Question 1 :

a) If an element is subjected to σx, σy and τxy, what are the corresponding εx, εy and
γxy?
(1 mark)

b) A cantilever beam, shown in Fig 2a, is subjected to vertical force P. A strain

rosette is bonded at point A in the orientation shown in Fig. 2b. The material
properties are E = 200 GPa, G = 80 GPa and ν = 0.3.
If the recorded strain rosette readings are εa = +320μ, εb = +8μ and εc = +8μ,
find the following:

i. The state of strain at point A in x-y direction and sketch the strain element.
(2marks)
ii. The principal strain at point A and sketch the corresponding strain element.
(2marks)

iii. The maximum in-plane shear strain at point A and sketch the corresponding
strain element.
(2marks)
iv. Does the absolute maximum shear strain at point A occurs in-plane or out-of-
plane?
(1mark)
v. The magnitude of force P.
(2marks)
Question 2:
( 45 min )

Figure Q2 shows the strain gauges positions and values at point A on a surface of a
loaded structure. The strain readings in directions of a, b and x are +400, -100 and
+200 respectively. The structure has properties as following; E= 205 GPa, v = 0.32

a) Calculate the strain values and sketch the strain element in a-b directions. ( 2
marks)

b) Sketch the Mohr Circle and mark the related points. Find the values and sketch
the strain element in the principal direction. ( 4 marks)

c) Calculate the strain values and sketch the strain element in maximum shear
direction. ( 1 mark)

d) What are the principal stresses? Sketch the principal stress element and mark
its values. (2 marks)

e) What are the stresses in a-b directions ? Sketch the stress element and mark its
values. ( 1 mark)

b y
a

30o Figure Q2
30o

b = -100
30o
A x
x = 200

a = 400
Question 3:

A set of strain rosette with three strain gauges at 120° apart is attached onto a steel
structure surface, point P for strain measurement. The state of stress at point P is then
determined from the acquired strain measurement. The orientation of strain rosette is
shown in Figure Q2. When the structure is being loaded the readings of the gauges
are 200μ, -100μ and -200μ at the directions of a, b and c respectively.

b y

 = -100
120o
a
120o x
P
 = 200

 = -200

Figure Q2

a) Find the strains values in the x-y directions and draw the strain element
diagram of that direction.
(3 marks)

b) Find the principal strain values and draw the strain element diagram of that
direction.

(2 marks)

c) Find the maximum shear strain value and draw the strain element diagram of
that direction.
(2 marks)

d) If the properties of the structure has E = 208 GPa and ν = 0.28, find the
magnitude of the Principal Stresses and draw its stress element diagram.
(2 marks)

e) Give your comment without calculation on what happen to maximum

principal strain of the steel (E = 208 GPa) is changed to titanium (E = 110
GPa)?
(1 mark)
Question 4:

Three (3) strain gauges are fixed on the surface of point A of a structure to analyse strain
conditions at point A on a structure, in the respective directions as shown in Figure Q2. When the
structure is being loaded the readings of the gauges are 200µ, 350µ and -100µ and the directions
of x, a and b respectively.

y
b
a

e = -100µ
e = 350µ
70o 30o
A x
e = 200µ

Figure Q2

a) Find the strains values in the x-y directions and draw the strain element diagram of that
directions. (2 marks)

b) Find the principal strain values and draw the strain element diagram of that directions.
(3 marks)
c) Find the maximum shear strain value and draw the strain element diagram of that
directions. (2 marks)

d) If the properties of the structure has E = 208 GPa and n = 0.28, find the magnitude of the
Principal Stresses and draw its stress element diagram. (2 marks)

e) Give your comment without calculation on what happen to maximum principal strain of
the steel (E = 208 GPa) is changed to copper (E = 110 GPa)? (1 mark)
Question 5:

a) Sketch the strain element that experiences a negative shear strain only on x-y plane.
(2 marks)

b) Figure Q2 (b) shows a strain rosette that is attached on the surface of a production equipment.
The strain readings are εa = -200(10-6), εb = -65(10-6) and εc = 130(10-6).
i) Determine the in-plane principal strains and sketch the strain element.
ii) Determine the maximum in-plane shear strain and sketch the strain element.
iii) What is the angle of orientation (with respect to x-axis) that leads to εx’ = 0?
(8 marks)

Figure Q2 (b)