Stella Matutina Academy of Bukidnon, Inc.

Kibawe, Bukidnon
S.Y. 2023 – 2024
Statistics and Probability
Grade 11
Second Semester
Activity Number: 2.4
I. Lesson Title: HYPOTHESIS TESTING (Types of Errors)
II. Objectives: At the end of the session, the students can illustrate types of errors in hypothesis testing by:
1. Differentiating Type I and Type II errors in claims and decisions;
2. Reflecting the importance of hypothesis testing in real-life scenario; and
3. Discussing and presenting situational problems related to types of errors in hypothesis testing.
III. References:
 https://www.scribd.com/document/499498011/1-Statistics-and-Probability-G11-Quarter-4-Module-1-Test-of-
Hypothesis
IV. Values Integration: Carefulness
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Activity 1: Graphic Organizer (30 points)
Instructions: Use a graphic organizer that can differentiate the types of errors (Type I and Type II) in
hypothesis testing. Write your answer in a short bond paper.

II. INTERACTION
B. Concept Notes
Type I and Type II Errors
 Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true is called a Type I error with probability denoted by alpha (𝜶).
In hypothesis testing, the normal curve that shows the critical region is called the alpha region.
 Accepting the null hypothesis when it is false is called a Type II error with probability denoted by beta
(𝛃). In hypothesis testing, the normal curve that shows the acceptance region is called the beta region.
 The larger the value of alpha, the smaller is the value of beta.

To summarize the difference between the Type I and Type II errors, take a look at the table below.
Null Hypothesis H o Fail to Reject H o Reject H o
Correct Decision Type I Error
True -Failed to reject H o when it is -Rejected H o when it is true.
true.
Type II Error Correct Decision
False -Failed to reject H o when it is -Rejected H o when it is false.
false.

Now, complete the statements that follow.

Analyze the possibilities of Sofia’s conclusion. Identify if it is a Type I Error, Type II Error, or a Correct
Decision.
If Sofia finds out that her null hypothesis is …
1. true and she fails to reject it, then she commits a ____________________.
2. true and she rejects it, then she commits a _____________________.
3. false and she fails to reject it, then she commits a __________________.
 4. false and she rejects it, then she commits a _____________________.
Your answers should be: 1) Correct Decision, 2) Type I Error, 3) Type II
Error, and 4) Correct Decision.

Illustrative Example:
Bryan is starting his own food cart business and he is choosing
cities where he will run his business. He wants to survey residents and test
at 5% level of significance whether the demand is high enough to support
his business or not before he applies for the necessary permits to operate in
his selected city. He will only choose a city if there is strong evidence that
the demand there is high enough. We can state the null hypothesis for his
test as:
𝐻𝑜: The demand is high enough.
What would be the consequence of a Type I error in this setting?
_____ He doesn't choose a city where demand is actually high enough.
_____ He chooses a city where demand is actually high enough.
_____ He chooses a city where demand isn't actually high enough.
The Type I error is the first statement because he rejected the true null
hypothesis.
What would be the consequence of a Type II error in this setting?
_____ He doesn't choose a city where demand is actually high enough.
_____ He chooses a city where demand is actually high enough.
_____ He chooses a city where demand isn't actually high enough.
The Type I error is the first statement because he rejected the true null
hypothesis.
What is the probability of Type I error?
_____ 0.10 _____ 0.25 _____ 0.05 _____ 0.01
The probability of Type I error is 0.05 because it is the level of significance
used.

C. Individual Practice
Exercise 1. Graphic Organizer (30 points)
Instructions: Use a graphic organizer that can differentiate the types of errors (Type I and Type II) in
hypothesis testing. Write your answer in a short bond paper.

D. Collaborative Activity (By Group)

Activity I. Type I or Type II
Instructions: Analyze the situation and discuss it with your group. Then, select the box that corresponds
to your group’s answer. One member of the group will present it to the class.
Situation 1:
A quality control expert wants to test the null hypothesis that an imported solar
panel is an effective source of energy.
1. What would be the consequence of a Type I error in this
context?
They do not conclude that the solar panel is They do not conclude that the solar panel
effective when it is not actually effective. is effective when it is actually effective.
They conclude that the solar panel is They conclude that the solar panel is
effective when it is actually effective. effective when it is not actually effective.

2. What would be the consequence of a Type II error?

They do not conclude that the solar panel is They do not conclude that the solar panel
effective when it is not actually effective. is effective when it is actually effective.
They conclude that the solar panel is They conclude that the solar panel is
effective when it is actually effective. effective when it is not actually effective.
Situation 2:
A resort owner does a daily water quality test in their swimming
pool. If the level of contaminants is too high, then he temporarily
closes the pool to perform a water treatment.
We can state the hypotheses for his test as:
𝐻𝑜: The water quality is acceptable.
𝐻𝑎: The water quality is not acceptable.
1. What would be the consequence of a Type I error in this
setting?
The owner closes the pool when it needs to The owner does not close the pool when it
 be closed. needs to be closed.
The owner closes the pool when it does not The owner does not close the pool when it
need to be closed. does not need to be closed
2. What would be the consequence of a Type II error in this setting?
The owner closes the pool when it needs to The owner closes the pool when it does
be closed. not need to be closed.
The owner does not close the pool when it The owner does not close the pool when it
does not need to be closed. needs to be closed
3. In terms of safety, which error has more dangerous consequences in this setting?
Type I Error Type II Error

III. INTEGRATION:
“The only way to test a hypothesis is to look for all the information that disagrees with it.” –Karl Popper
E. Closure
1. Does the quotation imply that a hypothesis is proven false if contradictory information is
found? Why or why not? 10 points
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Prepared by:
ROEL C. PELARCA, LPT CHERRY ROSE EXCHAURE, LPT

Subject Teacher/Moderator Subject Teacher

09516797705

NEILAN GALLUR, LPT CRISARAJANE DEQUITO, LPT

Subject Teacher Subject Teacher

Reviewed by:
JOHN PAUL C. PERCALES, LPT, MSc.
Senior High School Principal
09653969495