kk ds Nk=ksa ds uke] jksy ua- rFkk pkj fo"k;ksa ds izkIrkadksa dks lajpuk esa mi;ksx djrs
gq, HkaMkfjr djks rFkk izR;sd Nk= ds fy, uke] jksy ua- rFkk dqy izkIrkadksa dks fizUV djus gsrq izksxzke
fyf[k,A
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int i,j,tot;
struct
{
char name[20];
(81)
 int roll_no;
int sub1,sub2,sub3,sub4;
}student[5]; /* In this case tag not required*/
/* Read structure*/
for(i=0; i<+=4; i++)
{
printf(“\nEnter Student %d Data :",i+1);
printf(“\nName : “);
scanf(“ %[^\n]",student[i].name);
printf(“Roll Number : “);
scanf(“%d",&student[i].roll_no);
printf(“Marks Subject 1 : “);
scanf(“%d",&student[i].sub1);
printf(“Marks Subject 2 : “);
scanf(“%d",&student[i].sub2);
printf(“Marks Subject 3 : “);
scanf(“%d",&student[i].sub3);
printf(“Marks Subject 4 : “);
scanf(“%d",&student[i].sub4);
}
/* Printing */
for(i=0; i<+=4; i++)
{
printf(“\nName : %s",student[i].name);
printf(“\nRoll Number : %d",student[i].roll_no);
tot=student[i].sub1+student[i].sub2
+student[i].sub3+student[i].sub4;
printf(“\nTotal Marks : %d",tot);
}
getch();
}
egRoiw.kZ fcUnq
1- ,js nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA ,d foeh; ,js ,oa cgqfoeh; ,jsA
2- izksxzke dk og Hkkx tks vyx uke ls funsZ’kksZa ds lewg ds :i esa igpkuk tkrk gSA Qyu dgykrk
gSA
3- main () Qyu Hkh ;wtj fMQkbu Qyu dgykrk gS rFkk ;g izksxzke esa gksuk vko’;d gSA
4- iz;ksDrk ifjHkkf"kr Qyu dh ?kks"k.kk ;k fu/kkZj.k ds le; tks izkpy fn;s x;s gksrs gSa] os
vkSipkfjd izkpy (formal /dummy parameter) dgykrs gSaA

(82)
5- ftu izkpyksa ds lkFk Qyu dkWy fd;k tkrk gS og actual parameters dgykrs gSaA
6- Qyu nks izdkj ls call fd;s tkrs gSaA
(i) call by value ¼eku }kjk vkg~oku½
(ii) call by reference ¼jsQjsUl }kjk vkg~oku½
7- iqujkorZu og izfØ;k gS ftlesa dksbZ Qyu Lo;a (itself) dk gh vkokgu~ djrk gSA
8- iqujkorZu Qyu esa dksbZ ,slh d.Mh’ku gksuh pkfg, ftlds lUrq"V gksus ij iqujkorZu Qyu #d
tk;sA-
9- ikWbUVj pj fdlh lk/kkj.k pj dk ,Mªsl LVksj djrk gSaA
10- ikWbUVj pj ds }kjk xfrt eSeksjh (Dynamic Memory) dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA
11- calloc, malloc ds }kjk eSeksjh ,yksdsV djrs gSaA
12- free Qyu ds }kjk eSeksjh dks NksM+ nsrs gSaA
13- lajpuk ds }kjk vyx&vyx izdkj ds vkadM+ksa dks ,d lkFk ,df=r dj ldrs gSaA
14- lajpuk ds lnL;ksa dks .(dot) vkWijsVj ds }kjk ,Dlsl fd;k tkrk gSA
15- lajpuk ds }kjk fyad fyLV cuk ldrs gSaA
vH;klkFkZ iz’u
cgqp;ukRed iz’u %
1. ,d gh izdkj ds fofHkUu ekuksa dk lewg dgykrk gS %
(v) ,js (c) Qyu (l) fLVªax (n) blesa ls dksbZ ugha
2- float arr[3][2] esa fdrus vo;o gksrs gSa &
(v) 2 (c) 3 (l) 6 (n) 9
3- fuEu esa ls dkSulk dFku vlR; gS %
(v) Xykscy pj lkjs izksxzke esa mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(c) auto pj main() Qyu esa ?kksf"kr fd, tkrs gSaA
(l) yksdy pj dsoy mlh Qyu ;k CykWd esa dk;Z ugha djrs gSaA
(n) yksdy pj ,d gh uke ls vyx&vyx Qyuksa esa ?kksf"kr fd;s tk ldrs gSaA
4- Qyu int add(int x) dk vkokgu~ djus ds fy, fuEu esa ls dkSu lk dFku lR; gS %
(v) add(); (c) add(x); (l) add(int x); (n) int add (int x);
5- Qyu dks fdrus izdkj ls dkWy dj ldrs gSa %
(v) 2 (c) 1 (l) 3 (n) 4
6- Qyu fdrus izdkj ds gksrs gSa %
(v) 1 (c) 2 (l) 4 (n) 3
7- ladsrd pj esa LVksj gksrk gSA
(v) iw.kkZad eku (c) dksbZ Hkh eku
(l) fdlh vU; pj dk ,Mªl (n) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
8- int B = 10;
int *A =&B; printf(“%d", *A) fizUV djsxkA
(v) 10 (c) A pj dk ,Mªsl
(l) B pj dk ,Mªsl (n) izksxzke ds vuqlkj fizUV djsxkA
(83)
9- int *A
A= (int*)malloc(sizeof(int)*10);
printf(“%d",A); fizUV djsxkA
(v) A pj dk ,Mªsl (c) ,js ds izFke eku ,Mªsl
(l) ,js dk izFke eku (n) dksbZ eku fizUV ugha djsxkA
10- lajpuk dk lnL; gks ldrk gSA
(v) ikWbUVj pj (c) iw.kkZad pj (l) ¶yksfVax pj (n) mijksDr lHkh
11- fdlh lajpuk ds lnL;ksa dks ,Dlsl djus gsrq dkSu ls fpg~u dks mi;ksx esa ysrs gSaA
(v) . (dot) (c) * (l) ® (n) &
12- a = 1011
b = 1111 rFkk
x = a & b rks x dk eku gksxk &
(v) 10 (c) 11 (l) 12 (n) 13
13- ;fn fdlh la?k (Union) esa int, float rFkk double izdkj ds vk¡dM+s gSa rks mijksDr la?k ds
fy, fdruh eSeksjh ,yksdsV gksxh &
(v) 2 bytes (c) 4 bytes (l) 10 bytes (n) 8 bytes
vfry?kwÙkjkRed iz’u
1- return dFku dgka fy[kk tkrk gS \
2- izkpy fdrus izdkj ds gksrs gSa \
3- yksdy pj fdUgsa dgrs gSa \
4- '\0’ laizrhd fdl gsMj Qkby esa lfEefyr gksrk gS \
5- ,d foek okyh ,js dks fdl izdkj ?kksf"kr djrs gSa \-
6- fdlh ikWbUVj pj dks fdl izdkj ?kksf"kr djrs gSa \
7- int A;
A ds irs dks fdl izdkj fizUV djrs gSa \
8- free() Qyu ds }kjk eSeksjh dks dSls NksM+rs gSa \
9- lajpuk esa lnL;ksa dks fdl izdkj ?kksf"kr djrs gS \
10- lajpuk ds lnL;ksa dk izkjfEHkdj.k ds }kjk eku dSls fy[krs gSa \
11- malloc() Qyu fdl gSMj Qkby esa miyC/k gS \
12- lajpuk esa lnL;ka dks fdl izdkj ?kksf"kr djrs gSa \
13- lajpuk ds lnL;ksa dks izkjfEHkdj.k ds }kjk eku dSls fy[krs gSa \
14- ge fdlh pj ds fy, fcV~l fdlds }kjk ,yksdsV djokrs gSa \
15- u;k MkVk Vkbi cukus ds fy, dkSulk dh&oMZ dke esa ysrs gSa \
y?kwÙkjkRed iz’u
1- yksdy pj fdUgsa dgrs gSa \
2- nks foekvksa okyh ,js dh ?kkss"k.kk dk ,d mnkgj.k fy[kksA
3- Qyu dks fdl izdkj ?kksf"kr djrs gS\

(84)
4- Qyu fdrus izdkj ds gksrs gSa \
5- ,js dh ?kks"k.kk fdl izdkj djrs gSaA
6- iqujkorZu dh nks eq[; d.Mh’ku crkb,A
7- ikWbUVj pj D;k gSa \
8- int *A={10, 20, 30};
vxj A dk csl ,Mªl 2000 gS rks lHkh ekuksa ds ,Mªl fyf[k, \
9- ,d ikWbUVj pj }kjk ,js dks fdl izdkj ?kksf"kr djrs gSa \
10- lajpuk D;k gS \le>kb;sA
11- Nk= lajpuk ftlds lnL; name, address, roll_No. gS fyf[k,A
12- fcV~ fQYM~l ds }kjk esy@fQesy dk eku 0 ;k 1 LVksj djus ds fy, fdl izdkj ?kksf"kr djsaxsA
13- fu:fir vk¡dM+ksa dk ,d mnkgj.k fyf[k,A
fucU/kkRed iz’u
1- ikWbUVj ds ykHk fyf[k;sA
2- ikWbUVj ds }kjk ,js dks fdl izdkj ?kksf"kr djrs gSa \mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb,A
3- lajpuk dk mi;ksx djrs gq, 10 uke] irs rFkk Qksu uacj HkaMkfjr djksA bUgsa uke ds o.kZekyk Øe
esa O;ofLFkr djksA bUgsa uke ds o.kZekyk Øe esa O;ofLFkr djksA O;ofLFkr Øe dks fizUV djus gsrq
izksxzke fyf[k,A
4- ,d fLVªax dh jhM+ djks rFkk mlesa mi;ksx o.kZekyk ds v{kjksa dh vko'fÙk (frequency) Kkr
djus gsrq ^lh* Hkk"kk dk izksxzke fyf[k,A
5- Qyu ds fy, ladsrd fdl izdkj ?kksf"kr gksrs gSa \ mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb,A
6- fuEu lnL;ksa ds fy, fcV~ fQYM~l n’kkZrs gq, lajpuk fyf[k,A
i. be male or female
ii. have one of the eight different hobbies
iii. be single, married, divorced or widowed
7- fu:fir vk¡dM+k D;k gksrk gS \12 ekg dks ge fu:fir vk¡dM+s fd rjg fdl izdkj fy[ksaxs\
mÙkjekyk
1- v 2- l 3- c 4- l 5- v
6- c 7- c 8- v 9- c 10- n
11- v 12- c 13- n

(85)