Tutorial 07: Turbofan case study

Xin Zhang
TA: Yuhong Li, Xiangtian Li

11 April 2024
Turbofan case study

A commercial aircraft flies at Mach 0.8 at an altitude of 35000 feet

propelled by a turbofan engine (bypass ratio of 10). Taking the guess of
the temperature drop at the low pressure turbine: 406.3 K.
Atmospheric conditions:
→ 𝑃𝑃0 = 23.842 kPa
→ 𝑇𝑇0 = 218.8 K
The inlet is assumed to be isentropic.
The pressure ratio for flow through the fan which enters the core is 1.7,
with an isentropic efficiency of 90%.
There is a pressure ratio of 30 in the core compressor itself, which has an
isentropic efficiency of 90%.
Stagnation pressure losses in the combustion chamber are neglected.
Assume the bypass jet velocity is the same as the core nozzle jet velocity
2
Turbofan case study

The temperature at the entry of the high-pressure turbine is 1500K, with

efficiencies for both turbines of 90%.
Both nozzles are assumed isentropic, and they can fully expand the flow at
their exit.
The fuel mass flow is neglected to simplify the calculations.
ℎ𝑓𝑓 = 43 MJ/kg 13 19

𝑢𝑢19

𝑢𝑢9

9/
0 1 2 24 3 4 44 5 ∞

3
Turbofan case study

Calculate:

→ Stagnation temperature and pressure at the exit of the compressor (stage 3).
→ Stagnation temperature and pressure downstream of the turbine (stage 5).
→ Velocity of the jet (stage 9).
→ Specific fuel consumption SFC.
→ Compare the results with different BPR.

Additional: compare the results if we assume 𝑢𝑢19 ⁄𝑢𝑢9 = 0.78

4
Schematoc of a 2-shaft turbofan

13 17 18 19

Bypass air passage Bypass duct 𝑢𝑢𝑏𝑏

Core engine air Core

passage
𝑢𝑢𝑒𝑒 nozzle 𝑢𝑢𝑐𝑐

0 1 2 24 3 4 44 5 9

∞ ∞

Assume the core and the bypass jets have the same velocity 𝑢𝑢𝑏𝑏 = 𝑢𝑢𝑐𝑐
Thermodynamic cycle for core flow
Since the core flow now passes
𝑡𝑡𝑡 through the inner portion of the
𝑇𝑇
fan before entering the core
compressor, the overall pressure
ratio is split between two parts:
𝑡𝑡3 𝑡𝑡44

𝜋𝜋2−3 = 𝜋𝜋2−24 × 𝜋𝜋24−3

𝑡𝑡𝑡

𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡5
𝑡𝑡24
9
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡2
𝑡𝑡2
2

𝑠𝑠
Thermodynamic cycle for bypass flow

The pressure ratio for the fan-core flow 𝑇𝑇

depends on the bypass jet velocity required.
𝑡𝑡13
This in turn depends upon the BPR and the
low-pressure turbine work.
2
𝑢𝑢19
If the fan flow is isentropic, then we have 𝑊𝑊̇ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
� 2𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝
𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝
2 −𝑢𝑢2
𝑢𝑢19
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡𝑡
0
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡13𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2 =
2𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 𝑢𝑢02
�2𝐶𝐶
𝑝𝑝
Define a fan efficiency 2 𝑡𝑡19

𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡13𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 −𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2
𝜂𝜂𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 𝑆𝑆
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡13 −𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2

From the above two relations,

2 −𝑢𝑢2
𝑢𝑢19 0
𝜂𝜂𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 =
2𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡13 −𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2
 Solution

𝑃𝑃0 = 23.842 kPa 𝑀𝑀0 = 0.8 𝑅𝑅 = 287 J/Kg/K

𝑇𝑇0 = 218.8 K 𝛾𝛾 = 1.4 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 = 1004.5 J/kg/K
Isentropic intake 𝑢𝑢0 = 𝑀𝑀0 × 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑀𝑀0 × 𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾 = 237.2 m/s
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2 =?
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡2 =?
0-2: isentropic deceleration
𝛾𝛾−1 2 1.4−1
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2 = 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡0 = 𝑇𝑇0 1 + 𝑀𝑀0 = 218.8 × 1 + × 0.82
2 2
= 246.82 K
𝛾𝛾 1.4
𝛾𝛾−1 2 � 𝛾𝛾−1 1.4−1 � 1.4−1
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡2 = 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡0 = 𝑃𝑃0 1 + 𝑀𝑀0 = 2.3842 × 104 1+ 0.82
2 2
= 3.634 × 104 Pa
Solution

𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡2 = 3.634 × 104 Pa

𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2 = 246.82 K
𝜋𝜋2−24 = 1.7
𝜂𝜂fan = 90%
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 =?
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 =?
2-24is: isentropic compression 24is-24: isobaric

𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡24 = 𝜋𝜋2−24 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡2 = 1.7 × 3.634 × 104 = 6.178 × 104 Pa

𝛾𝛾−1
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡24 𝛾𝛾 1.4−1
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2 = 246.82 × 1.7 1.4 = 287.23K
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡2
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2
𝜂𝜂𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 =
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2
1 1
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 = 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2 + 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2 = 246.82 + × 287.23 − 246.82
𝜂𝜂𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 0.9
= 291.71K
 Solution

𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡24 = 6.178 × 104 Pa

𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 = 291.71 K
𝜋𝜋24−3 = 30
𝜂𝜂comp = 90%
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3 =?
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡3 =?
24-3is: isentropic compression 3is-3: isobaric
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡3 = 𝜋𝜋24−3 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡24 = 30 × 6.178 × 104 = 1.8535 × 106 Pa
𝛾𝛾−1
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡3 𝛾𝛾 1.4−1
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 = 291.71 × 30 1.4 = 770.88 K
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡24
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24
𝜂𝜂𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 =
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24
1 1
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3 = 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 + 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 = 291.71 + × 770.88 − 291.71
𝜂𝜂𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 0.9
= 824.12K
 Solution

𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡3 = 1.8535 × 106 Pa

𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3 = 824.12 K
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡4 = 1500K
3-4: isobaric combustion
𝜂𝜂HPT = 90%
4-44is: isentropic expansion
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡44 =?
4is-44: isobaric
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡44 =? 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡4 = 1.8535 × 106 Pa
Work balance between high pressure turbine (HPT) and compressor

𝑊𝑊̇ 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 = 𝑊𝑊̇ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑊𝑊̇ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐 ℎ𝑡𝑡3 − ℎ𝑡𝑡24 = 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 (𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 )

𝑊𝑊̇ 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 = (𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐 +𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑓𝑓 ) ℎ𝑡𝑡4 − ℎ𝑡𝑡44 ≈ 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 (𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡𝑡 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 )

𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 (𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡4 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡44 ) = 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 (𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 )

𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡44 = 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡4 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 = 967.59 K

 Solution

𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡3 = 1.8535 × 106 Pa

𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3 = 824.12 K
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡4 = 1500K
3-4: isobaric combustion
𝜂𝜂HPT = 90%
4-44is: isentropic expansion
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡44 =?
4is-44: isobaric
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡44 =? 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡4 = 1.8535 × 106 Pa
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡4 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡44
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡44 = 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡4 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 = 967.59 K 𝜂𝜂𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 = = 0.9
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡4 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡44𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
1
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡44𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡4 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡4 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡44 = 908.43 K
𝜂𝜂𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻
𝛾𝛾 1.4
𝑇𝑇 𝛾𝛾−1 908.43 1.4−1
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡44 = 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡4 𝑡𝑡44𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 1.8535 × 106 × = 3.2 × 105 Pa
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡4 1500
Solution

𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡44 = 3.2 × 105 Pa

𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡44 = 967.59 K
𝜂𝜂LPT = 90%
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡44 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡5 = 406.3 K
44-5is: isentropic expansion
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡5 =? 5is-5: isobaric
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡5 =?
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡44 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡5
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡5 = 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡44 − 406.3K = 561.29 K 𝜂𝜂𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = = 0.9
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡44 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡5𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
1
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡5𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡44 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡44 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡5 = 516.15 K
𝜂𝜂𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿

𝛾𝛾
𝑇𝑇 𝛾𝛾−1
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑇𝑇5𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 3.55 × 104 Pa
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
Solution

𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡5 = 3.55 × 104 Pa

𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡5 = 561.29 K
𝑃𝑃9 = 𝑃𝑃0 = 2.3842 × 104 Pa
5-9: isentropic acceleration
𝑇𝑇9 =? 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡9 = 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡5 = 561.29 K
𝑢𝑢9 =? 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡9 = 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡5 = 3.55 × 104 Pa
𝛾𝛾−1
𝑃𝑃9 𝛾𝛾
𝑇𝑇9 = 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡9 × = 500.95 K
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡9

𝑢𝑢92
= ℎ𝑡𝑡𝑡 − ℎ9 = 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 (𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡𝑡 − 𝑇𝑇9 )
2

𝑢𝑢9 = 2𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 (𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡5 − 𝑇𝑇9 ) = 348.43 m/s

Solution

𝑢𝑢9 = 348.43 m/s 𝑇𝑇

𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2 = 246.82 K 𝑡𝑡13

𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡2 = 3.634 × 104 Pa

𝑢𝑢19 = 𝑢𝑢9 𝑢𝑢0 = 𝑀𝑀0 × 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑀𝑀0 × 𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾𝑇𝑇0 = 237.2 m/s 2
𝑢𝑢19
𝑊𝑊̇ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡13 =? �
𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 2𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡2
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡13 =?
2 𝑢𝑢02
2
𝑢𝑢19 − 𝑢𝑢02 𝑢𝑢19 − 𝑢𝑢02 �2𝐶𝐶
𝜂𝜂𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = = 0.9 𝑇𝑇13 − 𝑇𝑇2 = 𝑝𝑝
2𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡13 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2 2𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 𝜂𝜂𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 2 𝑡𝑡19
2 −𝑢𝑢2
𝑢𝑢19
𝑇𝑇13 = 𝑇𝑇2 + 0
= 282.84 K
2𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 𝜂𝜂𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑆𝑆
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡𝑡 + 𝜂𝜂𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 279.23 K
𝛾𝛾
𝑇𝑇 𝛾𝛾−1
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡13 = 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡13𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡2 𝑇𝑇13𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 5.60 × 104 Pa
𝑡𝑡2
Solution

𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡44 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡5 = 406.3 K 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡13 = 282.84 K 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 246.82 K 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 = 291.71 K

The power balance:

LPT work = fan-bypass work + fan-core work

𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡44 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡5 = 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑏𝑏 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡13 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2 + 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2
𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑏𝑏
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡44 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡5 = 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡13 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2 + 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡2
𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐

Δ𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝛽𝛽Δ𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + Δ𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

Solve for the bypass ratio BPR
𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑏𝑏
𝛽𝛽 = ≈ 10
𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐
Solution

The gross thrust per unit core mass

𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐 𝑢𝑢9 + 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑏𝑏 𝑢𝑢19
= = 𝑢𝑢9 + 𝛽𝛽𝑢𝑢19 = 3.83 × 103 m/s
𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐
𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺 𝑢𝑢0 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐 + 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑏𝑏
= − = 𝑢𝑢9 + 𝛽𝛽𝑢𝑢19 − 1 + 𝛽𝛽 𝑢𝑢0 = 1.22 × 103 m/s
𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐

The propulsive efficiency:

2 2
𝜂𝜂𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 𝑢𝑢 = = 81%
9� 348.43
𝑢𝑢0 + 1 �237.2 + 1

The overall efficiency:

𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 × 𝑢𝑢0 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 /𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐 × 𝑢𝑢0 1029 × 256.7
𝜂𝜂𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = = = 41.25% = 3
= 40.7%
𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑓𝑓 ℎ𝑓𝑓 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡4 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3 648.02 × 10
Solution

𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡4 = 1500 K 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 824.12 K ℎ𝑓𝑓 = 43 MJ/kg

The power generated by fuel combustion can be expressed as

𝑄𝑄̇ 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑓𝑓 ℎ𝑓𝑓 = 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 (𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡4 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3 )

𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑓𝑓 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡4 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛

= = 0.0164 = 1.22 × 103 m/s
𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐 ℎ𝑓𝑓 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐

𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑓𝑓 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑓𝑓 /𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐

SFC = = = 1.34 × 10−5 kg/N/s
𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 /𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐
Solution

Compared with 𝛽𝛽 = 6
40.7%
BPR 𝜷𝜷 6 10

𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 /𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑐 (m/s) 1.14 × 103 1.22 × 103

𝜂𝜂𝑝𝑝 0.74 0.81

𝜂𝜂𝑡𝑡𝑡 0.38 0.41

SFC (kg/N/s) 1.43× 10−5 1.34× 10−5