Bipolar Transistor

THE BIPOLAR
TRANSISTOR
PRESENTED BY: CARILLO, JAVIER, ORLINO
ICE BREAKER
“STOP THE CAR!”
What is the bipolar
transistor?
A bipolar transistor, also known as a
bipolar junction transistor (BJT), is a
type of semiconductor device that can
amplify or switch electrical signals. It is
called "bipolar" because its operation
involves both types of charge carriers:
electrons and holes.
CONSTRUCTION OF
BIPOLAR JUNCTION
TRANSISTOR
A BJT has three layers of doped BIPOLAR JUNCTION
semiconductor material, forming two p-n TRANSISTOR SYMBOL
junctions. The three regions are:
Emitter (E): Heavily doped region

that emits charge carriers.
Base (B): Thin and lightly doped

region that controls the transistor's
operation.
Collector (C): Moderately doped

region that collects charge carriers.
OPERATION OF
BIPOLAR JUNCTION
TRANSISTOR
There are three operating regions of a
bipolar junction transistor:
Active region: The region in which the transistors operate as an
amplifier.
Saturation region: The region in which the transistor is fully on and

operates as a switch such that collector current is equal to the
saturation current.
Cut-off region: The region in which the transistor is fully off and
collector current is equal to zero.
Types of Bipolar
Junction Transistor
There are two types of bipolar junction transistors:
PNP bipolar junction transistor
NPN bipolar junction transistor
NPN BJT
If a positive voltage (>0.6V) is applied to
the base of an npn transistor, the pn
junction between the base and emitter
becomes forward-biased. During forward
bias, escaping electrons are drawn to the
positive base.
Some electrons exit through the base, but

because the p-type base is so thin, the
onslaught of electrons that leave the
emitter get close enough to the collector
side What they begin jumping into the
collector. Increasing the base voltage
increases the emitter-to- collector electron
flow.
Recall, positive current flow is in the

direction opposite to the electron flow
current flows from collector to emitter.
Normally OFF. NPN BJT
No current passes from collector to emitter when base is not
activated.
NPN BJT
When VB > VE we have an operating circuit.
Current passes from collector to emitter when base is activated.
PNP BJT
In PNP BJT, the n-type semiconductor
is sandwiched between the two p-type
semiconductors. The two p-type
semiconductors act as emitter and
collector respectively while the n-type
semiconductor acts as a base. The
current enters the transistor through
the emitter such that the emitter-base
junction is forward biased and the
collector-base junction is reverse
biased.
PNP BJT
FUNCTION OF BIPOLAR
JUNCTION TRANSISTOR
FUNCTION OF BIPOLAR
JUNCTION TRANSISTOR
BJTs are of two types namely NPN and PNP based on doping types of the three main
terminals. An NPN transistor consists of two semiconductor junctions that have a thin p-
doped anode region and PNP transistor also consists of two semiconductor junctions that
have a thin n- doped cathode region.
The flow of charge in a Bipolar
transistor is due to the diffusion of
charge carriers between the two
regions belonging to different
charge concentrations. Regions of
BJT are known as the base,
collector, and emitter.
DIFFERENCES OF NPN & PNP
–NPN: a small input current and a positive voltage applied @ its base (with
VB>VE) allows a large current to flow from collector to emitter.
–PNP: a small output current and a negative voltage @ its base (with
VB<VE) allows a much larger current to flow from emitter to collector.
QUIZZZZZ
1. What does BJT stand for?
A) Bipolar Junction Transistor
B) Binary Junction Transistor
C) Base Junction Transistor
D) Bi-Junction Transistor
2. How many layers of semiconductor material does a BJT have?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
3. Which of the following are the main regions of a BJT?
A) Anode, Cathode, Gate
B) Source, Drain, Gate
C) Emitter, Base, Collector
D) Positive, Negative, Neutral
4. In an NPN transistor, the majority charge carriers are:
A) Electrons
B) Holes
C) Neutrons
D) Protons
5-6. Give the two types of bipolar junction transistor
7-9. Give the 3 types of layers of doped semiconductor material
10. bonus
ANSWER KEY:
1. A) Bipolar Junction Transistor

2. C) 3
3. C) Emitter, Base, Collector
4. A) Electrons
5-6. NPN AND PNP
7-9. BASE, EMITTER, COLLECTOR
10. BONUS

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THE BIPOLAR

Emitter (E): Heavily doped region

Base (B): Thin and lightly doped

Collector (C): Moderately doped

Saturation region: The region in which the transistor is fully on and

Some electrons exit through the base, but

Recall, positive current flow is in the

5-6. Give the two types of bipolar junction transistor

7-9. Give the 3 types of layers of doped semiconductor material

1. A) Bipolar Junction Transistor

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