BMAT102L - Differential Equations & Transforms Dr. T.

Phaneendra
Module 5: Fourier Series Professor of Mathematics

Tutorial Problem Set 1

Fourier Series of f (t) in the General Period I = (a, b):

Let f (t) be a periodic function with period b − a, satisfying the Dirichlet conditions on I = (a, b),
whose length equals the period b − a. Its Fourier series in I is given by
∞ h
a0  nπt   nπt i
f (t) = + ∑ an cos + bn sin for a < t < b,
2 n=1 l l

where the Fourier Coefficients are computed by the following Euler’s formulas:
b b b
2 Z 2 Z  nπt  2 Z  nπx 
a0 = f (t) dt, an = f (t) cos dt, bn = f (t) sin dt n = 1, 2, 3...
b−a a b−a a l b−a a l

f (b−0)+ f (a+0)
(a) At the end points of I = (a, b): The sum of the Fourier series equals the average 2
of the left-hand and the right-hand limits of f at b and a respectively

(b) At a point of finite discontinuity c ∈ I = (a, b): The sum of the Fourier series equals the
average f (c−0)+2 f (c+0) of the left-hand and the right-hand limits of f at c.

Fourier Series of f (t) with Period 2π in the Full Range I = (0, 2π):

Let f (t) be a periodic function with period 2π, satisfying the Dirichlet conditions on I = (0, 2π),
whose length equals the period 2π. Its Fourier series in I is given by
∞
a0
f (t) = + ∑ (an cos nt + bn sin nt) ,
2 n=1

where the Fourier Coefficients are computed by the following Euler’s formulas:
2π 2π 2π
1Z 1Z 1Z
a0 = f (t) dt, an = f (t) cos nt dt, bn = f (t) sin nt dt, n = 1, 2, 3...
π 0 π 0 π 0

f (2π−0)+ f (0+0)
(a) At the end points of I = (0, 2π): The sum of the Fourier series equals 2

(b) At a point of finite discontinuity c ∈ I = (0, 2π): The sum of the Fourier series equals
f (c−0)+ f (c+0)
2 .

Fourier Series of f (t) with Period 2l in the Full Range I = (0, 2l):

Let f (t) be a periodic function with period 2l, satisfying the Dirichlet conditions on I = (0, 2l),
whose length equals the period 2l. Its Fourier series in I is given by
∞ 
a0 nπt nπt 
f (t) = + ∑ an cos + bn sin ,
2 n=1 l l

where the Fourier Coefficients are computed by the following Euler’s formulas:
2l 2l 2l
1Z 1Z  nπt  1Z  nπt 
a0 = f (t) dt, an = f (t) cos dt, bn = f (t) sin dt, n = 1, 2, 3...
l 0 l 0 l l 0 l

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BMAT102L - Differential Equations & Transforms Dr. T. Phaneendra
Module 5: Fourier Series Professor of Mathematics

f (2l−0)+ f (0+0)
(a) At the end points of I = (0, 2l): The sum of the Fourier series equals 2

(b) At a point of finite discontinuity c ∈ I = (0, 2l): The sum of the Fourier series equals
f (c−0)+ f (c+0)
2 .

Fourier Series of f (t) with Period 2π in the Full Range I = (−π, π):

Let f (t) be a periodic function with period 2π, satisfying the Dirichlet conditions on I = (−π, π),
whose length equals the period 2π. Its Fourier series in I is given by
∞
a0
f (t) = + ∑ (an cos nt + bn sin nt) ,
2 n=1

where the Fourier Coefficients are computed by the following Euler’s formulas:
π π π
1Z 1Z 1Z
a0 = f (t) dt, an = f (t) cos nt dt, bn = f (t) sin nt dt, n = 1, 2, 3...
π −π π −π π −π

f (π−0)+ f (−π+0)
(a) At the end points of I = (−π, π): The sum of the Fourier series equals 2

(b) At a point of finite discontinuity c ∈ I = (−π, π): The sum of the Fourier series equals
f (c−0)+ f (c+0)
2 .

Fourier Series of f (t) with Period 2l in the Full Range I = (−l, l):

Let f (t) be a periodic function with period 2l, satisfying the Dirichlet conditions on I = (−l, l),
whose length equals the period 2l. Its Fourier series in I is given by
∞ 
a0 nπt nπt 
f (t) = + ∑ an cos + bn sin ,
2 n=1 l l

where the Fourier Coefficients are computed by the following Euler’s formulas:
l l l
1Z 1Z  nπt  1Z  nπt 
a0 = f (t) dt, an = f (t) cos dt, bn = f (t) sin dt, n = 1, 2, 3...
l −l l −l l l −l l

f (l−0)+ f (−l+0)
(a) At the end points of I = (−l, l): The sum of the Fourier series equals 2

(b) At a point of finite discontinuity c ∈ I = (−l, l): The sum of the Fourier series equals
f (c−0)+ f (c+0)
2 .

Fourier Series of Even Function f (t) with Period 2π in I = (−π, π):

Let f (t) be an even function with period 2π, satisfying the Dirichlet conditions on I = (−π, π),
whose length equals the period 2π. Then
π π π π
1Z 2Z 1Z 2Z
a0 = f (t) dt = f (t) dt, an = f (t) cos nt dt = f (t) cos nt dt,
π −π π 0 π −π π 0
π
1Z
bn = f (t) sin nt dt = 0 for n = 1, 2, 3...
π −π

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BMAT102L - Differential Equations & Transforms Dr. T. Phaneendra
Module 5: Fourier Series Professor of Mathematics

Thus its Fourier series in I is f (t) = a0

2 + ∑∞
n=1 an cos nt.

Fourier Series of Odd Function f (t) with Period 2π in I = (−π, π):

Let f (t) be an odd function with period 2π, satisfying the Dirichlet conditions on I = (−π, π),
whose length equals the period 2π. Then
π π
1Z 1Z
a0 = f (t) dt = 0, an = f (t) cos nt dt = 0,
π −π π −π
π π
1Z 2Z
bn = f (t) sin nt dt = f (t) sin nt dt for n = 1, 2, 3...
π −π π 0

Thus its Fourier series in I is f (t) = ∑∞

n=1 bn sin nt.

Fourier Series of Even Function f (t) with Period 2l in I = (−l, l):

Let f (t) be an even function with period 2l, satisfying the Dirichlet conditions on I = (−l, l),
whose length equals the period 2l. Then
l
1Z 2Z l 1Z l  nπt  2Z l  nπt 
a0 = f (t) dt = f (t) dt, an = f (t) cos dt = f (t) cos dt,
l −l l 0 l −l l l 0 l
l
1Z  nπt 
bn = f (t) sin dt = 0 for n = 1, 2, 3...
l −l l

Thus its Fourier series in I is f (t) = a20 + ∑∞ nπt

n=1 an cos l .

Fourier Series of Odd Function f (t) with Period 2l in I = (−l, l):

Let f (t) be an odd function with period 2l, satisfying the Dirichlet conditions on I = (−l, l), whose
length equals the period 2l. Then
l l
1Z 1Z  nπt 
a0 = f (t) dt = 0, an = f (t) cos
dt = 0,
l −l l −l l
l
1Z  nπt  2Z l  nπt 
bn = f (t) sin dt = f (t) sin dt for n = 1, 2, 3...
l
−l l l 0 l

Thus its Fourier series in I is f (t) = ∑∞ nπt

n=1 bn sin l .

Exercise 1 (Fourier series of Continuous Functions in (0, 2π)). Find the Fourier series of the fol-
lowing periodic functions F(t), defined in one period I = (0, 2π). Also, find the sum of the Fourier
series of f (t) at the end points of I :

(a) f (t) = e−t

(b) f (t) = 21 t 2 − 13 t

(c) f (t) = πt − t 2

(d) f (t) = sint

(e) f (t) = t 3

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BMAT102L - Differential Equations & Transforms Dr. T. Phaneendra
Module 5: Fourier Series Professor of Mathematics

Exercise 2 (Fourier Series of Piecewise Continuous Functions in (0, 2π)). Find the Fourier series
of the following periodic functions F(t), defined in one period I = (0, 2π). Also, find the sum of
the Fourier series of f (t) at the end points of I and at the points of finite discontinuity within I :
(
1, 0 < t < π,
(a) f (t) =
−1, π < t < 2π
(
t, 0 < t < π,
(b) f (t) =
0, π < t < 2π
(
t, 0 < t < π,
(c) f (t) =
2π − t, π < t < 2π
(
t 2 , 0 < t < π,
(d) f (t) =
π, π < t < 2π
(
t 3 , 0 < t < π,
(e) f (t) = 2
t , π < t < 2π

Exercise 3 (Fourier series of Continuous Functions in (0, 2l)). Find the Fourier series of the fol-
lowing periodic functions F(t), defined in one period I = (0, 2l). Also, find the sum of the Fourier
series of f (t) at the end points of I :

(a) f (t) = et

(b) f (t) = t 2 + 32 t

(c) f (t) = t(2l − t)

(d) f (t) = cost

(e) f (t) = 1 + 2t

Exercise 4 (Fourier Series of Piecewise Continuous Functions in (0, 2l)). Find the Fourier series of
the following periodic functions F(t), defined in one period I = (0, 2l). Also, find the sum of the
Fourier series of f (t) at the end points of I and at the points of finite discontinuity within I :
(
−2, 0 < t < l,
(a) f (t) =
1, l < t < 2l
(
0, 0 < t < l,
(b) f (t) =
t, l < t < 2l
(
t, 0 < t < l,
(c) f (t) =
−t, l < t < 2l
(
t 2 , 0 < t < l,
(d) f (t) =
0, l < t < 2l
(
0, 0 < t < l,
(e) f (t) = 3
t , l < t < 2l

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BMAT102L - Differential Equations & Transforms Dr. T. Phaneendra
Module 5: Fourier Series Professor of Mathematics

Exercise 5 (Fourier series of Continuous Functions in (−π, π)). Find the Fourier series of the
following periodic functions F(t), defined in one period I = (−π, π). Also, find the sum of the
Fourier series of f (t) at the end points of I :

(a) f (t) = cos2 t

(b) f (t) = sint

(c) f (t) = |t|

(d) f (t) = t(π − t)

(e) f (t) = t(π2 − t 2 )

Exercise 6 (Fourier Series of Piecewise Continuous Functions in (−π, π)). Find the Fourier series
of the following periodic functions F(t), defined in one period I = (−π, π). Also, find the sum of
the Fourier series of f (t) at the end points of I and at the points of finite discontinuity within I :
(
−1/2, −π < t < 0,
(a) f (t) =
2/3, 0<t <π
(
π + t, −π < t < 0,
(b) f (t) =
π − t, 0 < t < π
(
2

t − π2 , t ∈ 0, π2 ,
(c) f (t) =
0, elsewhere
(
− cost, −π < t < 0,
(d) f (t) =
cost, 0<t <π
(
1, |t| < π4 ,
(e) f (t) =
0, elsewhere

Exercise 7 (Fourier series of Continuous Functions in (−l, l)). Find the Fourier series of the fol-
lowing periodic functions F(t), defined in one period I = (−l, l). Also, find the sum of the Fourier
series of f (t) at the end points of I :

(a) f (t) = t(1 − |t|)

(b) f (t) = t − 54

(c) l 2 − t 2

(d) f (t) = l − |t|2

(e) f (t) = |t|3

Exercise 8 (Fourier Series of Piecewise Continuous Functions in (−l, l)). Find the Fourier series
of the following periodic functions F(t), defined in one period I = (−l, l). Also, find the sum of
the Fourier series of f (t) at the end points of I and at the points of finite discontinuity within I :
(
1 + 2t, −l < t < 0,
(a) f (t) =
1 − 2t, 0 < t < l

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BMAT102L - Differential Equations & Transforms Dr. T. Phaneendra
Module 5: Fourier Series Professor of Mathematics

(
0, −l < t < 0,
(b) f (t) =
3/2, 0 < t < l
(
2/3, −l < t < 0,
(c) f (t) =
t, elsewhere
(
0, −l < t < 0,
(d) f (t) =
2 sint, 0 < t < l
(
−l, |t| < 2l ,
(e) f (t) =
l, elsewhere