National Conference on Recent innovations in Applied Sciences and Humanities’ NCASH-2015 Volume : 4 | Issue : 10 | Special Issue Oct- 2015

2015 • ISSN No 2277 - 8179

Environmental Science
Identification of Nanocomposite Materials KEYWORDS: Polymer, ZnO, Concrete, PVK,
for Green Buildings: A Review PMMA

Dept. of Civil Engg. , Amity School of Engineering & Technology, Amity Univer-
Mohan Kantharia
sity Madhya Pradesh, Gwalior, India

Dept. of Applied Physics, Amity School of Engineering & Technology, Amity Uni-
Pankaj Kumar Mishra
versity Madhya Pradesh, Gwalior, India

Anurag Srivastava Advanced Material Research Group, CNT Lab, ABV-IIITM, Gwalior, M.P., India

ABSTRACT Continuous extraction of natural nonrenewable resources such as lime and natural aggregates for the
production of concrete is great burden on our environment and sustainability. It is a need of the hour to save
our environment and our natural resources. One side we want to reduce the consumption of cement, On the other side the cement concrete of
high and ultra high strength is continuously in demand due to multistory, and skyscraper construction.
Here some new composite materials, which are emerging to support conventional concrete industry in some manner, are discussed. ese
new composites are either improving the properties of conventional cement concrete or replacing a part of it. Nanotechnology is imparting its
contribution either by introducing new materials to replace basic constituents or to make concrete of required properties and of high strength.

Introduction ible, corrosion resistant, low maintenance cost. ese light weight
Polymer layered silicate nanocomposites are relatively new class of composites are strong and stiff. e new materials worldwide are
nanoscale materials, in which at least one dimension of the filler advancing toward high-performance, high-function, intelligent, low
phase is smaller than 100 nm. Stones and timber are the basic materi- dimensional and therefore, these nano-materials, ceramic materials,
als of oldest industry that is construction industry. Early civilization composite materials have very good prospects in the construction
houses were composites of mud and straw. Before invention of industry.
cement, lime and mud were used in masonry work. But after intro-
duction of cement now maximum used material is cement in Recently concrete with fibers have got popularity, some of them are
cement- mortar, cement- concrete in building frames. And construc- described here .
tion industry has become concrete industry. Cement-concrete is the 1. Fibers Reinforced Concrete (FRC), it is a new popular composite
only material whose consumption is tremendously increased [1]. In material. e weak matrix in concrete when reinforced with steel
traditional cement concrete, strength and other properties of con- fibers, uniformly distributed across its entire mass, gets strength-
crete depend on so many factors, i.e. type of aggregate, ratio of coarse ened enormously, thereby rendering the matrix to behave as a com-
and fine aggregate, cement content, water cement ratio, admixtures, posite material with properties significantly different from conven-
compaction, curing, PVK, PMMA etc. Every factor has its own effect tional concrete, Because of the vast improvements achieved by the
and slight variation in any factor affect the quality and strength of pro- addition of fibers to concrete. An effective way to improve the perfor-
duced concrete. Traditional concrete having more unit weight (24 mance of plain concrete is by adding a small fraction (0.5%-2% in vol-
kN/m3),having good compressive strength but less crack resistant ume in most cases) of steel fiber to the concrete while mixing with
(weak in tension) and heterogeneous in nature. Its strength and dura- aggregates and cements. e flexural strength of mill-cut steel fiber
bility is limited. Peoples of construction field are creating variety of reinforced concrete is 1.65 to approximately 2.25 times higher than
concrete- composite of varying properties and the results are useful that of normal concrete. e compressive strength of steel fiber rein-
in construction fields. e direction, in which the concrete industry forced concrete improved with additions of steel fibers at various vol-
is moving, is discussed here [2] .Nanocomposites with practically all ume fractions. e strength showed a maximum at 1.5% to 2%. By
the polymer matrices have been reported with varying degrees of adding fibers we can get some advantages like (a) improvement in
property enhancements. Polar polymers have been generally cracking resistance (b) improve ductility (c) improvement in
reported to achieve better filler dispersion owing to better match of mechanical strength. ere are several applications where Fibers
the surface polarities of filler and polymers [2,3]. Reinforced Concrete (FRC) can be intelligently and beneficially used.
ese fibers have already been used in construction of industrial
It is an innovation in concrete, which created a new composite mate- floors, pavements, highway-cover-layer, airport pavement, bridges,
rial. Because concrete is very weak in tension. Some other problems tunnel etc [1].
related to concrete work, is its heterogeneous structure and brittle
nature. By adding some chemicals its workability can be increased 2. Self Compaction Concrete.( SCC). self compacting concrete is
and by adding some fibers its flexural strength can be increased a lit- the demand especially in difficult situation where mechanical com-
tle bit. Introduction of fibers improves the crack resistance of the con- paction is not possible. So to make concrete in such a manner that it
crete, which is desirable as the cracks propagate and durability of con- should not require any compaction. For concrete mix to be consid-
crete decreases. Some concrete composites with fibers are FRC ( fiber ered as SCC, if the three characteristics for workability are to be satis-
reinforced concrete), SIFCON (slurry infiltrated fiber reinforced con- fied. e three characteristics mandatory for SCC are filling ability,
crete). GFRC (glass fiber reinforced concrete), FRP (Fiber reinforced passing ability and resistance to segregation. Dosages of
Polymer concrete), CFRC (carbon fiber reinforced concrete) etc. superplasticizer may vary from 3% to 7 %.curing temperature also
affects the strength performance.
Description:
e polymer binds the reinforcement & particulate together. (Rein- 3. Slurry Infiltrated Fibrous Reinforced Concrete (SIFCON) can
forcement material, Glass fibers, Natural fibers, Carbon fibers). Dras- be considered as a special type of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete
tic change has been brought in concrete by adding polymers. Poly- (SFRC)is a relatively new high performance and advanced material.
mer mixed composites makes the concrete light weight, durable, flex- e matrix in SIFCON has no coarse aggregates, but a high

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Volume : 4 | Issue : 10 | Special Issue Oct- 2015 • ISSN No 2277 - 8179 National Conference on Recent innovations in Applied Sciences and Humanities’ NCASH-2015
cementitious content. However, it may contain fine,coarse sand and tion is 0.2 %, the impermeability of concrete increase 15% compared
additives such as fly ash, micro silica and latex emulsions A con- with plain concrete, and when the carbon fiber content reaches 0.5%,
trolled quantity of high range water reducing admixtures (super the impermeability of concrete increases 47%. Carbon fibers with
plasticizer) may be used for improving flowing, characteristics of the length of 10mm has the best results. It is because the binding capa-
SIFCON. SIFCON is unique construction material possessing high bility between fiber and concrete matrix is stronger with the increase
strength as well as large ductility and far excellent potential for struc- of the length of the carbon fiber, and compactness of concrete are all
tural applications when accidental , abnormal loads are encountered reinforced, and the impermeability is also improved.[4]
during services SIFCON also exhibit new behavioral phenomenon,
that of “Fiber lock” which believed to be responsible for its outstand- Glass fiber reinforced plastics often refers to "GFRP". Because of low-
ing stress-strain properties. All steel fiber types namely straight, cost and simple technique, GFRP is the most popular materials.
hooked and crimped can be used. e percentage of fibers by volume GFRP is widely used in bodies and other accessories of car, train and
can be vary from 4 to 20% even though the current practical ranges tractor and also can be used in various parts of mechanical industry.
from 4 to 12%. Proportions of cement and sand generally used for GFRP is more and more popular in shipbuilding industry. e ship
making SIFCON are 1:1, 1:1.5 or 1:2. Generally, fly ash or silica fume body made of GFRP may be more corrosion resistant and deeper in
equal to 10 to 15% by weight of cement is used in mix. Water cement water than steel shell . A GFRP garbage truck which has good quality
ratio varies between 0.3 to 0.4. Percentage of super plasticizers varies of corrosion-resistant and is easy to clean because of smooth surface.
from 2 to 5% by weight of cement [2] [2(a)]. e chair is made of knotting and weaving rope with the special pro-
cessing treatment. e rope is made of carbonized fiber and "aramid".
To reduce the dead weight of structure, light weight concrete walls or Before special processing, the rope is the same as the general rope,
concrete blocks have been used in place of bricks, these are made by but after the epoxy treatment, the rope becomes hard and strong
some agriculture waste or by aerated concrete. Natural product bam- Such materials are not only superior to any form of a single material,
boo-fiber is also being used in many places, as a structural member but also have special properties which a separate component does
and its fiber as constituent of concrete, at some places light weight not have. In order to reduce cost of product, green materials such as
polymer concrete is being used as insulating material. bamboo, cane, reed, fibrilia and other fastgrowing plant materials
are used to provide new design ideas. Doshisha from Japan and
4. Steel fiber reinforced polymer modified concrete( SFRPMC)- Panasonic jointly designed the speaker, and used bamboo fiber as the
acrylic emulsion polymer as a polymeric admixture was applied in vibration plate of the speaker. e bamboo fiber can not only improve
lightweight steel fiber reinforced cement concrete. Cement concrete sound quality, but also lower the manufacturing cost.[5]
weight is about 24kn/m3, more efforts has been done to reduce the
weight of concrete so as to reduce the dead wt. of structural member, 6.Carbon Fibers in rehabilitation/construction:- recently in Civil
in this direction to make light weight concrete, polymers are new Structures a new kind of Rehabilitation and New Construction tech-
additives which can improve bond strength between ingredients.. nique has been used with the use of carbon fibers. in which thin flexi-
Inclusion of acrylic emulsion polymer at a certain polymer-cement ble fiber reinforced polymer stirrups are externally adhered with
ratio with steel fibre as reinforcement improves the bonds between thermoset resin. is technique, known as manual lay-up. In the case
the cement matrix and steel fibre due to the acrylic emulsion poly- of reinforced or prestressed concrete structures ( externally bonded
mer forms in the cement matrix. In addition, acrylic emulsion poly- CFRP laminates,) CFRP laminate bonding involves adhering a thin,
mer modification can significantly improve the flexural strength of flexible fiber sheet to the concrete surface with a thermoset resin.
the normal steel fiber reinforced concrete. Compared with steel fiber is is used to increase the strength i.e. shear and flexural capacity of
reinforced concrete, the compressive strength of the acrylic emul- beams and slabs and to increase confinement in columns. One
sion polymer-modified concrete reinforced with steel fiber can another advantages of this, the system does not add significant dead
increase gradually even after 28 days. e constituent materials load to the structure, suffers little from corrosion, and may be
used in the laboratory to produce steel fiber reinforced polymer modi- installed in a relatively short period of time. Second method of reha-
fied cement concrete comprised (i) Ordinary Portland Cement (ii) bilitation of old RCC structures is mounting by CFRP rods. Advan-
fine aggregates, with , (iii) coarse aggregates (iv) Silica Fume and (v) tages of using near surface mounted CFRP rods, with respect to
free water (vi) acrylic emulsion polymer and (vii) steel fibers.it has externally bonded CFRP laminates, are the possibility of anchoring
some other advantages also,Generally, polymer cement concrete are the rods into adjacent members and minimal installation time. e
made with polymer latex, exhibits excellent bonding to steel rein- rods are installed by cutting a groove into the concrete surface and
forcement and to old concrete. it shows good ductility, resistance to embedding them into the groove with a resin-based paste. Due to
penetration of water and aqueous salt solutions, and resistance to their light weight which is about one fifth that of steel, high tensile
freeze-thaw damage. Its flexural strength and toughness are usually strength (higher than steel) and good overall environmental durabil-
higher than those of unmodified concrete. e modulus of elasticity ity, carbon fiber based tendons and cables are increasingly being
may or may not be higher than that of unmodified concrete, e dry- used for reinforcement of concrete structures. e reduction in
ing shrinkage of polymer cement concrete is generally lower than weight facilitates better handling and easier field installation com-
that of conventional concrete; the amount of shrinkage depends on pared to steel. ese elements also cause significantly less sag under
the water-to-cement ratio, cement content, polymer content and cur- their own weight, which increases load capacity while enabling the
ing conditions. e main application of latex-containing polymer construction of longer bridge spans.[6].
cement concrete is in floor surfacing, as it is non-dusting and rela-
tively cheap. Because of lower shrinkage, good resistance to perme- 7.Jute fibers in structural rehabilitation:One of the techniques of
ation by various liquids such as water and salt solutions, and good strengthening the reinforced concrete structural members is
bonding properties to old concrete, it is particularly suitable for thin through external confinement by high strength fibre composites
(25 mm) floor toppings, concrete bridge deck overlays, anti-corrosive which can significantly enhance the strength and JUTE fibre sheets
overlays, concrete repairs and patching. [3] using epoxy resin can be used as retrofit material . e deflection of
the beam specimen retrofitted with JUTE fibre sheet reduced the
5.Smart Concrete:-Concrete mixed with carbon fiber, also called deflection about 69 %.when compared with the deflection of speci-
smart concrete, can improve the anti-crack performance of concrete men detailed as per code IS 456-2000.[7]
and increase its impermeability.
8.FRP composite ( fiber reinforced polymer concrete ) materials
e impermeability of smart concrete mixed with carbon fiber is have been recently introduced to the civil engineering community.
better than that of the plain concrete. e differences of carbon fiber ree types of fabrics are currently produced commercially. Namely
contents and the lengths both impact the impermeability of carbon Glass Composites, Carbon Composites and Aramid Composites.
fiber reinforced concrete (CFRC). When carbon fiber volume frac- ese materials are durable, have long fatigue life and have a superior

65 IJSR - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Research Paper

National Conference on Recent innovations in Applied Sciences and Humanities’ NCASH-2015 Volume : 4 | Issue : 10 | Special Issue Oct- 2015 • ISSN No 2277 - 8179
resistant to corrosion and chemical attack. ey have high strength- tured and marketed by sandwiching between wall panels that repel
to-weight ratio. Composites are easy to handle in the field and liable moisture. Architectural applications of aerogel include windows, sky-
enough to configure to the shape of structure under rehabilitation. lights, and translucent wall panels. Nanogel panels provide translu-
Composites are versatile and adaptable to almost any shape and size. cency and insulation.High-insulating Nanogel panels are available
Furthermore, considering the fact that in repair and strengthening with up to 75 percent translucency. Insulating nanocoatings can also
work, labor and operational costs often far outweigh material costs, be applied as thin films to glass and fabrics. Shade Curtains.
low weight of FRPs substantially reduces labor costs, which usually
attain 80% of the total operational costs. erefore, it is strongly 11.Insulating nanocoatings: Drastic changes have been brought by
believed that significant savings could be attained from successful nanotechnology by nanofilms nanocoatings for insulation. Insula-
utilization of the new technique of rehabilitation of the infrastruc- tion can be painted or sprayed on in the form of a coating. is is a
ture. Dry fiber properties vary greatly depending on the fiber type, great advantage of nanocoatings over conventional bulk insulators
fiber grade, and the actual weight/density of fibers. FRP system prop- like fiberglass, cellulose, and polystyrene boards, which often require
erties can vary depending on the manufacturer and on other factors the removal of building envelope components for installation. Vari-
such as volume fraction, fiber properties, resin properties, aerial ous types of nanoparticle coatings are available to achieve a wide
weight/density of fibers, and type of weave/stitch. One of the most variety of other performance characteristics, including: Self-
important characteristics of FRP materials is their high tensile cleaning, Depolluting, Scratch-resistant, Anti-icing and anti-fogging,
strength. e strength is about twice that of prestressing steel Antimicrobial, UV protection, Corrosion-resistant, Waterproofing.
strands, and fairly high compared with ordinary steel. e tensile the versatility of many nanoparticles, surfaces treated with them
strength of FRP composite system is affected not only by the tensile often exhibit more than one of these properties. In RCC corrosion is
strength of the fibers, but also by the volume fraction, resin system the reason behind failure of Reinforcement steel, these steel rods are
and the bond performance of fibers and matrix. FRP composites corrode due to fine cracks in cement concrete. So the scientists con-
reach their ultimate tensile strength without exhibiting any yielding tinuously trying to find the solution of this problem. for reducing
of the material.[8] cracks fibers mixing gives positive results, and for steel, there are
some corrosion resistant coatings and paints.[20]
Nanoparticles have unique mechanical, electrical, optical and reac-
tive properties distinct from larger particles. New materials and prod- some new materials are also emerging which can adjust surrounding
ucts based on nanotechnology can be found in building insulation, environment as per the occupants comfort called smart materials,
coatings, and solar technologies. In the building industry, and such building are called smart or intelligent buildings : for exam-
nanotechnology has already brought to market, self-cleaning win- ple Humidity adjusting materials and thermal control materials,
dows, smog-eating concrete, and many other advances. One of the Radiation absorbing paints, self cleaning coatings, automatic control
output of nanotechnology in emerging material is carbon nano of sun light by smart glasses etc.
tubes. Carbon nanotubes has unique property that it is up to 250
times stronger than steel and 10 times lighter than steel. Smart building concept is emerging drastically. it is being called as
Nanotechnology promises to make insulation more efficient, less reli- next generation building concept, in which occupants comfort
ant on nonrenewable resources, and less toxic. Some other popular improved by automatically controlled by sensors, by controlling
materials from nano technology as nano silica in cement, nano room temperature, humidity, brightness etc. it is able to turn on and
fibers, aerogel, nanogel, Bucky paper etc. turn off lights according to occupants presence or absence. Room
temperature may be adjusted accoding to weather. It saves the
9.Nano-materials in cement:- In problematic soils such as loose energy by automatically controlling all appliances.[9]
soil and marine clay, impact and difficulties of work over them, due to
loose and unstable nature. Substantial layer were made up of jet
grouting. Large volume of neat cement grouts were pumped under 12.Self-cleaning nanocoatings :-these coatings can shed dirt
high pressure to stabilize ground. By introducing nano material in to through photocatalysis, Self-cleaning surfaces have become a real-
the neat cement grout may substantially decrease the sacrificial layer ity. photocatalytic coatings containing titanium dioxide (TiO2) as
thickness and quantity of grout material to achieve the increased nanoparticles. ese nanoparticles initiate photocatalysis, a process
strength of soil there by increasing the bearing capacity. Nano silica is by which dirt is broken down by exposure to the sun's ultraviolet rays
a nano material of size up to10 to 100 nanometer. Due to Nano scale and finally washed away by rain. Volatile organic compounds are oxi-
size of particles and reactivity, Nanoparticles show unique physical dized into carbon dioxide and water. Today's self-cleaning surfaces
and chemical properties.. Nano silica is found very useful in making are made by applying a thin nanocoating film, painting a
cement, especially in grouting which is used in repair of cracks. Due nanocoating on, or integrating nanoparticles into the surface layer.
to its fineness the fluidity of grout increases and the strength also
found increased. is shows that nanotechnology is now useful in A load-bearing structural material's strength/weight ratio is particu-
cement industry also. Carbon nanotubes also have the potential to larly important because stronger, lighter materials can carry greater
effectively hinder crack propagation in cement composites. Rein- loads per unit of material. A higher strength/weight ratio means
forcing concrete with nanofibers will produce tougher concretes by fewer materials, which in turn means fewer resources and energy con-
interrupting crack formation as soon as it is initiated. sumed in production. While the introduction of nanomaterials into
building structural components has begun with the reinforcement of
Nanomaterials, ceramic materials, green materials, composite mate- conventional materials like wood, concrete and steel.
rials and functional materials Functional materials are based on
physical properties, have special performances and functions in New structural materials : Nanotubes, nanofibers and nanosheets
aspects of electricity, magnetism, sound, light and heat. Functional (buckypaper) of carbon and similar materials may eventually form
material is a generic term for engineering materials. Aerogel, A new the structural skeletons of new buildings.
innovation of nano technology.
13.Buckypaper: Buckypaper owes its name to Buckminsterfu-
10.Aerogels: an ultra-low density solid, a gel in which the liquid com- llerene, or Carbon 60—a type of carbon molecule whose powerful
ponent has been replaced with gas. Nicknamed “frozen smoke”, atomic bonds are said to make it twice as hard as diamond. See the
aerogel has a content of just 5 percent solid and 95 percent air, and is miraculous property of Buckypaper. It is 10 times lighter than steel
said to be the lightest weight solid in the world. Despite its lightness, but at the same time it is 250 times stronger than steel. e potential
surprisingly, aerogel can support over 2,000 times its own weight. of buckypaper, a material formed by combining carbon nanotubes
Because nanoporous aerogels it may probably be sensitive to mois- into larger sheets.Probability is that in future this material can
ture. Presently it is used as non-structural material. it is manufac- replace the RCC structural members like slab, beam etc.

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Volume : 4 | Issue : 10 | Special Issue Oct- 2015 • ISSN No 2277 - 8179 National Conference on Recent innovations in Applied Sciences and Humanities’ NCASH-2015
absorbing and releasing water vapor, make it become the natural
Networks of embedded sensors with those implanted in building will humidity adjusting material, but it's wet capacity is very small. Zeo-
interact , resulting in “smart environments” that self-adjust to indi- lite is a kind of aluminosilicate mineral of gridlike structure. Natural
vidual needs and preferences. And building components will zeolite grinding into tiny particles, instead part of sand,and mixing
become smarter by gathering data on temperature, humidity, vibra- with mortar directly makes into mortar clapboard.[12]
tion, , and other factors. is information will be valuable in monitor-
ing and improving building maintenance and safety. Everything 18.Humidity controlling blocks :e porous composite humidity
could be determined based on invisible, passive correspondence adjusting materials of biological and other materials, which is
between sensors. Dramatic improvements in energy conservation designed based on the structure features, thermal and moist environ-
can be expected as well, as, for instance, environmental control sys- ment of greenhouses, considering the thermal and moist loads from
tems recognize patterns of building occupancy and adjust heating photosynthesis, not only has thermal performance and insulating
and cooling accordingly. Similarly, windows will self-adjust to reflect property, but has the ability to adjust the humidity automatically as
or let pass solar radiation. well. e additive needed includes water reducer, early strength
agent, inorganic antiseptics, fungicide and accessories that can
14.Smart Sun Glasses improve humidity-adjusting performance. Humidity controlling
Applications of systems of networked sensors and micro- and nano- blocks of biological and inorganic materials were studied and made
mirror arrays on large areas for light deflection and control can be to substitute brick for greenhouse wall which utilizes the capacity of
used in buildings . Mirror arrays are intended for implementation the humiditycontrolling materials to raise and lower the humidity to
into windows of buildings to improve the functions like daylight guid- solves the present problems of humidity controlling measures in
ing into rooms, heat regulation and glare protection. ese are gener- greenhouse[13].
ally Placed between the two panes of a window, these mirrors are
maintenance-free and not subject to defilement. For using Industrial wastes depositions/landfills are worldwide big problem.
microsystem technology in large area requirement is to use low cost To reduce its burden, researchers are investigating properties of
materials and processing technology. . Further applications such as different kind waste if it can be use as cement concrete components.
artificial light guiding and light concentration for photovoltaic appli- Researchers are continuously trying to search new cementious and
cations are possible . ese applications partly use conventional semi- construction- material within the industrial waste. is idea has two
conductor materials but also thinfilm technologies enabling low- benefits (a)in reduction of landfills (b)in reducing the quantity of
cost fabrication on large areas. MEMS are implemented rarely on fresh cement and concrete used. Some innovative ideas are to
large areas but these can be used for : (i) display technology using replace at least a part of cement by some industrial waste, like fly ash,
MEMS based shutters , (ii) MEMS based optical filters and (iii) micro silica fume, Ground granulated blast furnace slag (A by- product of
mirror arrays for adaptive optics in astronomy using semiconductor steel industry), oil palm ash(agriculture's waste), Waste paper Sludge
materials – not primarily low-cost. Especially MEMS based on thin ash (of paper industry) , Condensed silica fume (by product of semi-
film technology offer high potential to be produced at low-cost in con- conductor industry ). Rise husk ash (agricultural waste of rice), etc.
trast to semiconductor MEMS[10].

15.Radiation absorbing paints :Oil palm ash is used as radiation 19. Fly ash is a mineral admixture that is mainly a by-product of the
absorbing paints . it is called green absorbing material. the ability of coal –fired power plants. It is classified as pozzolanic material.
oil palm ash paint as a green absorbing material. this paint can Development of low energy cements will also contribute to increased
reduce the harm on human body associated with radiations use of supplementary cementing materials like fly ash and slag while
Agriculture's waste such as oil palm ash creates awareness on the making concrete production more environmentally sustainable. Usu-
green technology. Palm oil ash can be used as a part replacement of ally, the use of fly ash as partial replacement of cement has many ben-
cement studies show that up to 30% palm oil ash can be used with eficial effects on the fresh and hardened properties, and the cost of
cement.[11 ] concrete. Fly ash further improves the workability, 20% replacement
Humidity is one important factor in maintaining indoor environ- cement by fly ash as a mineral admixture is determined as the opti-
ment. It is important factor necessary for peoples physical and men- mum replacement. At the age 90 days, all concrete mixes achieved
tal health. And air conditioning is traditional method for maintain- the cube compressive strength between 72 to 120MPa. Tensile and
ing indoor air quality but it consumes high energy. humidity adjust- flexural strength were increased using fly ash using fly ash.[14]
ing material in building has properties of the absorbing and releas- Alternative binder system with fly ash to produce concrete eliminat-
ing of renewable material to adjust air humidity. It do not consume ing cement is called "Geopolymer Concrete". Geopolymer concrete
any artificial energy. it is a kind of natural and ecological control can be manufactured by using the low-calcium (ASTM Class F) fly ash
adjustment methods. ere are some natural and some synthetic obtained from coalburning power stations.[15]
materials which have the properties of adjusting the humidity. Wood
is such kind of natural material. Under normal circumstances, when 20.Slag concrete :- properties of porous cement concrete prepared by
surrounding environment humidity changes, wood itself balance steel slag aggregate.e strength of porous cement concrete was
moisture content, can absorb or release moisture to ease the humid- greatly influenced by strength of aggregate itself. Under the premised
ity changes of the indoor environment directly. Some synthetic and condition of 10mm/s permeability rate, compressive strength of
inorganic materials are capable of humidity adjustment. porous cement concrete prepared by steel slag aggregate was up to
31MPa and strength flexural was about 4.5 MPa Porous concrete pave-
16.Silica gel -- silica gel is a kind of amorphous silicon dioxide which is ment is of high strength, good permeability, well absorbing heat and
in the micro porous structure, and its chemical component is Si02 . noise, no water and sliding characteristics, etc., which is a new kind
H20,and its diameter generally is l.5-20nm. It can be made by sodium of ecological protection concrete pavement meeting modern
silicate solution which must be treated by inorganic acid, organic requirements e surface of modern city is covered with reinforced
organic acid-type salt processing, and then dryed. Silica gel gets all concrete building and impervious pavement. Compared with natural
kinds of "activate" treatment, and its effective area is up to 100- soil, ordinary concrete pavement is lack of respiration .and ability of
1000m2 / g, and adsorption ability to polarity molecular exceeds absorbing heat and infiltrability. en a series of environmental prob-
adsorption ability to nonpolar molecular. It is this character that lems are brought about.
make the silica gel is mainly used for hygroscopic agent in industry.
21.Waste Paper Sludge Ash is a waste material collected from the
17.Montmorillonite is the main component of bentonite (Inorganic Paper Industry. Waste Paper Sludge Ash is used as cement replace-
mineral material) and a kind of aluminum silicate minerals with layer ment in producing mortar and was found satisfactory on its chemi-
structure. Montmorillonite of layered structure and its character of cal, physical and mechanical properties. e chemical and physical

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National Conference on Recent innovations in Applied Sciences and Humanities’ NCASH-2015 Volume : 4 | Issue : 10 | Special Issue Oct- 2015 • ISSN No 2277 - 8179
properties of the waste paper sludge ash were determined by com- Conclusion
paring it with the Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). As the result of we can explore more and more new composite materials; these are
testing, it shows that Waste Paper Sludge Ash is similar to the chemi- some of the material which are being used in construction industry
cal properties of OPC. Waste Paper Sludge Ash was used in mortar except conventional cement concrete. Construction material with
with different proportions, as cement replacement by volume along natural resources now become limited and causes of air pollution
with sand and water in fix quantity. Results show that the compres- and environmental problems. And the present demand is also to find
sive strength increased with increasing curing age for all concrete the substitute of the cement concrete, and to find the solution to
mixes and the compressive strength decreases with increasing Waste reduce its weight, to increase its workability[24-28]. Many other trials
Paper Sludge Ash in the mortar. e inclusion of 50% Waste Paper have been made to reduce its cement content, aggregate content etc.
Sludge Ash can gain favorable strength mortar at 16.4 MPa. Waste Many type of Fibers glass fibers, steel fibers, nanofibers are the solu-
Paper Sludge Ash becomes a new innovation material that can be tion in reducing its brittleness and increasing its flexibility , its homo-
used as material for masonry to support the green technology due to geneity. Nano technology is contributing in this direction by produc-
less presence of sulphate at only 0.57% of the total weight. Carbon ing new materials with nano-particles nano tubes, nano coatings.
dioxide (CO2) and Sulphur dioxide emission also can be reduced Some industrial wastes and Agro waste are also found useful to
since less cement productivity is involved.[16] replace a part of cement.

22.Rise husk ash (RHA) can be used as a part replacement of

cement in making light weight concrete bricks. And Expanded poly-
styrene (EPS), a by- product of packaging industry can be used as par-
tial aggregate replacement in the mixes. EPS RHA concrete brick giv-
ing promising Results in terms of its compressive strength, thermal
conductivity. Good thermal and acoustic insulation properties lead-
ing it mainly to non-structural applications including precast roof
and wall panels and lightweight infill blocks both materials can easily
be incorporated in mortar or concrete. with 10% RHA replacement
showed the highest compressive strength of 17.51 N/mm2 at 28 days
ages under full water.[17]

23.Foamed concrete Block (light weight concrete block): it is

made by the waste of alumina oxide production, is a kind of new
building material added foaming liquid in the slurry, . It has many
properties like light weight, sound insulation, anti-freeze, thermal
insulation and other properties. Foam concrete is very effective in sav-
ing energy used in thermal insulation. Red mud foamed concrete
block is made by the waste of alumina oxide production, It can be use
in light wall panels, composite wall panels, roof insulation and so
on. e thermal resistance is 5 to 10 times to normal concrete, the
block density is between 500 to 900 Kg/m3[18-23].

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Research Paper IJSR - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 68