Actual Brayton cycle

Tutorial 03: Brayton cycle

Xin Zhang
TA: Yuhong Li, Xiangtian Li

22 March 2024

Gas turbine (ideal) Brayton cycle Isentropic process

Static and stagnation (total) properties

→ p,T.. (static)
→ pt, Tt ..(total)

At a stagnation point, the fluid velocity is zero.

→ Incompressible flow (Bernoulli equation, Ma<0.3)

→ Compressible flow (density changes)

3 4
Isentropic process Isentropic process

Adiabatic process (energy equation) Solve 𝑇0

𝑇

1 1 𝛾𝑅
ℎ0 = ℎ1 + 2 𝑢12 = ℎ2 + 2 𝑢22 Note: 𝐶𝑝 = 𝛾−1 𝑐= 𝛾𝑅𝑇

ℎ = 𝐶𝑝 𝑇
1𝑢
𝑇0 = 𝑇 +
1 𝑢12 1 𝑢22 2 𝐶𝑝
𝑇0 = 𝑇1 + = 𝑇2 +
2 𝐶𝑝 2 𝐶𝑝
𝑇0 1 𝑢2 1 𝑢2 𝛾 − 1 𝑢2 𝛾−1 2
=1+ =1+ =1+ =1+ 𝑀
Solve 𝑇0 𝑇 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑇 2 𝛾𝑅 𝑇 2 𝛾𝑅𝑇 2
𝑇 𝛾−1

5 6

Isentropic process Case study

Adiabatic + reversible process = isentropic process (ideal condition) A military aircraft flies at Mach 2 at an altitude of 51000 feet propelled by
a simple turbojet engine (no bypass flow).
𝑃2 𝑇2 𝛾
= ( )𝛾−1 Atmospheric conditions (static):
𝑃1 𝑇1
→ 𝑃 = 11.0 kPa
→ 𝑇 = 216.65 K
→Solve the total temperature and pressure
𝑇 = 216.65 K 𝑃 = 1.1 × 104 Pa 𝑀0 = 2 𝑢0 = 𝑀 × 𝑎 = 𝑀 × 𝛾𝑅𝑇 = 590 m/s 𝛾 = 1.4
𝑃0
Solve State 1 to State 2, (velocity goes zero, stagnation) 𝑅 = 287 J/Kg/K
𝑃 𝛾−1 2 1.4−1
𝑇𝑡2 = 𝑇𝑡0 = 𝑇 1 + 𝑀0 = 216.65 × 1 + × 22 = 390 K
2 2

𝑃0 𝛾
𝛾 − 1 2 𝛾−1
= (1 + 𝑀 ) 𝛾
ൗ 𝛾−1 1.4
ൗ 1.4−1
𝑃 2 𝑃𝑡2 = 𝑃𝑡0 = 𝑃 1 +
𝛾−1 2
𝑀0 = 1.1 × 104 1 +
1.4−1 2
2
2 2

= 8.61 × 104 Pa
7 8
 Turbofan case study

A commercial aircraft flies at Mach 0.8 at an altitude of 35000 feet

propelled by a turbofan engine (bypass ratio of 10). Taking the guess of
Tutorial 07: Turbofan case study the temperature drop at the low pressure turbine: 406.3 K.
Atmospheric conditions:
→ 𝑃𝑃0 = 23.842 kPa
→ 𝑇𝑇0 = 218.8 K
Xin Zhang The inlet is assumed to be isentropic.
TA: Yuhong Li, Xiangtian Li The pressure ratio for flow through the fan which enters the core is 1.7,
with an isentropic efficiency of 90%.
There is a pressure ratio of 30 in the core compressor itself, which has an
11 April 2024 isentropic efficiency of 90%.
Stagnation pressure losses in the combustion chamber are neglected.
Assume the bypass jet velocity is the same as the core nozzle jet velocity
2

Turbofan case study Turbofan case study

The temperature at the entry of the high-pressure turbine is 1500K, with Calculate:
efficiencies for both turbines of 90%.
Both nozzles are assumed isentropic, and they can fully expand the flow at → Stagnation temperature and pressure at the exit of the compressor (stage 3).
their exit. → Stagnation temperature and pressure downstream of the turbine (stage 5).
The fuel mass flow is neglected to simplify the calculations. → Velocity of the jet (stage 9).
ℎ𝑓𝑓 = 43 MJ/kg 13 19
→ Specific fuel consumption SFC.
→ Compare the results with different BPR.
𝑢𝑢19
Additional: compare the results if we assume 𝑢𝑢19 ⁄𝑢𝑢9 = 0.78
𝑢𝑢9

9/
0 1 2 24 3 4 44 5 ∞

3 4
Schematoc of a 2-shaft turbofan Thermodynamic cycle for core flow
Since the core flow now passes
13 17 18 19 𝑡𝑡𝑡 through the inner portion of the
𝑇𝑇
fan before entering the core
Bypass air passage 𝑢𝑢𝑏𝑏 compressor, the overall pressure
Bypass duct
ratio is split between two parts:
𝑡𝑡3 𝑡𝑡44
Core engine air Core
passage
𝑢𝑢𝑒𝑒 nozzle 𝑢𝑢𝑐𝑐 𝜋𝜋2−3 = 𝜋𝜋2−24 × 𝜋𝜋24−3
𝑡𝑡𝑡
0 1 2 24 3 4 44 5 9
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡5
∞ ∞ 𝑡𝑡24
9
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡2
𝑡𝑡2
2
Assume the core and the bypass jets have the same velocity 𝑢𝑢𝑏𝑏 = 𝑢𝑢𝑐𝑐
𝑠𝑠

Thermodynamic cycle for bypass flow Solution

The pressure ratio for the fan-core flow 𝑇𝑇

depends on the bypass jet velocity required. 𝑃𝑃0 = 23.842 kPa 𝑀𝑀0 = 0.8 𝑅𝑅 = 287 J/Kg/K
𝑡𝑡13
This in turn depends upon the BPR and the 𝑇𝑇0 = 218.8 K 𝛾𝛾 = 1.4 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 = 1004.𝑡 J/kg/K
low-pressure turbine work. Isentropic intake 𝑢𝑢0 = 𝑀𝑀0 × 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑀𝑀0 × 𝛾𝛾𝑅𝑅𝑇𝑇 = 237.2 m/s

𝑊𝑊̇ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
2
𝑢𝑢19 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2 =?
If the fan flow is isentropic, then we have � 2𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝
𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝
2 −𝑢𝑢2 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡2 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡2 =?
𝑢𝑢19 0
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡13𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2 =
2𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 𝑢𝑢02
�2𝐶𝐶 0-2: isentropic deceleration
𝑝𝑝
Define a fan efficiency 2 𝑡𝑡19
𝛾𝛾−1 2 1.4−1
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡13𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 −𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2 = 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡0 = 𝑇𝑇0 1 + 𝑀𝑀0 = 218.8 × 1 + × 0.82
2 2
𝜂𝜂𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 𝑆𝑆 = 246.82 K
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡13 −𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2
𝛾𝛾 1.4
From the above two relations, 𝛾𝛾−1 2 � 𝛾𝛾−1 1.4−1 � 1.4−1
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡2 = 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡0 = 𝑃𝑃0 1 + 𝑀𝑀0 = 2.3842 × 104 1 + 0.82
2 −𝑢𝑢2 2 2
𝑢𝑢19 0 = 3.634 × 104 Pa
𝜂𝜂𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 =
2𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡13 −𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2
 Solution Solution

𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡2 = 3.634 × 104 Pa 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡24 = 6.178 × 104 Pa

𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2 = 246.82 K 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 = 291.71 K
𝜋𝜋2−24 = 1.7 𝜋𝜋24−3 = 30
𝜂𝜂fan = 90% 𝜂𝜂comp = 90%
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 =? 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3 =?
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡24 =? 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡3 =?
2-24is: isentropic compression 24is-24: isobaric 24-3is: isentropic compression 3is-3: isobaric
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡24 = 𝜋𝜋2−24 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡2 = 1.7 × 3.634 × 104 = 6.178 × 104 Pa 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡3 = 𝜋𝜋24−3 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡24 = 30 × 6.178 × 104 = 1.8𝑡3𝑡 × 106 Pa
𝛾𝛾−1 𝛾𝛾−1
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡24 𝛾𝛾 1.4−1 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡3 𝛾𝛾 1.4−1
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2 = 246.82 × 1.7 1.4 = 287.23K 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 = 291.71 × 30 1.4 = 770.88 K
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡2 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡24
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24
𝜂𝜂𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 𝜂𝜂𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝 =
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24
1 1 1 1
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 = 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2 + 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2 = 246.82 + × 287.23 − 246.82 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3 = 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 + 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 = 291.71 + × 770.88 − 291.71
𝜂𝜂𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 0.9 𝜂𝜂𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝 0.9
= 291.71K = 824.12K

Solution Solution

𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡3 = 1.8𝑡3𝑡 × 106 Pa 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡3 = 1.8𝑡3𝑡 × 106 Pa

𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3 = 824.12 K 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3 = 824.12 K
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡4 = 1𝑡00K 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡4 = 1𝑡00K
3-4: isobaric combustion 3-4: isobaric combustion
𝜂𝜂HPT = 90% 𝜂𝜂HPT = 90%
4-44is: isentropic expansion 4-44is: isentropic expansion
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡44 =? 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡44 =?
4is-44: isobaric 4is-44: isobaric
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡44 =? 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡4 = 1.8𝑡3𝑡 × 106 Pa 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡44 =? 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡4 = 1.8𝑡3𝑡 × 106 Pa
Work balance between high pressure turbine (HPT) and compressor 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡4 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡44
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡44 = 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡4 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 = 967.𝑡9 K 𝜂𝜂𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝑇𝑇 = = 0.9
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡4 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡44𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑊𝑊̇ 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝑇𝑇 = 𝑊𝑊̇ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝 𝑊𝑊̇ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝 = 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐 ℎ𝑡𝑡3 − ℎ𝑡𝑡24 = 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 (𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 ) 1
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡44𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡4 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡4 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡44 = 908.43 K
𝜂𝜂𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻
𝑊𝑊̇ 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝑇𝑇 = (𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐 +𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑓𝑓 ) ℎ𝑡𝑡4 − ℎ𝑡𝑡44 ≈ 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 (𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡4 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡44 ) 𝛾𝛾 1.4
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡44𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝛾𝛾−1 908.43 1.4−1
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡44 = 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡4 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡4
= 1.8𝑡3𝑡 × 106 × = 3.2 × 105 Pa
1500
𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 (𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡4 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡44 ) = 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 (𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 )

𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡44 = 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡4 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 = 967.𝑡9 K

Solution Solution

𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡44 = 3.2 × 105 Pa 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡5 = 3.𝑡𝑡 × 104 Pa

𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡44 = 967.𝑡9 K 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡5 = 𝑡61.29 K
𝜂𝜂LPT = 90% 𝑃𝑃9 = 𝑃𝑃0 = 2.3842 × 104 Pa
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡44 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡5 = 406.3 K 5-9: isentropic acceleration
44-5is: isentropic expansion
𝑇𝑇9 =? 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡9 = 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡5 = 𝑡61.29 K
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡5 =? 5is-5: isobaric 𝑢𝑢9 =? 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡9 = 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡5 = 3.𝑡𝑡 × 104 Pa
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡5 =?
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡44 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡5 𝐻𝐻9
𝛾𝛾−1

𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡5 = 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡44 − 406.3K = 𝑡61.29 K 𝜂𝜂𝐿𝐿𝐻𝐻𝑇𝑇 = = 0.9 𝑇𝑇9 = 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡9 ×

𝛾𝛾
= 𝑡00.9𝑡 K
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡44 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡5𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐻𝐻𝑡𝑡9

𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡5𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡44 −
1
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡44 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡5 = 𝑡16.1𝑡 K 𝑢𝑢92
𝜂𝜂𝐿𝐿𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 = ℎ𝑡𝑡5 − ℎ9 = 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 (𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡5 − 𝑇𝑇9 )
2
𝛾𝛾
𝑇𝑇5𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝛾𝛾−1
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡5 = 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡44 = 3.𝑡𝑡 × 104 Pa 𝑢𝑢9 = 2𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 (𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡5 − 𝑇𝑇9 ) = 348.43 m/s
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡44

Solution Solution

𝑢𝑢9 = 348.43 m/s 𝑇𝑇

𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2 = 246.82 K 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡44 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡5 = 406.3 K 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡13 = 282.84 K 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2 = 246.82 K 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 = 291.71 K
𝑡𝑡13

𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡2 = 3.634 × 104 Pa The power balance:

𝑢𝑢19 = 𝑢𝑢9 𝑢𝑢0 = 𝑀𝑀0 × 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑀𝑀0 × 𝛾𝛾𝑅𝑅𝑇𝑇0 = 237.2 m/s 2
𝑢𝑢19
𝑊𝑊̇ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡13 =? �
𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 2𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 LPT work = fan-bypass work + fan-core work
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡2
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡13 =? 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡44 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡5 = 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑏𝑏 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡13 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2 + 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2
2 𝑢𝑢02
2
𝑢𝑢19 − 𝑢𝑢02 𝑢𝑢19 − 𝑢𝑢02 �2𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝
𝜂𝜂𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = = 0.9 𝑇𝑇13 − 𝑇𝑇2 = 𝑐𝑐̇ 𝑏𝑏
2𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡13 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2 2𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 𝜂𝜂𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 2 𝑡𝑡19 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡44 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡5 = 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡13 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2 + 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2
2 −𝑢𝑢2 𝑐𝑐̇ 𝑐𝑐
𝑢𝑢19 0
𝑇𝑇13 = 𝑇𝑇2 + = 282.84 K
2𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 𝜂𝜂𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑆𝑆 Δ𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡𝐿𝐿𝐻𝐻𝑇𝑇 = 𝛽𝛽Δ𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓−𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑝𝑝𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 + Δ𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓−𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑒
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡13𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2 + 𝜂𝜂𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡13 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2 = 279.23 K
𝛾𝛾
Solve for the bypass ratio BPR
𝑇𝑇13𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝛾𝛾−1
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡13 = 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡13𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡2 = 𝑡.60 × 104 Pa 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑏𝑏
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2 𝛽𝛽 = ≈ 10
𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐
Solution Solution

The gross thrust per unit core mass 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡4 = 1𝑡00 K 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3 = 824.12 K ℎ𝑓𝑓 = 43 MJ/kg
𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐 𝑢𝑢9 + 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑏𝑏 𝑢𝑢19
= = 𝑢𝑢9 + 𝛽𝛽𝑢𝑢19 = 3.83 × 103 m/s
𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐
𝐹𝐹𝑓𝑓 𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺 𝑢𝑢0 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐 + 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑏𝑏 The power generated by fuel combustion can be expressed as
= − = 𝑢𝑢9 + 𝛽𝛽𝑢𝑢19 − 1 + 𝛽𝛽 𝑢𝑢0 = 1.22 × 103 m/s 𝑄𝑄̇ 𝑖𝑖𝑓𝑓 = 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑓𝑓 ℎ𝑓𝑓 = 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 (𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡4 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3 )
𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐

The propulsive efficiency: 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑓𝑓 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡4 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3 𝐹𝐹𝑓𝑓

2 2 = = 0.0164 = 1.22 × 103 m/s
𝜂𝜂𝑝𝑝𝑐𝑐 = 𝑢𝑢 = = 81% 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐 ℎ𝑓𝑓 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐
9� 348.43�
𝑢𝑢0 + 1 237.2 + 1
𝑐𝑐̇ 𝑓𝑓 𝑐𝑐̇ 𝑓𝑓 /𝑐𝑐̇ 𝑐𝑐
The overall efficiency: SFC = = = 1.34 × 10−5 kg/N/s
𝐹𝐹𝑓𝑓 𝐹𝐹𝑓𝑓 /𝑐𝑐̇ 𝑐𝑐
𝐹𝐹𝑓𝑓 × 𝑢𝑢0 𝐹𝐹𝑓𝑓 /𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐 × 𝑢𝑢0 1029 × 2𝑡6.7
𝜂𝜂𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑜 = = = 41.2𝑡% = = 40.7%
𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑓𝑓 ℎ𝑓𝑓 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡4 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3 648.02 × 103

Solution

Compared with 𝛽𝛽 = 6
40.7%
BPR 𝜷𝜷 6 10 Tutorial 07: dynamic scaling
𝐹𝐹𝑓𝑓 /𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐 (m/s) 1.14 × 103 1.22 × 103

𝜂𝜂𝑝𝑝 0.74 0.81

Xin Zhang
𝜂𝜂𝑡𝑡𝑡 0.38 0.41 TA: Yuhong Li, Xiangtian Li
SFC (kg/N/s) 1.43× 10−5 1.34× 10 −5

2 May 2024
 Dynamic scaling and non-dimensional analysis Dynamic scaling questions

Expensive simulation and test under specific conditions can be estimated. 1. If the Mach number of an aircraft is constant, verify that the ratio of inlet
→ But performance trends are not clearly shown … total temperature to atmospheric static temperature 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2 ⁄𝑇𝑇0 , and inlet
total pressure to atmospheric static pressure 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡2 ⁄𝑃𝑃0 , are constant.
Alternative is to use dynamic scaling.
→ Estimate performance at different altitudes and flight Mach numbers when
2. For a constant engine non-dimensional operating point and Mach
the engine is operating under the same non-dimensional condition. number, show that the gross thrust 𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺 is proportional to the atmospheric
static pressure.
The existence of dynamic scaling rules is based on: 3. The net thrust 𝐹𝐹𝑁𝑁 is defined as the gross thrust minus the ram drag:
→ Core temperature ratio (𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡4 ⁄𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2 ) remains nearly the same. 𝐹𝐹𝑁𝑁 = 𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺 − 𝑚𝑚̇ air 𝑢𝑢0
→ Internal performance is independent of ambient pressure; the nozzle is Show that for a constant Mach number and engine condition, the net
mostly choked.
thrust is also proportional to the atmospheric static pressure.
Objectives:
→ to product “non-dimensional groups of variables”
→ to ‘dynamically scale’ the cruise performance to other conditions.
3

Dynamic scaling questions Dynamic scaling questions

1. If the Mach number of an aircraft is constant, verify that the ratio of inlet 2. For a constant engine non-dimensional operating point and Mach
total temperature to atmospheric static temperature 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2 ⁄𝑇𝑇0 , and inlet total number, show that the gross thrust 𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺 is proportional to the atmospheric
pressure to atmospheric static pressure 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡2 ⁄𝑃𝑃0 , are constant. static pressure.
Recall the non-dimensional thrust
Stage 0 – stage 2 Isentropic deceleration
𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺 + 𝑃𝑃0 𝐴𝐴𝑁𝑁 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑢𝑢19 + 𝑃𝑃19 𝐴𝐴𝑁𝑁 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡4
= =F
𝐷𝐷 2 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡2 𝐷𝐷 2 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡2 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2
𝛾𝛾 − 1 2
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2 = 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡0 = 𝑇𝑇0 1 + 𝑀𝑀0 𝐴𝐴𝑁𝑁 is the area of the bypass duct
2
𝛾𝛾
� 𝛾𝛾−1
𝐷𝐷 is the diameter of the fan
𝛾𝛾 − 1 2
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡2 = 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡0 = 𝑃𝑃0 1 + 𝑀𝑀0 𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡4 𝑃𝑃0 𝐴𝐴𝑁𝑁
2 =F − 2
𝐷𝐷 2 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡2 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2 𝐷𝐷 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡2
𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺
Constant 𝑀𝑀0 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡2 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2 In constant engine operating point,
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡4
is fixed as a constant. 𝐷𝐷2 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡2
is a constant
, → constant 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2
𝑃𝑃0 𝑇𝑇0 𝑃𝑃0
With constant Mach number,
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡2
is a constant. 𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺 ∝ 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡2 𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺 ∝ 𝑃𝑃0
4 5
Dynamic scaling questions Dynamic scaling example

3.The net thrust 𝐹𝐹𝑁𝑁 is defined as the gross thrust minus the ram drag: Consider the aircraft is flying at Mach 0.8 at an altitude of 35000 feet
𝐹𝐹𝑁𝑁 = 𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺 − 𝑚𝑚̇ air 𝑢𝑢0 propelled by 2 turbofan engines (bypass ratio of 10).
Show that for a constant Mach number and engine condition, the net thrust Atmospheric conditions at 35000 feet:
is also proportional to the atmospheric static pressure. → 𝑃𝑃0 = 23.842 kPa
In constant engine operating
𝑇𝑇
point, 𝑡𝑡4 is fixed as a constant. Hence
→ 𝑇𝑇0 = 218.8 K
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2
With constant Mach number
𝑃𝑃 𝑇𝑇
(𝑀𝑀0 ), 0 , 0 are two constants.
In those conditions, the gross and net thrust per unit of mass flow through
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡2 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑢𝑢0 1 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 the core were calculated as:
⋅ is a constant
𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺 ∝ 𝑃𝑃0 𝐷𝐷2 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡2 𝑀𝑀0 𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾
→ 𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺 ⁄𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐 = 3.833 m/s
For air flow: 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑢𝑢0 ∝ 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡2 → 𝐹𝐹𝑁𝑁 ⁄𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐 = 1.223 m/s
𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡4 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 𝑇𝑇0
=F is a constant 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑢𝑢0 ∝ 𝑃𝑃0
Assume that the mass flow rate through the core is 50 kg/s.
𝐷𝐷2 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡2 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2 𝐷𝐷2 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡2

𝑢𝑢0 = 𝑀𝑀0 𝑐𝑐0 = 𝑀𝑀0 𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾𝑇𝑇0 𝑐𝑐0 is the sound speed 𝐹𝐹𝑁𝑁 ∝ 𝑃𝑃0
𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 𝑇𝑇0 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑀𝑀0 𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾𝑇𝑇0 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 𝑇𝑇0 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑢𝑢0 1 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝
= ⋅ = 2 ⋅
𝐷𝐷 2 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡2 𝐷𝐷 2 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡2 𝑀𝑀0 𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾𝑇𝑇0 𝐷𝐷 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡2 𝑀𝑀0 𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾 6 7

Dynamic scaling example Dynamic scaling example

𝑀𝑀0 = 0.8 𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺 ⁄𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐 = 3.833 m/s
For the same Mach number and engine condition, calculate the mass flow Altitude = 35000 ft, 𝐹𝐹𝑁𝑁 ⁄𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐 = 1.223 m/s 𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺 = 191.635 kN
of air, gross thrust and net thrust at an altitude of 41000 feet: 𝑃𝑃0 = 23.842 kPa, 𝑇𝑇0 = 218.8 K 𝐹𝐹𝑁𝑁 = 61.15 kN
𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐 = 50 kg/s
→ 𝑃𝑃0 = 17.9 kPa BPR = 10
→ 𝑇𝑇0 = 216.7 K For the same Mach number and engine condition,
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡4
is fixed as a constant
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2
Assuming a constant value of the lift/drag ratio of 20, calculate the
maximum aircraft mass that can be propelled at Mach 0.8 and 41000 feet, At 41000 ft, 𝑃𝑃0 = 17.9 kPa, 𝑇𝑇0 = 216.7 K
considering that both engines operate at the same non-dimensional A same Mach number for the engine at 35000 ft and 41000 ft, respectively.
condition.
𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺 ∝ 𝐷𝐷 2 𝑃𝑃0 𝐹𝐹𝑁𝑁 ∝ 𝐷𝐷 2 𝑃𝑃0
𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺 𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺 𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺 191.635
� = � 𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺 � = � × 𝑃𝑃0 � = × 17.9 kN = 143.881 kN
𝐷𝐷 2 𝑃𝑃0 41000 ft 𝐷𝐷 2 𝑃𝑃0 35000 ft 41000 ft 𝑃𝑃0 35000 ft 41000 ft 23.842

𝐹𝐹𝑁𝑁 � = 45.912 kN
41000 ft

8 9
Dynamic scaling example Dynamic scaling example
𝑀𝑀0 = 0.8 𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺 ⁄𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐 = 3.833 m/s 𝑀𝑀0 = 0.8 𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺 ⁄𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐 = 3.833 m/s
Altitude = 35000 ft, 𝐹𝐹𝑁𝑁 ⁄𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐 = 1.223 m/s 𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺 = 191.635 kN Altitude = 35000 ft, 𝐹𝐹𝑁𝑁 ⁄𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐 = 1.223 m/s 𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺 = 191.635 kN
𝑃𝑃0 = 23.842 kPa, 𝑇𝑇0 = 218.8 K 𝐹𝐹𝑁𝑁 = 61.15 kN 𝑃𝑃0 = 23.842 kPa, 𝑇𝑇0 = 218.8 K 𝐹𝐹𝑁𝑁 = 61.15 kN
𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐 = 50 kg/s 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐 = 50 kg/s
BPR = 10 BPR = 10
𝑇𝑇 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡4
For the same Mach number and engine condition, 𝑡𝑡4 is fixed as a constant For the same Mach number and engine condition, is fixed as a constant
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2

At 41000 ft, 𝑃𝑃0 = 17.9 kPa, 𝑇𝑇0 = 216.7 K At 41000 ft, 𝑃𝑃0 = 17.9 kPa, 𝑇𝑇0 = 216.7 K

A same Mach number for the engine at 35000 ft and 41000 ft, respectively. A same Mach number for the engine at 35000 ft and 41000 ft, respectively. Considering 2 engines
𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 𝑇𝑇0 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑇𝑇0 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑇𝑇0 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 � = 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐 × (BPR + 1)� 𝐹𝐹𝑁𝑁 � = 45.912 kN Lift force = Weight: 𝐿𝐿 = 𝑊𝑊 = 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 Drag force = Total Thrust: 𝐷𝐷 = 2𝐹𝐹𝑁𝑁
is a constant 41000 ft
𝐷𝐷2 𝑃𝑃0 � = � 35000 ft 35000 ft
𝑃𝑃0 𝑃𝑃0 = 50 × 11 = 550 kg/s 𝐿𝐿
41000 ft 35000 ft = 20 at the two altitudes
𝐷𝐷

𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑇𝑇0 𝑃𝑃0 218.8 17.9

𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 � = � × � = 550 × × = 414.9 kg/s 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
41000 ft 𝑃𝑃0 𝑇𝑇0 23.842 216.7 � = 20 2 × 45.912 × 20
35000 ft 41000 ft
2𝐹𝐹𝑁𝑁 41000 ft 𝑀𝑀 = = 187.2 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
9.81
10 11

Axial flow compressor stage

A stage consist of

Tutorial 08: compressor example a row of rotor blades

(which do work on
the air, increasing its
enthalpy and
Flow
velocity)
Xin Zhang a row of stator vanes
which diffuse the
TA: Yuhong Li, Xiangtian Li flow and hence raise
the pressure
3 May 2024
Axial fan elementary annulus Compressor example

Consider a turbofan engine where the pressure ratio of the core

⋮
compressor is 25 and its mean radius is 85% of the radius at the tip.
𝜔𝜔
sg 𝑢𝑢𝜑𝜑 = 𝜔𝜔𝑟𝑟 The relative Mach number at the tip of the first rotor of the core
𝑟𝑟 compressor is 1.1. It can be assumed that the flow is purely axial with 𝑉𝑉𝑥𝑥
/𝑈𝑈𝑡𝑡 = 0.5 at the tip, where 𝑈𝑈𝑡𝑡 is the blade speed at the rotor tip.
sg The static temperature 𝑇𝑇24 at the entry of the core compressor is 287 K
and the radius at the tip of the compressor is 0.55m.
2
The enthalpy rise in each compressor stage is 0.42 𝑈𝑈𝑚𝑚 , based on mean
blade speed 𝑈𝑈𝑚𝑚 , and the isentropic efficiency of the whole compressor is
⋮ estimated to be 90%.
Consider that the total temperature at the entry of the core compressor is
2𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 300 K.
sg = , 𝐵𝐵 − number of blades
𝐵𝐵
𝑢𝑢𝜑𝜑 = 𝜔𝜔 � 𝑟𝑟, ω − rotational speed
𝑢𝑢𝑟𝑟 ≈ 0 4

Compressor example Solution

Questions: 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡3 𝑉𝑉𝑥𝑥

𝜋𝜋𝑐𝑐 = 𝜋𝜋24−3 = = 25 = 0.5
→ Find the blade tip speed and the rotating speed of the core shaft. 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡24 𝑈𝑈𝑡𝑡
→ Find the number of stages of the core compressor . 𝑟𝑟𝑚𝑚 = 0.85𝑟𝑟𝑡𝑡 , 𝑟𝑟𝑡𝑡 = 0.55 m 𝑇𝑇24 = 287 K
→ Calculate the average stage loading of the compressor. 𝑀𝑀1𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 1.1

𝑎𝑎 = 𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾𝑇𝑇
𝛾𝛾 = 1.4 R = 287
13 19
13 19

0 1 2 24 3 4 44 5 9
∞ 1 3 4 5 9
∞ 0 2 24 44
∞ ∞
5 6
Solution Solution

Questions: Questions:
→ Find the blade tip speed 𝑈𝑈𝑡𝑡 and the rotating speed of the core shaft Ω. → Find the blade tip speed 𝑈𝑈𝑡𝑡 and the rotating speed of the core shaft Ω.

The relative Mach number at the tip of the first rotor of the core compressor is 1.1. It can be The relative Mach number at the tip of the first rotor of the core compressor is 1.1. It can be
assumed that the flow is purely axial with 𝑉𝑉𝑥𝑥 /𝑈𝑈𝑡𝑡 = 0.5 at the tip, where 𝑈𝑈𝑡𝑡 is the blade speed at assumed that the flow is purely axial with 𝑉𝑉𝑥𝑥 /𝑈𝑈𝑡𝑡 = 0.5 at the tip, where 𝑈𝑈𝑡𝑡 is the blade speed at
the rotor tip. the rotor tip.

𝑉𝑉1𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 𝑉𝑉𝑥𝑥2 + 𝑈𝑈𝑡𝑡2 = 0.5𝑈𝑈𝑡𝑡 2 + 𝑈𝑈𝑡𝑡2 = 1.118𝑈𝑈𝑡𝑡 𝑉𝑉1𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 𝑉𝑉𝑥𝑥2 + 𝑈𝑈𝑡𝑡2 = 0.5𝑈𝑈𝑡𝑡 2 + 𝑈𝑈𝑡𝑡2 = 1.118𝑈𝑈𝑡𝑡

𝑉𝑉1𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑈𝑈𝑡𝑡 𝑉𝑉1𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑈𝑈𝑡𝑡

𝑉𝑉1𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 𝑀𝑀1𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑎𝑎24 𝑉𝑉1𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 𝑀𝑀1𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑎𝑎24
𝜃𝜃1 𝜃𝜃1
Speed of sound: 𝑎𝑎24 = 𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾𝑇𝑇24 = 1.4 × 287 × 287 𝑉𝑉1𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 373.54
𝑉𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎 = 𝑉𝑉𝑥𝑥 = 339.58 m/s 𝑉𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎 = 𝑉𝑉𝑥𝑥 𝑈𝑈𝑡𝑡 = = m/s = 334.1m/s
1.118 1.118

𝑈𝑈𝑡𝑡 334.1
𝑉𝑉1𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 1.1 × 339.58 = 373.54 m/s Ω=
𝑟𝑟𝑡𝑡
=
0.55
= 607.46 rad/s = 96.68 rev/s
7 8

Solution Solution

Questions: Questions:
→ Find the number of stages of the core compressor . → Find the number of stages of the core compressor .
Generally, these are designed with approximately equal work 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 ∆𝑇𝑇 on each stage and Generally, these are designed with approximately equal work 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 ∆𝑇𝑇 on each stage and
constant axial velocity. constant axial velocity.
2
The enthalpy rise in each compressor stage is 0.42 𝑈𝑈𝑚𝑚 , based on mean blade speed 𝑈𝑈𝑚𝑚 , For the whole stages in compressor, the enthalpy rise is: Δℎ𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟 = 𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑟𝑟 ⋅ Δℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑟 𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑟𝑟
and the isentropic efficiency of the whole compressor is estimated to be 90%.
Consider that the total temperature at the entry of the core compressor is 300 K. Δℎ𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟 = 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 ⋅ (𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 ) 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 = 300K 𝜂𝜂𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑝𝑝 = 0.9
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 = 300K 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡3
𝜋𝜋𝑐𝑐 = 𝜋𝜋24−3 = = 25
2
For each stage, the enthalpy rise is: Δℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑟 𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑟𝑟 = 0.42𝑈𝑈𝑚𝑚 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡24
𝛾𝛾−1
𝑟𝑟𝑚𝑚 = 0.85𝑟𝑟𝑡𝑡 = 0.85 × 0.55 = 0.4675 m 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡3 𝛾𝛾
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠 = 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 = 752.54 K
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡24
Ω = 607.46 rad/s
2
𝑈𝑈𝑚𝑚 = Ω𝑟𝑟𝑚𝑚 = 607.46 × 0.4675 = 284 m/s Δℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑟 𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑟𝑟 = 0.42𝑈𝑈𝑚𝑚 = 33.84 kg/kJ
9 10
Solution Solution

Questions: Questions:
→ Find the number of stages of the core compressor . → Find the number of stages of the core compressor .
Generally these are designed with approximately equal work 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 ∆𝑇𝑇 on each stage and Generally these are designed with approximately equal work 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 ∆𝑇𝑇 on each stage and
constant axial velocity. constant axial velocity.
For the whole stages in compressor, the enthalpy rise is: Δℎ𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟 = 𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑟𝑟 ⋅ Δℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑟 𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑟𝑟 For the whole stages in compressor, the enthalpy rise is: Δℎ𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟 = 𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑟𝑟 ⋅ Δℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑟 𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑟𝑟

Δℎ𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟 = 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 ⋅ (𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 ) 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 = 300K 𝜂𝜂𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑝𝑝 = 0.9 Δℎ𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟 = 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 ⋅ (𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 ) 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 = 300K 𝜂𝜂𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑝𝑝 = 0.9
𝛾𝛾−1 𝛾𝛾−1
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡3 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡3 𝛾𝛾 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡3 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡3 𝛾𝛾
𝜋𝜋𝑐𝑐 = 𝜋𝜋24−3 = = 25 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠 = 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 = 752.54 K 𝜋𝜋𝑐𝑐 = 𝜋𝜋24−3 = = 25 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠 = 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 = 752.54 K
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡24 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡24 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡24 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡24
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 Δℎ𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟 = 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 ⋅ 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 = 505.34 kJ/kg
𝜂𝜂𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑝𝑝 = = 0.9
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24
Δℎ𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟 = 𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑟𝑟 ⋅ Δℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑟 𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑟𝑟
1 1
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3 = 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 + 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 = 300 + × 752.54 − 300 = 802.83K Δℎ𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟 505.34
𝜂𝜂𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 0.9
𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑟𝑟 = = = 14.92 ≈ 15
Δℎ𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟 = 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 ⋅ 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 = 505.34 kJ/kg Δℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑟 𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑟𝑟 33.87
11 12

Solution

Questions:
→ Calculate the average stage loading of the compressor.
The ratio of enthalpy rise per stage and blade speed2, ∆ℎ/𝑈𝑈2 , is a measure of the duty of a
Tutorial 09: turbine example
compressor (i.e how hard it is working).

Δℎ𝑡𝑡𝑐𝑐𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑟𝑟 /𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠𝑟𝑟
The average stage loading is: 2 = 0.418
𝑈𝑈𝑐𝑐
Xin Zhang
TA: Yuhong Li, Xiangtian Li

9 May 2024
Turbine example Turbine example

Consider the turbofan engine from Tutorial_10. (Core compressor Assume that the flow is choked at the outlet of the first stator blades. It is
pressure ration 𝜋𝜋𝑐𝑐 = 𝜋𝜋24−3 = 25; 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 = 287 𝐾𝐾; 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3 = 802.83 𝐾𝐾) known the total temperature at the entry of the core turbine (1450K) and
The rotational speed of the core shaft was fixed to 607.46 rad/s(96.68 there is no total pressure loss in the combustion chamber (overall
rev/s) so that the mean blade speed for the turbine just depends on the pressure ratio of 40). Consider that the total pressure at the entry of the
mean radius. engine is 46kPa and the core mass flow is 70kg/s.
Previous experience and the wish to keep cost and weight down limits the The flow area can be approximated as: 𝐴𝐴 = 2𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟𝑚𝑚 ℎ cos 𝛼𝛼1 , where ℎ is the
number of core turbine stages to two. blade height.
To maintain efficiency the non-dimensional work of the turbine, based on
mean blade speed, must not exceed 2.0.
Assume that the non-dimensional axial speed is constant in each stage
and equal to 0.55 and suppose that the flow is purely axial into each stator
row.
Assume that the flow direction is the same as the blade outlet direction
and uniform axial velocity.
2 3

Turbine example Turbine example

Questions: Questions:
→ Find the necessary mean radius of the turbine. → Find the necessary mean radius of the turbine.
→ Find the flow direction out of the stator blades. Draw the velocity triangle and 𝑈𝑈𝑚𝑚
the blade cross-sections. Mean radius of the turbine 𝑟𝑟𝑚𝑚 =
Ω
→ Find the blade height of the first rotor stage.
𝑈𝑈𝑚𝑚 is the mean velocity, Ω = 607.46 rad/s is the rotational speed

13 19 To solve 𝑈𝑈𝑚𝑚 , work balance between the compressor and the turbine is used

𝑊𝑊̇ 𝑐𝑐 = 𝑊𝑊̇ 𝑡𝑡 𝑊𝑊̇ 𝑐𝑐 = 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑎𝑎 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 (𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 ) 13 19

𝑊𝑊̇ 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑓𝑓 Δℎ𝑡𝑡,𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑡𝑡 ≈ 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑎𝑎 Δℎ𝑡𝑡,𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑡𝑡

Δℎ𝑡𝑡,𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑡𝑡 = 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 = 505.34 kJ/kg
0 1 2 24 3 4 44 5 9
∞
Two stages
∞
Δℎ𝑡𝑡,𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑡𝑡 0 1 2 24 3 4 44 5 9
4 Δℎ𝑡𝑡,𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜 = = 252.67kJ/kg ∞ 5∞
2
Turbine example Turbine example

Questions: Questions:
→ Find the necessary mean radius of the turbine. → Find the flow direction out of the stator blades. Draw the velocity triangle and the
blade cross-sections.
𝑈𝑈𝑚𝑚
Mean radius of the turbine 𝑟𝑟𝑚𝑚 = Assume that the non-dimensional axial speed is constant in each stage and equal to
Ω
0.55 and suppose that the flow is purely axial into each stator row.
𝑈𝑈𝑚𝑚 is the mean velocity, Ω = 607.46 rad/s is the rotational speed 𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑡2
𝑉𝑉𝑥𝑥 𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎 𝑈𝑈𝑚𝑚
= 0.55 𝑈𝑈𝑚𝑚
𝑈𝑈𝑚𝑚 1
To solve 𝑈𝑈𝑚𝑚 , work balance between the compressor and the turbine is used 𝜃𝜃1 𝛼𝛼
1
Δℎ𝑡𝑡,𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑡𝑡 13 19
Δℎ𝑡𝑡,𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜 = = 252.67kJ/kg 𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑡1 𝑉𝑉2𝑎𝑎 = 𝑉𝑉𝑥𝑥
2 𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎 = 𝑉𝑉𝑥𝑥
𝑉𝑉1
Δℎ𝑡𝑡,𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜 𝑉𝑉𝑤𝑤1 − 𝑉𝑉𝑤𝑤2 𝑉𝑉𝑤𝑤2 = 0
Non-dimensional work: 2 ≤2 𝑉𝑉1
𝑈𝑈𝑚𝑚
𝑈𝑈
Δℎ𝑡𝑡,𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜 𝑉𝑉𝑤𝑤1 𝑈𝑈𝑚𝑚
𝑈𝑈𝑚𝑚 ≥ = 355.44 m/s
2 𝜃𝜃2
0 1 2 24 3 4 44 5 9
𝑉𝑉2𝑎𝑎 = 𝑉𝑉𝑥𝑥 stator 𝑉𝑉1𝑎𝑎 rotor
𝑟𝑟𝑚𝑚 ≥ 0.585 m ∞ 6∞
𝛼𝛼2 = 0 0 1 2

Turbine example Turbine example

Questions: Questions:
→ Find the flow direction out of the stator blades. Draw the velocity triangle and the → Find the blade height of the first rotor stage.
blade cross-sections.
Assume that the flow is choked at the outlet of the first stator blades. It is known the total
Assume that the non-dimensional axial speed is constant in each stage and equal to temperature at the entry of the core turbine (1450K) and there is no total pressure loss in
0.55 and suppose that the flow is purely axial into each stator row. the combustion chamber (overall pressure ratio of 40). Consider that the total pressure
𝑉𝑉𝑥𝑥 𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎 at the entry of the engine is 46kPa and the core mass flow is 70kg/s.
= 0.55 Euler work equation
𝑈𝑈𝑚𝑚 1 The flow area can be approximated as: 𝐴𝐴 = 2𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟𝑚𝑚 ℎ cos 𝛼𝛼1 ,where ℎ is the blade height.
𝜃𝜃1 𝛼𝛼
1 Δℎ𝑡𝑡,𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜 =𝑈𝑈𝑚𝑚 𝑉𝑉𝑤𝑤1 − 𝑉𝑉𝑤𝑤2
= 𝑈𝑈𝑚𝑚 𝑉𝑉1𝑎𝑎 tan 𝛼𝛼1 − 𝑉𝑉2𝑎𝑎 tan 𝛼𝛼2
𝑉𝑉1
𝑉𝑉𝑤𝑤1 − 𝑉𝑉𝑤𝑤2 2
= 𝑈𝑈𝑚𝑚 𝑉𝑉𝑥𝑥 tan 𝛼𝛼1 = 0.55𝑈𝑈𝑚𝑚 tan 𝛼𝛼1
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡4 = 1450 K
𝑈𝑈
𝑈𝑈𝑚𝑚 = 355.44 m/s, Δℎ𝑡𝑡,𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜 = 252.67kJ/kg
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡4 = 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡3 = 40 × 46 kPa
𝜃𝜃2 𝛼𝛼1 = 74.62∘ = 1840 kPa
𝑉𝑉2𝑎𝑎 = 𝑉𝑉𝑥𝑥
𝛼𝛼2 = 0
Turbine example

Questions:
→ Find the blade height of the first rotor stage.
Assume that the flow is choked at the outlet of the first stator blades. It is known the total
Tutorial 10: Final exam review
temperature at the entry of the core turbine (1450K) and there is no total pressure loss in
the combustion chamber (overall pressure ratio of 40). Consider that the total pressure
at the entry of the engine is 46kPa and the core mass flow is 70kg/s.
The flow area can be approximated as: 𝐴𝐴 = 2𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟𝑚𝑚 ℎ cos 𝛼𝛼1 ,where ℎ is the blade height. Xin Zhang
Normalized mass flow per unit area
−
𝛾𝛾+1 TA: Yuhong Li, Xiangtian Li
𝑚𝑚
˙ 𝑎𝑎 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡4 𝛾𝛾 𝛾𝛾 − 1 2 2(𝛾𝛾−1)
= 𝑀𝑀 1 + 𝑀𝑀
𝐴𝐴𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡4 𝛾𝛾 − 1 2
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡4 = 1450 K 9 May 2024
𝑚𝑚
˙ 𝑎𝑎 = 70kg/s Chocked flow, 𝑀𝑀 = 1
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡4 = 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡3 = 40 × 46 kPa
𝐴𝐴 = 0.03585 m2 = 2𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟𝑚𝑚 ℎ cos 𝛼𝛼1 𝛼𝛼1 = 74.62∘ = 1840 kPa
ℎ = 36.78 mm

Exam arrangement Chapter 1, 2.0, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 5, 6

Portion of assessment: 60% Newton’s laws of motion

Time & Venue: 29 May 2024; Time: 16:30-19:30, LG5 Conference Room Flight envelope
Please take calculator and other necessary notes. Classification of engines and their application
Open-book What dictates choice of engine types
Scope: Lecture notes: 1 - 9.2 (Lecture note 2.1 is not included) Why high temperature?
Thermodynamics (Zeroth law, First law, Second law, P-V, T-S diagram)
Thrust, Drag
Range equation
Propulsive efficiency; thermal efficiency; Overall efficiency.
SFC
Engine index, nomenclature, notation.
Intake, nozzel
Chapter 7 Turbojet Chapter 8.1 8.2

Gas turbine principles The requirements to develop turbo-fan engine by observing early turbojet
Gas turbine Brayton cycle Typical 2-shaft turbo-fan
Heat, work and enthalpy difference By pass principle
Combustion process Major turbofan engine parameters
Efficiencies Performance calculation, Cycle analysis
Power for compressor, turbine and load (jet) Bypass ratio selection
Cycle analysis

4 5

Chapter 8.3 Dynamic scaling of engine performance Chapter 8.4 Compressor

Dynamic scaling and non-dimensional analysis Basic principle of operation

Non-dimensional variables of the engine Compressor velocity triangles
Non-dimensional treatment of thrust Work input of compressor
Bypass nozzle and mass flow rate per unit area Work balance
Stage loading and efficiency
Thermodynamic process

6 7
Chapter 8.5 Combustor Chapter 8.6 Turbine

Type of combustion chamber Basic principle of operation

What does the combustor do? Advantages and disadvantages of turbines
How can we better evaporate fuel? Turbine velocity triangles
The common commercial fuel Work output of turbine
How do we need to do to burn fuel? Work balance
Stoichiometric ratio Design and operational considerations

8 9

Chapter 9.1 9.2 Environmental impact

The environmental impacts of aviation

Classification of aircraft noise
Noise certification reference locations
Source of engine noise
Acoustic analogy
noise mitigation

10