2020 Day10 Oop Python

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP
Computing Laboratory
Object-oriented Programming with Python
Malay Bhattacharyya
Assistant Professor
Machine Intelligence Unit

Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata
January, 2021
Malay Bhattacharyya Computing Laboratory

1 Object-oriented Programming (OOP)
2 Features of OOP
Classes and Objects
Encapsulation
Constructor
Polymorphism
Inheritance
Special features

Object-oriented Programming (OOP)
Objects are the basic runtime entities in an object-oriented system.

Objects encapsulate data and method.

Class and Object
Classes are the building blocks in OOP
A class is like a template that describes the behaviors/states that

objects of its type support. It can be considered as a user-defined
entity that can combine data and functionality together.

Class and Object

A class contains:
Data members known as attributes of the class
Member functions known as methods of the class

Class and Object

A class contains:
Data members known as attributes of the class
Member functions known as methods of the class
An object is an instance of a class

Empty class
Defining an empty class in Python:
class PythonProgrammer:
pass
Note: pass is used as a placeholder with no errors getting created.

Object of an empty class
Creating an object of an empty class:
PP = PythonProgrammer() # Instantiation

What is the output of the following code?
pass
PP = PythonProgrammer()
print(PP)

pass
print(PP)
Output:
<__main__.PythonProgrammer object at 0x7f3d6b7f4b70>


pass
PP1 = PythonProgrammer()
print(PP1)
print(PP2)
PP1 == PP2


pass
print(PP1)
print(PP2)
PP1 == PP2
Output:
<__main__.PythonProgrammer object at 0x7f3d6b7f4da0>
<__main__.PythonProgrammer object at 0x7f3d6b7f4e48>
False
Note: Though PP1 and PP2 are instances of the same class, they
represent two distinct objects in memory.
Using an empty class
Using an empty class in Python:
pass
PP1.fullname = "Malay Bhattacharyya"
PP1.height = 5.6
PP1.age = 38
PP2.fullname = "Mandar Mitra"
PP2.height = 5.7
PP2.age = 49
print("Average age:", (PP1.age + PP2.age) / 2)

Using an empty class
Using an empty class in Python:
pass
PP1.fullname = "Malay Bhattacharyya"
PP1.height = 5.6
PP1.age = 38
PP2.fullname = "Mandar Mitra"
PP2.height = 5.7
PP2.age = 49
print("Average age:", (PP1.age + PP2.age) / 2)
Output: Average age: 43.5

Standard class
Defining a standard class in Python:
fullname = "Guido van Rossum"
height = 5.66
age = 64
def feature(self):
print("Creator of Python is: " + self.fullname)
Attributes are always public and can be accessed using the dot
(.) operator.

Standard class – The use of self
Class methods must take the first parameter as self.


Python provides a value to the self parameter not the user.


Python provides a value to the self parameter not the user.
The self parameter value is used for referencing. An object
is linked to the class through this.

Object of a standard class
Creating an object of a standard class:

Using a standard class

Using a standard class in Python:
height = 5.66
age = 64
def feature(self):
PP.feature() # Method via object
print("Height: " + str(PP.height)) # Attribute via object
print("Age: " + str(PP.age)) # Attribute via object

Using a standard class

Using a standard class in Python:
height = 5.66
age = 64
def feature(self):
PP.feature() # Method via object
print("Height: " + str(PP.height)) # Attribute via object
print("Age: " + str(PP.age)) # Attribute via object
Output: Creator of Python is: Guido van Rossum

Height: 5.66
Age: 64
Immutable classes and objects
Immutable classes are Python classes whose objects can not be

modified once created, and such objects are known as immutable
objects. Any modification in immutable objects results into a new
object.


object.
Objects of built-in types like int, float, bool, str, tuple, unicode are
immutable in Python.


object.
Objects of built-in types like int, float, bool, str, tuple, unicode are
immutable in Python.
Objects of built-in types like list, set, dict are mutable.

Encapsulation
An object = data + method

Constructor
A constructor is used to initialize the object’s state
Constructors are methods that are useful for any kind of

initialization you want to perform with the objects.

Constructor
A constructor is used to initialize the object’s state
Constructors are methods that are useful for any kind of

initialization you want to perform with the objects.
Note: A constructor is executed as soon as an object of a class is

instantiated.

Constructor
Defining a constructor:
def __init__(self, fullname, height, age):
self.fullname = fullname
self.height = height
self.age = age

Constructor
Defining a constructor:
self.age = age
self.fullname = fullname creates the attribute fullname

and assigns the value of the parameter fullname to it.
self.height = height creates the attribute height and
assigns the value of the parameter height to it.
self.age = age creates an attribute called age and assigns
the value of the parameter age to it.

Constructor
Using a constructor:
self.age = age
def show(self):
print(self.fullname)
PP = PythonProgrammer("Guido van Rossum", 5.66, 64)
PP.show()

Constructor
self.age = age
def show(self):
PP = PythonProgrammer("Guido van Rossum", 5.66, 64)
PP.show()
Output: Guido van Rossum

Constructor
def __init__(self, fullname):
def include(self, height):
def show(self):
print(self.height)
PP = PythonProgrammer("Guido van Rossum")
PP.include(5.66)
PP.show()

Constructor
def show(self):
print(self.height)
PP.include(5.66)
PP.show()

5.66
Constructor
# We cannot write return(self.fullname) here
return(self.height)
def send(self):
return(self.fullname)
print(PP.send())
print(PP.include(5.66))

Constructor
# We cannot write return(self.fullname) here
return(self.height)
def send(self):
return(self.fullname)
print(PP.send())
print(PP.include(5.66))
5.66
Polymorphism
Polymorphism is the condition of occurrence in different forms
Python allows polymorphism in many different forms:

At the operator level (also known as operator overloading)
At the function level (also known as function overloading)
At the class level (also known as method overloading)

Polymorphism
Example of operator overloading:
i, j = 2000, 20
print(i + j)
s1 = "Computing"
s2 = "Lab"
print(s1 + " " + s2)

Polymorphism
Example of operator overloading:
i, j = 2000, 20
print(i + j)
s1 = "Computing"
s2 = "Lab"
print(s1 + " " + s2)
Output: 2020
Computing Lab

Polymorphism
Example of function overloading:
print(len("Python"))
print(len(["ver1", "ver2", "ver3"]))
print(len({"Creator": "Guido", "Nationality": "Dutch"}))

Polymorphism
Example of function overloading:
print(len("Python"))
print(len(["ver1", "ver2", "ver3"]))
print(len({"Creator": "Guido", "Nationality": "Dutch"}))
Output: 6
3
2

Polymorphism
Example of method overloading:
def show(self):
class JavaProgrammer:
def show(self):
print("Creator of Java is: " + self.fullname)
PP.show()
JP = JavaProgrammer("James Gosling")
JP.show()
Inheritance
Inheritance means acquiring the properties of another class

Inheritance

Inheritance

Inheritance

Inheritance

Inheritance
Note: subclass (child class/derived class) inherits the properties of

the superclass (parent class/base class)

Inheritance
The syntax:
class SuperClass:
Attributes of SuperClass
Methods of SuperClass
class SubClass(SuperClass):
Attributes of SubClass
Methods of SubClass

Single inheritance
class CProgrammer:
def show(self):
print(self.fullname + " is a C programmer")
class PythonProgrammer(CProgrammer):
pass
CP = CProgrammer("Dennis Ritchie")
CP.show()
PP.show()

Single inheritance
class CProgrammer:
def show(self):
pass
CP.show()
PP.show()
Output: Dennis Ritchie is a C programmer

Guido van Rossum is a C programmer

Multi-level inheritance
class CProgrammer:
def show(self):
pass
class SmartProgrammer(PythonProgrammer):
pass
SP = SmartProgrammer("Guido van Rossum")
SP.show()

Multi-level inheritance
class CProgrammer:
def show(self):
pass
class SmartProgrammer(PythonProgrammer):
pass
SP = SmartProgrammer("Guido van Rossum")
SP.show()
Output: Guido van Rossum is a C programmer

Hierarchical inheritance
class CProgrammer:
def show(self):
pass
class JavaProgrammer(CProgrammer):
pass
PP.show()
JP.show()

Hierarchical inheritance
class CProgrammer:
def show(self):
pass
class JavaProgrammer(CProgrammer):
pass
PP.show()
JP.show()
James Gosling is a C programmer
Multiple inheritance
class CProgrammer:
def show(self):
class SmartProgrammer():
def credit(self):
print("He is smart!!!")
class PythonProgrammer(CProgrammer, SmartProgrammer):
pass
PP.show()
PP.credit()

Multiple inheritance
class CProgrammer:
def show(self):
class SmartProgrammer():
def credit(self):
print("He is smart!!!")
class PythonProgrammer(CProgrammer, SmartProgrammer):
pass
PP.show()
PP.credit()
He is smart!!!
Method overriding in inheritance
Priority of a method in the subclass is always more than in the

superclass. This is reflected through method overriding.


class CProgrammer:
def show(self):
def show(self):
print(self.fullname + " is a Python programmer")
PP.show()


class CProgrammer:
def show(self):
def show(self):
print(self.fullname + " is a Python programmer")
PP.show()
Output: Guido van Rossum is a Python programmer

Attribute overriding in inheritance

Priority of an attribute in the subclass is always more than in the
superclass. This is reflected through attribute overriding.


class CProgrammer:
status = ’inactive’
def show(self):
status = ’active’
PP.show()
print("He is " + PP.status)


class CProgrammer:
status = ’inactive’
def show(self):
status = ’active’
PP.show()
print("He is " + PP.status)
Output: Guido van Rossum is a Python programmer
He is active
Checking inheritance
The built-in functions isinstance() and issubclass() can be

used for checking inheritances.
isinstance(O, A) returns True if the object O is an

instance of the class A or other classes derived from it.
issubclass(X, A) returns True if the class X is a subclass
of the class A.

class CProgrammer:
def show(self):
pass
print(isinstance(CP, PythonProgrammer))
print(isinstance(PP, CProgrammer))

class CProgrammer:
def show(self):
pass
print(isinstance(CP, PythonProgrammer))
print(isinstance(PP, CProgrammer))
Output: False
True

class CProgrammer:
def show(self):
pass
print(issubclass(CProgrammer, PythonProgrammer))
print(issubclass(PythonProgrammer, CProgrammer))

class CProgrammer:
def show(self):
pass
print(issubclass(CProgrammer, PythonProgrammer))
print(issubclass(PythonProgrammer, CProgrammer))
Output: False
True

Dunder/Magic/Special methods in Python

__init__() for object initialization
__call__() for callable objects
__repr__() for object representation
__str__() for object representation
__add__() for operator overloading
__eq__() for operator overloading
__lt__() for operator overloading
__getitem__() for iteration
__len__() for iteration
__reversed__() for iteration
__enter__() for context manager support
__exit__() for context manager support


__init__() for object initialization
__call__() for callable objects
__repr__() for object representation
__str__() for object representation
__add__() for operator overloading
__eq__() for operator overloading
__lt__() for operator overloading
__getitem__() for iteration
__len__() for iteration
__reversed__() for iteration
__enter__() for context manager support
__exit__() for context manager support
Note: Dunder signifies Double Underscores.
def __repr__(self):
return ’Items: {}’.format(self.fullname.split())
def show(self):
print(PP)
PP.show()

def __repr__(self):
return ’Items: {}’.format(self.fullname.split())
def show(self):
print(PP)
PP.show()
Output: Items: [’Guido’, ’van’, ’Rossum’]

Guido van Rossum

2020 Day10 Oop Python

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Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Machine Intelligence Unit

Malay Bhattacharyya Computing Laboratory

1 Object-oriented Programming (OOP)

Malay Bhattacharyya Computing Laboratory

Object-oriented Programming (OOP)

Objects are the basic runtime entities in an object-oriented system.

Malay Bhattacharyya Computing Laboratory

Class and Object

Classes are the building blocks in OOP

A class is like a template that describes the behaviors/states that

Malay Bhattacharyya Computing Laboratory

Class and Object

Classes are the building blocks in OOP

A class is like a template that describes the behaviors/states that

Malay Bhattacharyya Computing Laboratory

Class and Object

Classes are the building blocks in OOP

A class is like a template that describes the behaviors/states that

An object is an instance of a class

Malay Bhattacharyya Computing Laboratory

Defining an empty class in Python:

Note: pass is used as a placeholder with no errors getting created.

Malay Bhattacharyya Computing Laboratory

Object of an empty class

Creating an object of an empty class:

Malay Bhattacharyya Computing Laboratory

Object of an empty class

Creating an object of an empty class:

What is the output of the following code?

Malay Bhattacharyya Computing Laboratory

Object of an empty class

Creating an object of an empty class:

What is the output of the following code?

Malay Bhattacharyya Computing Laboratory

Object of an empty class

Malay Bhattacharyya Computing Laboratory

Object of an empty class

Using an empty class

Using an empty class in Python:

Malay Bhattacharyya Computing Laboratory

Using an empty class

Using an empty class in Python:

Output: Average age: 43.5

Malay Bhattacharyya Computing Laboratory

Defining a standard class in Python:

Malay Bhattacharyya Computing Laboratory

Standard class – The use of self

Class methods must take the first parameter as self.

Malay Bhattacharyya Computing Laboratory

Standard class – The use of self

Class methods must take the first parameter as self.

Malay Bhattacharyya Computing Laboratory

Standard class – The use of self

Class methods must take the first parameter as self.

Malay Bhattacharyya Computing Laboratory

Object of a standard class

Creating an object of a standard class:

Malay Bhattacharyya Computing Laboratory