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    Tutorial 08 Solution

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    Outis Wong

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Tutorial 08 Solution

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    Outis Wong
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    Tutorial 08 Solution

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    Outis Wong

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    of 13

    Tutorial 08: compressor example

    Xin Zhang
    TA: Yuhong Li, Xiangtian Li

    3 May 2024
    Axial flow compressor stage

    A stage consist of
    a row of rotor blades
    (which do work on
    the air, increasing its
    enthalpy and
    Flow
    velocity)
    a row of stator vanes
    which diffuse the
    flow and hence raise
    the pressure
    Axial fan elementary annulus

    ⋮
    𝜔𝜔
    sg 𝑢𝑢𝜑𝜑 = 𝜔𝜔𝑟𝑟
    𝑟𝑟

    sg

    2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
    sg = , 𝐵𝐵 − number of blades
    𝐵𝐵
    𝑢𝑢𝜑𝜑 = 𝜔𝜔 � 𝑟𝑟, ω − rotational speed
    𝑢𝑢𝑟𝑟 ≈ 0
    Compressor example

    Consider a turbofan engine where the pressure ratio of the core


    compressor is 25 and its mean radius is 85% of the radius at the tip.
    The relative Mach number at the tip of the first rotor of the core
    compressor is 1.1. It can be assumed that the flow is purely axial with 𝑉𝑉𝑥𝑥
    /𝑈𝑈𝑡𝑡 = 0.5 at the tip, where 𝑈𝑈𝑡𝑡 is the blade speed at the rotor tip.
    The static temperature 𝑇𝑇24 at the entry of the core compressor is 287 K
    and the radius at the tip of the compressor is 0.55m.
    2
    The enthalpy rise in each compressor stage is 0.42 𝑈𝑈𝑚𝑚 , based on mean
    blade speed 𝑈𝑈𝑚𝑚 , and the isentropic efficiency of the whole compressor is
    estimated to be 90%.
    Consider that the total temperature at the entry of the core compressor is
    300 K.

    4
    Compressor example

    Questions:
    → Find the blade tip speed and the rotating speed of the core shaft.
    → Find the number of stages of the core compressor .
    → Calculate the average stage loading of the compressor.

    13 19

    0 1 2 24 3 4 44 5 9

    ∞ ∞

    5
    Solution

    𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑉𝑉𝑥𝑥
    𝜋𝜋𝑐𝑐 = 𝜋𝜋24−3 = = 25 = 0.5
    𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑈𝑈𝑡𝑡
    𝑟𝑟𝑚𝑚 = 0.85𝑟𝑟𝑡𝑡 , 𝑟𝑟𝑡𝑡 = 0.55 m 𝑇𝑇24 = 287 K
    𝑀𝑀1𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 1.1

    𝑎𝑎 = 𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾
    𝛾𝛾 = 1.4 R = 287

    13 19

    0 1 2 24 3 4 44 5 9

    ∞ ∞
    6
    Solution

    Questions:
    → Find the blade tip speed 𝑈𝑈𝑡𝑡 and the rotating speed of the core shaft Ω.

    The relative Mach number at the tip of the first rotor of the core compressor is 1.1. It can be
    assumed that the flow is purely axial with 𝑉𝑉𝑥𝑥 /𝑈𝑈𝑡𝑡 = 0.5 at the tip, where 𝑈𝑈𝑡𝑡 is the blade speed at
    the rotor tip.

    𝑉𝑉1𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 𝑉𝑉𝑥𝑥2 + 𝑈𝑈𝑡𝑡2 = 0.5𝑈𝑈𝑡𝑡 2 + 𝑈𝑈𝑡𝑡2 = 1.118𝑈𝑈𝑡𝑡

    𝑉𝑉1𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑈𝑈𝑡𝑡
    𝑉𝑉1𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 𝑀𝑀1𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑎𝑎24
    𝜃𝜃1
    Speed of sound: 𝑎𝑎24 = 𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾𝑇𝑇24 = 1.4 × 287 × 287
    𝑉𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎 = 𝑉𝑉𝑥𝑥 = 339.58 m/s

    𝑉𝑉1𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 1.1 × 339.58 = 373.54 m/s


    7
    Solution

    Questions:
    → Find the blade tip speed 𝑈𝑈𝑡𝑡 and the rotating speed of the core shaft Ω.

    The relative Mach number at the tip of the first rotor of the core compressor is 1.1. It can be
    assumed that the flow is purely axial with 𝑉𝑉𝑥𝑥 /𝑈𝑈𝑡𝑡 = 0.5 at the tip, where 𝑈𝑈𝑡𝑡 is the blade speed at
    the rotor tip.

    𝑉𝑉1𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 𝑉𝑉𝑥𝑥2 + 𝑈𝑈𝑡𝑡2 = 0.5𝑈𝑈𝑡𝑡 2 + 𝑈𝑈𝑡𝑡2 = 1.118𝑈𝑈𝑡𝑡

    𝑉𝑉1𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑈𝑈𝑡𝑡
    𝑉𝑉1𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 𝑀𝑀1𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑎𝑎24
    𝜃𝜃1
    𝑉𝑉1𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 373.54
    𝑉𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎 = 𝑉𝑉𝑥𝑥 𝑈𝑈𝑡𝑡 = = m/s = 334.1m/s
    1.118 1.118

    𝑈𝑈𝑡𝑡 334.1
    Ω= = = 607.46 rad/s = 96.68 rev/s
    𝑟𝑟𝑡𝑡 0.55
    8
    Solution

    Questions:
    → Find the number of stages of the core compressor .
    Generally, these are designed with approximately equal work 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 ∆𝑇𝑇 on each stage and
    constant axial velocity.
    2
    The enthalpy rise in each compressor stage is 0.42 𝑈𝑈𝑚𝑚 , based on mean blade speed 𝑈𝑈𝑚𝑚 ,
    and the isentropic efficiency of the whole compressor is estimated to be 90%.
    Consider that the total temperature at the entry of the core compressor is 300 K.
    𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 = 300K
    2
    For each stage, the enthalpy rise is: Δℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 0.42𝑈𝑈𝑚𝑚
    𝑟𝑟𝑚𝑚 = 0.85𝑟𝑟𝑡𝑡 = 0.85 × 0.55 = 0.4675 m
    Ω = 607.46 rad/s
    2
    𝑈𝑈𝑚𝑚 = Ω𝑟𝑟𝑚𝑚 = 607.46 × 0.4675 = 284 m/s Δℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 0.42𝑈𝑈𝑚𝑚 = 33.84 kg/kJ
    9
    Solution

    Questions:
    → Find the number of stages of the core compressor .
    Generally, these are designed with approximately equal work 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 ∆𝑇𝑇 on each stage and
    constant axial velocity.
    For the whole stages in compressor, the enthalpy rise is: Δℎ𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ⋅ Δℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

    Δℎ𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 ⋅ (𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 ) 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 = 300K 𝜂𝜂𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 0.9


    𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡3
    𝜋𝜋𝑐𝑐 = 𝜋𝜋24−3 = = 25
    𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡24
    𝛾𝛾−1
    𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡3 𝛾𝛾
    𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 = 752.54 K
    𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡24

    10
    Solution

    Questions:
    → Find the number of stages of the core compressor .
    Generally these are designed with approximately equal work 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 ∆𝑇𝑇 on each stage and
    constant axial velocity.
    For the whole stages in compressor, the enthalpy rise is: Δℎ𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ⋅ Δℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

    Δℎ𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 ⋅ (𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡𝑡 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 ) 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 = 300K 𝜂𝜂𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 0.9


    𝛾𝛾−1
    𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡3 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡3 𝛾𝛾
    𝜋𝜋𝑐𝑐 = 𝜋𝜋24−3 = = 25 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 = 752.54 K
    𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡24 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡24
    𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
    𝜂𝜂𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = = 0.9
    𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡𝑡 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
    1 1
    𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3 = 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 + 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 = 300 + × 752.54 − 300 = 802.83K
    𝜂𝜂𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 0.9

    Δℎ𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 ⋅ 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 = 505.34 kJ/kg 11


    Solution

    Questions:
    → Find the number of stages of the core compressor .
    Generally these are designed with approximately equal work 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 ∆𝑇𝑇 on each stage and
    constant axial velocity.
    For the whole stages in compressor, the enthalpy rise is: Δℎ𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ⋅ Δℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

    Δℎ𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 ⋅ (𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡𝑡 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 ) 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 = 300K 𝜂𝜂𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 0.9


    𝛾𝛾−1
    𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡3 𝛾𝛾
    𝜋𝜋𝑐𝑐 = 𝜋𝜋24−3 = = 25 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 = 752.54 K
    𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡24
    Δℎ𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 ⋅ 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡3 − 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡24 = 505.34 kJ/kg
    Δℎ𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ⋅ Δℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

    Δℎ𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 505.34
    𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = = = 14.92 ≈ 15
    Δℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 33.87
    12
    Solution

    Questions:
    → Calculate the average stage loading of the compressor.
    The ratio of enthalpy rise per stage and blade speed2, ∆ℎ/𝑈𝑈2 , is a measure of the duty of a
    compressor (i.e how hard it is working).

    Δℎ𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 /𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
    The average stage loading is: 2 = 0.418
    𝑈𝑈𝑚𝑚

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