1.

Define the following terms as applied to computer

I. Numeric: In computing, "numeric" refers to data that consists of numbers. This includes integers
(whole numbers) and floating-point numbers (numbers with decimal points).
II. Package: A package in computing refers to a collection of related modules or software
components bundled together.
III. Algorithm: An algorithm is a defined set of step-by-step procedures or instructions designed to
perform a specific task or solve a particular problem.
IV. Justify: " typically refers to aligning text or data within a field or document. For example, text
can be left-justified, right-justified, or center-justified within a column or page.
V. Table: A table in computing is a data structure that organizes information into rows and
columns, making it easy to manage and retrieve data.

2. Explain any FIVE historic calculating devices, in the order, in which they came into existence
(5marks)

 Abacus (c. 2400 BCE)

Description: The abacus is one of the earliest known calculating devices. It consists of a series of
rods or wires on which beads are slid back and forth to perform arithmetic operations.
Historical Significance: It was used by ancient civilizations such as the Sumerians, Egyptians,
Greeks, Romans, and Chinese for basic arithmetic tasks.
 Antikythera Mechanism (c. 100 BCE)
Description: Discovered in an ancient shipwreck off the coast of the Greek island of Antikythera,
this complex geared mechanism is believed to have been used to predict astronomical positions
and eclipses.
Historical Significance: It is often considered the first known analog computer, illustrating the
advanced engineering skills of ancient Greeks.
 Napier's Bones (1617)
Description: Invented by John Napier, Napier’s Bones were a set of numbered rods that could
be used to perform multiplication and division through a method of lattice multiplication.
Historical Significance: They simplified complex calculations and were an important step
towards more sophisticated mechanical calculators.
 Slide Rule (1630s)
Description: Developed by William Oughtred and others, the slide rule is a mechanical analog
computer used primarily for multiplication and division, and also for functions such as roots,
logarithms, and trigonometry.
Historical Significance: It was widely used until the advent of the electronic calculator in the
1970s, especially by engineers and scientists.
 Pascaline (1642)
Description: Invented by Blaise Pascal, the Pascaline is a mechanical calculator that could add
and subtract directly and multiply and divide by repetition. It used a series of gears and wheels
to perform calculations.
 Historical Significance: It is one of the first mechanical calculators that could be operated by
anyone without the need for expert knowledge in arithmetic, laying the groundwork for future
mechanical and electronic calculators.

3. Giving examples explain how hybrid computer differ from analog and digital computers (4marks)

1. Analog Computers:

Function: Analog computers process continuous data. They measure and represent physical quantities
like temperature, speed, or voltage as continuous signals.

Example: A slide rule or a mechanical speedometer in a car. These devices provide real-time results
based on continuous physical inputs.

2. Digital Computers:

Function: Digital computers process discrete data using binary code (0s and 1s). They excel in
performing precise and complex calculations, data storage, and running software applications.

Example: Personal computers (PCs) and smartphones. These devices perform a wide range of functions
from word processing to internet browsing using digital data.

3. Hybrid Computers:

Function: Hybrid computers combine the features of both analog and digital computers. They can
process both continuous and discrete data, often converting analog signals to digital ones for processing
and vice versa. This makes them suitable for specialized tasks requiring real-time data processing and
complex computations.

Example: Medical imaging devices like CT scans or MRI machines. These devices take continuous signals
(such as those from the human body) and convert them into digital data for detailed analysis and image
construction.

Summary:

- Analog computers handle continuous data (e.g., mechanical speedometer).

- Digital computers handle discrete data (e.g., PCs, smartphones).

- Hybrid computers combine both approaches for specialized tasks (e.g., MRI machines).

4. Explain giving examples numeric formula, logical formula and text formula (6marks)

1. Numeric Formula

Numeric formulas are used to perform mathematical operations. They involve numbers and arithmetic
operators like addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*), and division (/).
Example:

- Formula: `=A1 + B1`

- Explanation: This formula adds the values in cells A1 and B1. If A1 contains 5 and B1 contains 10, the
result will be 15.

2. Logical Formula

Logical formulas are used to perform operations based on conditions. They often use functions like `IF`,
`AND`, `OR`, and comparison operators like greater than (>) or equal to (=).

Example:

- Formula: `=IF(A1 > 10, "High", "Low")`

- **Explanation:** This formula checks if the value in cell A1 is greater than 10. If it is, the result is
"High"; otherwise, the result is "Low". If A1 contains 15, the result will be "High".

3. Text Formula

Text formulas are used to manipulate and perform operations on text strings. They often involve
functions like `CONCATENATE`, `LEFT`, `RIGHT`, `MID`, and `LEN`.

Example:

- Formula: `=CONCATENATE("Hello, ", A1, "!")`

- Explanation: This formula combines the text "Hello, ", the value in cell A1, and an exclamation mark
"!". If A1 contains "World", the result will be "Hello, World!".

Summary

- Numeric Formula: Used for mathematical operations (e.g., `=A1 + B1`).

- Logical Formula: Used for operations based on conditions (e.g., `=IF(A1 > 10, "High", "Low")`).

- Text Formula: Used for manipulating text strings (e.g., `=CONCATENATE("Hello, ", A1, "!")`).

5. Explain what is meant by device driver and give its role in computer (4marks)

A device driver is a specialized software program that allows the operating system (OS) and other
software applications to communicate with hardware devices.

Role of Device Drivers in a Computer

1. Hardware Communication: Device drivers enable the operating system to interact with hardware
components such as printers, graphics cards, network adapters, and storage devices.
2. Hardware Abstraction: This means software can interact with hardware using generic commands,
which the driver then converts into specific actions.

3. Performance Optimization: By providing optimized routines for hardware interaction, device drivers
can enhance the performance of hardware components, ensuring efficient operation and better overall
system performance.

4. Error Handling and Device Control: Device drivers manage the operations of the hardware, including
initializing devices, managing power states, and handling errors.

6. Explain in detail the role of control unit in a computer (6marks)

It acts as the nerve center of the CPU, coordinating and controlling the execution of instructions by
managing the flow of data between the CPU and other components of the computer system.

1. Instruction Fetching and Decoding:

The control unit retrieves instructions from the computer's memory. These instructions are part of a
program that the CPU is executing. Once an instruction is fetched, the CU decodes it to determine what
action is required.

2. Control Signal Generation:

Based on the decoded instruction, the control unit generates specific control signals. They direct the
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) on what operations to perform, control the reading and writing of data in
memory, and manage data flow to and from I/O (input/output) devices.

3. Timing and Synchronization:

The control unit ensures that all operations within the CPU are synchronized with the system clock.
This synchronization ensures that the CPU operates efficiently and correctly, executing instructions in
the proper sequence.

4. Micro-Operations Control:

To execute an instruction, the control unit breaks it down into a series of smaller, more manageable
steps called micro-operations. These are low-level operations that the hardware performs to complete
an instruction. The CU sequences these micro-operations and ensures they are executed in the correct
order.

5. Data Path Control:

The control unit manages the flow of data within the CPU, particularly between the registers, ALU, and
memory.

6. Interrupt Handling:
The control unit is responsible for handling interrupts, which are signals that indicate an event needing
immediate attention.

Question Two

a. Cell E5 contains the formula below. What will be the contents of cell E6 when you copy the formula
from E5 to E6?

1. =SUM(H1:H4) (2Marks)

2. =SUM($H1:$H4) (2marks

3. =SUM($H$1:$H$4) (2marks)

To determine the contents of cell E6 when the formula from cell E5 is copied to E6, we need to
understand how relative and absolute cell references work in Excel:

1. =SUM(H1:H4) - Relative References

This formula uses relative references for both the start and end of the range. When you copy it from E5
to E6, the references will adjust relative to the new location (one row down).

Original in E5: `=SUM(H1:H4)`

Copied to E6: `=SUM(H2:H5)`

2. =SUM($H1:$H4) - Mixed References

This formula uses an absolute reference for the column `H`, but the row references are relative. When
you copy it from E5 to E6, only the row references will adjust relative to the new location.

Original in E5: `=SUM($H1:$H4)`

Copied to E6: `=SUM($H2:$H5)`

3. =SUM($H$1:$H$4) - Absolute References

This formula uses absolute references for both the start and end of the range. When you copy it from E5
to E6, the references will remain exactly the same because they are absolute.

Original in E5: `=SUM($H$1:$H$4)`

Copied to E6: `=SUM($H$1:$H$4)`

b. Computer memory may be classified by type (ROM, RAM and Cache). Clearly explain their
differences (4marks)

1. ROM (Read-Only Memory)

- Purpose: ROM is used to store firmware, which is the software that is permanently programmed into
the computer and is critical for booting up the system and performing basic input/output system (BIOS)
functions.

Characteristics:

Non-volatile: Data stored in ROM is not lost when the computer is turned off.

Read-Only: Generally, data cannot be modified or written to ROM after it has been programmed.

Permanent Storage: Holds the instructions needed for initial booting and hardware control.

2. RAM (Random Access Memory)

- Purpose: RAM is used as the computer's primary working memory where the operating system,
application programs, and currently used data are kept so they can be quickly reached by the
computer's processor.

Characteristics:

Volatile: Data stored in RAM is lost when the computer is turned off.

Read/Write: Both read and write operations are possible, allowing the CPU to access and modify data
quickly.

Temporary Storage: It stores data temporarily to facilitate quick access and processing.

3. Cache Memory

Purpose: Cache memory is a small, high-speed memory located close to the CPU, used to temporarily
hold frequently accessed or recently accessed data and instructions to speed up their retrieval.

Characteristics:

Volatile:Like RAM, data in the cache is lost when the computer is turned off.

Read/Write: Supports both read and write operations, and is designed for rapid access.

High Speed: Much faster than RAM but smaller in size, it bridges the speed gap between the CPU and
RAM by providing quicker data access for the CPU.

Levels: Often organized in multiple levels (L1, L2, L3) with L1 being the smallest and fastest, located
directly on the CPU chip.

c. Differentiate with examples between hard page breaks and soft page breaks (5marks)

Hard Page Breaks

Definition: A hard page break is manually inserted by the user to force the text to start on a new page.
This type of page break does not move or change unless the user removes or moves it.

Example in Microsoft Word:

1. Place the cursor where you want the new page to start.

2. Go to the "Insert" tab.

3. Click on "Page Break" or press `Ctrl + Enter` on the keyboard.

Usage Example:

- Report Writing: If you're writing a report and want each new section to start on a new page, you would
use a hard page break.

- Before: The end of one section continues onto the same page as the beginning of the next section.

- After: Section 1 ends, and Section 2 starts on a new page regardless of how much content was on the
previous page.

Soft Page Breaks

Definition: A soft page break is automatically inserted by the word processing software when the text
reaches the end of a page. It adjusts dynamically as content is added or removed.

Example in Microsoft Word:

- The software will automatically create a new page when you type enough content to reach the bottom
of the current page.

Usage Example:

- Ongoing Writing: While writing an essay or any continuous text, you don’t need to worry about page
breaks. The software will handle it for you.

- Before: Typing continues seamlessly from one page to the next.

- After: If additional text is added, the text will flow onto the next page automatically. If text is deleted,
the text from the following page will move up to fill the gap.

d. Define the term presentation hence differentiate between manual presentation and PowerPoint
presentation (6marks)

Presentation: A presentation is a means of communicating information, ideas, or proposals to an

audience using visual, verbal, and sometimes multimedia elements.

Manual Presentation
- Definition: A manual presentation involves the use of physical materials such as printed handouts,
posters, flip charts, whiteboards, or other non-digital media to convey information to an audience.

Features

- Physical Materials: Utilizes tangible items that can be physically handled and displayed.

- Interactivity: Often more interactive and dynamic due to the potential for real-time modifications
(e.g., writing on a whiteboard).

- Technical Requirements: Requires no digital technology, making it useful in environments with

limited access to electronic devices or electricity.

- Customization: Highly customizable in terms of design and presentation style, often relying on the
presenter's creativity.

PowerPoint Presentation

- Definition: A PowerPoint presentation is a digital form of presenting information using Microsoft

PowerPoint software, which allows for the creation of slideshows with text, images, videos, animations,
and other multimedia elements.

Features:

- Digital Media: Utilizes electronic slides that can be projected onto a screen or shared digitally.

- Multimedia Integration: Can include various multimedia elements such as audio, video, and
animations to enhance the presentation.

- Ease of Editing: Facilitates easy editing and updating of content before and during the presentation.

- Technical Requirements: Requires a computer or similar device, a projector or display screen, and
often access to electricity and/or the internet.

- Professional Appearance: Provides tools and templates for creating professional and polished
presentations.

Question Three

Differentiate between tension arm tape drive and vacuum column tape drive

Tension Arm Tape Drive

1. Mechanism
 - Uses mechanical arms to control the tension of the tape.

2. Operation

- Typically involves springs and dampers to manage the tension dynamically.

3. Advantages:

- Simpler mechanical design compared to vacuum systems.

- Easier to maintain as it has fewer complex parts.

4. Disadvantages:

- Less effective at very high speeds because mechanical parts can have slower response times.

- May not provide as smooth and precise control as vacuum systems, leading to possible tape wear
and tear.

Vacuum Column Tape Drive

1. Mechanism:

- Uses vacuum columns to create a pressure differential that controls the tape tension.

2. Operation:

- The vacuum columns work by sucking air out, creating a vacuum that pulls the tape into the column
and keeps it under tension.

- The system adjusts the vacuum level to maintain consistent tape tension, especially as the tape
moves at high speeds.

3. Advantages

- Provides more precise and consistent tension control, especially at high speeds.

- Less mechanical wear and tear as there are fewer moving parts directly in contact with the tape.

4. Disadvantages

- More complex and potentially more expensive due to the need for vacuum pumps and airtight
columns.

- Requires more maintenance to ensure vacuum integrity and prevent leaks.

Summary
- Tension Arm Tape Drives are simpler and easier to maintain but may not offer the same level of
control and precision at high speeds compared to vacuum systems.

- Vacuum Column Tape Drives provide better tension control, particularly at high speeds, but are more
complex and can be more expensive and maintenance-intensive.

Justify which desktop publishing software would be most suitable for handling the following tasks

I. Illustration work 2marks

II. Professional page layout 2marks

III. Website building 2marks

Answers

Illustration Work

Adobe Illustrator

Adobe Illustrator is widely regarded as the best software for illustration work due to its powerful vector
graphics capabilities.

Professional Page Layout

Adobe InDesign

Adobe InDesign is the industry standard for professional page layout and design. It excels in creating
complex layouts for print and digital media, offering robust features like master pages, styles, and
advanced typography control.

Website Building

WordPress

WordPress is the most suitable for website building due to its flexibility, ease of use, and extensive range
of themes and plugins.

Using examples, explain the function of the following MS EXCEL functions, RIGHT, LOWER, UPPER,
TRIM and REPT 5Marks

1. RIGHT Function:

- Purpose: Extracts a specified number of characters from the end (right side) of a text string.

- Syntax: `RIGHT(text, [num_chars])`

- Example: Suppose cell A1 contains the text "HelloWorld". If you use `RIGHT(A1, 5)`, it will return
"World". This function extracts the last 5 characters of the string.
2. LOWER Function:

- Purpose: Converts all characters in a text string to lowercase.

- Syntax: `LOWER(text)`

- Example: If cell B1 contains the text "Excel FUNCTIONS", using `LOWER(B1)` will return "excel
functions". This function changes all uppercase letters to lowercase.

3. UPPER Function:

- Purpose: Converts all characters in a text string to uppercase.

- Syntax: `UPPER(text)`

- Example: If cell C1 contains the text "Excel functions", using `UPPER(C1)` will return "EXCEL
FUNCTIONS". This function changes all lowercase letters to uppercase.

4. TRIM Function:

- Purpose: Removes all spaces from a text string except for single spaces between words.

- Syntax: `TRIM(text)`

- Example: If cell D1 contains the text " Hello World ", using `TRIM(D1)` will return "Hello World".
This function removes the extra spaces before, after, and between words (leaving a single space
between words).

5. REPT Function:

- Purpose: Repeats a text string a specified number of times.

- Syntax: `REPT(text, number_times)`

- Example: If you use `REPT("x", 10)`, it will return "xxxxxxxxxx". This function repeats the text "x" ten
times.

Question Four

a. Operating system can be broadly classified into three categories. Name and explain each category
3marks

1. Batch Operating Systems:

- Key Characteristics: Jobs are processed in batches, no interaction between user and job during
execution, used in early computing systems.

2. Time-Sharing Operating Systems/ Multitasking operatingsystem:

- Description: These systems allow multiple users to share the computer resources simultaneously. Each
user gets a time slice of the CPU, ensuring that all users get a chance to execute their tasks.

- Key Characteristics: Interactive, supports multiple users, each user has a small portion of the CPU time,
efficient CPU utilization.

3. Real-Time Operating Systems:

- Description: These systems are designed to serve real-time applications that process data as it comes
in, typically without buffer delays. They require a high degree of reliability and predictability.

- Key Characteristics: Immediate processing, stringent time constraints, used in environments where
time-bound operations are critical, such as embedded systems, robotics, and critical mission systems.

b. Highlight any FIVE characteristics of a processor 5marks

1. Clock Speed (Frequency):- Measured in GHz (gigahertz), clock speed indicates how many cycles per
second the processor can execute. Higher clock speeds generally mean the processor can perform more
tasks in a given period.

2. Number of Cores:- Modern processors often have multiple cores, allowing them to execute multiple
instructions simultaneously. More cores can improve performance, especially in multi-threaded
applications.

3. Cache Size:- Processors have several levels of cache (L1, L2, and sometimes L3) that store frequently
accessed data for quick retrieval. Larger cache sizes can reduce the time needed to access data and
improve overall performance.

4. Instruction Set Architecture (ISA):- The ISA defines the set of instructions the processor can execute.
Common ISAs include x86, ARM, and MIPS. The choice of ISA affects compatibility with software and
overall performance.

5. Thermal Design Power (TDP):- TDP is the maximum amount of heat a processor is expected to
generate under typical load, measured in watts. It helps determine the cooling requirements and power
consumption of the processor. Lower TDP can lead to more energy-efficient systems.

c. Give the classification with examples for each case of the keys on a computer keyboard 6marks

1. Alphanumeric Keys:

- Definition: These keys include letters, numbers, and symbols.

- Examples:

- Letters: A, B, C, ..., Z

- Numbers: 0, 1, 2, ..., 9
 - Symbols: !, @, #, $, %, ^, &, *, (, )

2. Modifier Keys:

- Definition: These keys modify the function of other keys when pressed in combination.

- Examples:

- Shift: Used to type capital letters and other alternate "upper" characters.

- Control (Ctrl): Used in keyboard shortcuts like Ctrl+C (copy) and Ctrl+V (paste).

- Alt: Used in combination with other keys for various commands, like Alt+Tab (switch between open
applications).

3. Function Keys:

- Definition: These keys are labeled F1 through F12 and are used for special functions specific to the
operating system or application.

- Examples:

- F1: Typically opens help for the active application.

- F2: Often used to rename a selected file or folder.

- F5: Commonly used to refresh the current window or webpage.

4. Navigation Keys:

- Definition: These keys help move the cursor and navigate through documents or webpages.

- Examples:

- Arrow Keys: Up, Down, Left, Right

- Home: Moves the cursor to the beginning of the line or document.

- End: Moves the cursor to the end of the line or document.

- Page Up and Page Down: Scrolls up or down a page at a time.

5. Special Keys:

- Definition: These keys perform special functions.

 - Examples:

- Escape (Esc): Cancels an operation or closes a dialog box.

- Print Screen (PrtScn): Takes a screenshot of the current screen.

- Insert (Ins): Toggles between insert mode and overtype mode.

6. Numeric Keypad:

- Definition: This is a separate set of keys typically on the right side of the keyboard, used for numerical
input.

- Examples:

- Numbers: 0-9

- Arithmetic Operators: +, -, *, /

- Other keys: Num Lock, Enter (in the numeric keypad)

d. Name any six GUI components that are generally provided in any GUI based operating system

1. Windows: The primary interface elements where applications run and display their content.

2. Icons: Small graphical representations of programs, files, or functions that users can interact with.

3. Menus: Lists of options or commands presented to the user, often organized in a hierarchical
structure.

4. Buttons: Clickable elements that perform a specific action when activated.

5. Toolbars: Collections of buttons or icons that provide quick access to commonly used functions.

6. Dialog Boxes: Small windows that prompt the user to make decisions or enter information.

Question Five

a. Explain, giving examples the following types of printer

I. Laser Printer:

- Explanation: A laser printer uses a laser beam to produce an image on a drum which is then
transferred (or fused) onto paper. It's known for high-quality output and fast printing speeds.

- Example: HP LaserJet Pro series, Brother HL-L2350DW.

II. Drum Printer:

- Explanation: A drum printer uses a cylindrical drum coated with selenium or another photoconductive
material. It's an older technology where characters are printed using hammers and a ribbon against the
rotating drum.

- Example: IBM 1403 drum printer.

III. Chain Printer:

- Explanation: Chain printers use a chain of character slugs or symbols that are rotated horizontally
across the paper. They were popular for high-speed printing in environments like data centers.

- Example: Printronix P300 line matrix printer.

IV. Line Printer:

- Explanation: Line printers print one line of text at a time. They are typically used for high-volume
printing of text-based documents and are known for their reliability and speed.

- Example: IBM 1403 line printer, Printronix P8000 series.

V. Character Printer:

- Explanation: Character printers print one character at a time. They include impact printers (like dot
matrix) and non-impact printers (like thermal printers).

- Example:

- Impact Character Printer: Epson LX-350 dot matrix printer.

- Non-Impact Character Printer: Zebra GK420t thermal transfer printer.

Name and explain at least four types of management functions that operating system performs
7marks

1. Process Management:

- Explanation: The OS allocates CPU time to different processes, schedules them based on priority or
other criteria, and ensures fair resource allocation. Process management also includes handling
interrupts and managing process states (e.g., running, ready, blocked).

2. Memory Management:

- Explanation: The OS allocates memory space to processes, tracks which parts of memory are in use or
free, and decides which processes to load into memory when space becomes available or when a
process needs more memory.
3. File System Management:

- Explanation: The OS handles file creation, deletion, and access permissions.

4. Device Management:

- Explanation: The OS controls the communication between devices and programs, handles device
interrupts, and manages device drivers.

Name and explain Eight types of personal application softwares 8marks

Personal application software refers to programs designed for individual users to perform specific tasks
on their personal computers or mobile devices. Here are eight types of personal application software
along with brief explanations:

1. Word Processors: Software like Microsoft Word or Google Docs allows users to create, edit, and
format text documents. They often include features for spell-checking, grammar checking, and
document templates.

2. Spreadsheets: Excel and Google Sheets are examples that enable users to create, manipulate, and
analyze data in tabular form. They are commonly used for budgeting, financial analysis, and data
organization.

3. Presentation Software: Applications like Microsoft PowerPoint or Google Slides are used to create
slideshows for presenting information using text, images, and multimedia elements.

4. Email Clients: Programs such as Microsoft Outlook or Mozilla Thunderbird allow users to send,
receive, and manage email messages. They often integrate with calendars and task management tools.

5. Web Browsers: While not traditionally considered "application software," browsers like Google
Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, or Safari are essential tools for accessing and interacting with websites and web
applications.

6. Media Players: Software such as VLC Media Player or iTunes enables users to play audio and video
files in various formats. They may include additional features like media library management.

7. Graphics Software: Applications like Adobe Photoshop or GIMP are used for editing and manipulating
digital images and graphics. They provide tools for drawing, painting, and enhancing photos.

8. Personal Finance Software: Programs such as Quicken or Mint are designed to manage personal
finances, including budgeting, expense tracking, and investment monitoring. They often synchronize
with bank accounts and credit cards.

Pp 2020/2021

a. Definitions
i. SmartArt

SmartArt is a feature in Microsoft Office applications that allows users to create a visual representation
of information, such as diagrams, process charts, and hierarchies, with a variety of pre-designed
templates.

ii. Control Unit

The control unit (CU) is a component of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) that directs the
operation of the processor. It tells the computer's memory, arithmetic/logic unit, and input and output
devices how to respond to the instructions that have been sent to the processor.

iii. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a part of the CPU that handles arithmetic and logical operations, such
as addition, subtraction, comparison, and logical operations (AND, OR, NOT).

iv. Memory Unit

The memory unit is a part of the computer where data and instructions are stored for quick access by
the processor. It includes both volatile memory (like RAM) and non-volatile memory (like ROM).

v. Format Painter

Format Painter is a feature in Microsoft Office applications that allows users to quickly copy formatting
(such as font style, size, color, and other formatting attributes) from one piece of text or object to
another.

b. Difference Between Worksheet and Workbook

- Worksheet: A single sheet within a spreadsheet program, like Microsoft Excel, which contains cells
organized by rows and columns to hold and manipulate data.

- Workbook: A file that contains one or more worksheets. It is the entire spreadsheet file that can
include multiple related worksheets.

c. Types of Documents Required for a Successful Mail Merge Operation

1. Main Document: This is the template document that contains the text and graphics that are the same
for each version of the merged document. For example, a form letter.

2. Data Source: This contains the variable data that will be inserted into the main document. It can be a
database, spreadsheet, or table that includes names, addresses, or other personalized information.

3. Merged Document: The final document that is produced after merging the main document with the
data source. It contains the personalized content for each recipient.
d. Features of Word Processing Applications

1. Text Formatting: Allows users to change font types, sizes, colors, and styles (bold, italic, underline).

2. Spell Check and Grammar Check: Automatically identifies and corrects spelling and grammatical
errors.

3. Templates: Pre-designed document formats for various types of documents like resumes, letters, and
reports.

4. Mail Merge: Integrates data from databases to create personalized documents.

5. Track Changes: Records changes made to a document, allowing multiple users to review and edit
collaboratively.

6. Tables and Graphs: Enables the creation and insertion of tables and charts to organize and present
data visually.

e. Device Driver

A device driver is a specialized software that allows an operating system to communicate with hardware
devices. Its role is to act as a translator between the hardware device and the applications or operating
systems that use the device, ensuring that commands from the software are correctly executed by the
hardware.

f. Types of Plotters

1. Flatbed Plotters: These plotters have a flat surface on which the paper is placed. The plotting head
moves over the surface to draw the design. They are typically used for large drawings like architectural
plans.

2. Drum Plotters: In these plotters, the paper is wrapped around a drum that rotates back and forth
while the plotting head moves side to side to draw. They are efficient for continuous roll printing and
large designs.

g. Groups of Generalized Computer Packages

1. Office Suites: Examples include Microsoft Office, Google Workspace, and LibreOffice.

2. Database Management Systems (DBMS): Examples include Oracle, MySQL, and Microsoft SQL Server.

3. Graphic Design Software: Examples include Adobe Photoshop, CorelDRAW, and GIMP.

4. Project Management Software: Examples include Microsoft Project, Trello, and Asana.

5. Accounting Software: Examples include QuickBooks, Sage, and Xero.

h. Elements in PowerPoint Slides

1. Text Boxes: These are used to add and format text within a slide.

2. Images: Pictures or graphics can be inserted to make slides more visually appealing.

3. Charts: Graphical representations of data, such as bar charts, pie charts, and line graphs.

4. Tables: Used to organize and display data in rows and columns.

5. Animations: Effects that can be applied to objects (text, images, etc.) to animate their entrance, exit,
or movement on a slide.

Question b: Explain the main features of the Page Setting command in Microsoft Excel. [4 marks]

The Page Setting command in Microsoft Excel allows users to configure the layout and appearance of
their printed worksheets. Key features include:

1. Page Orientation: Choose between Portrait and Landscape to determine how the sheet will be
printed.

2. Margins: Adjust the space around the edges of the printed page, including top, bottom, left, and right
margins.

3. Size: Select the size of the paper (e.g., A4, Letter) for printing.

4. Print Area: Define specific areas of the worksheet to print, avoiding unnecessary data.

Question c: Give the actions which the following keystrokes perform in Microsoft Word: F1, F12,
CTRL+C, CTRL+SHIFT+C, CTRL+J. [6 marks]

1. F1: Opens the Help pane or window.

2. F12: Opens the Save As dialog box.

3. CTRL+C: Copies the selected text or object to the clipboard.

4. CTRL+SHIFT+C: Copies the formatting of the selected text.

5. CTRL+J: Justifies the text (aligns text to both the left and right margins).

Question d: Describe how to achieve the following in Microsoft Excel; Hide a Column, Unhide a
Column, Hide a worksheet, Unhide a worksheet. [6 marks]

1. Hide a Column: Right-click on the column header you want to hide and select "Hide".

2. Unhide a Column: Select the columns on either side of the hidden column, right-click, and select
"Unhide".

3. Hide a Worksheet: Right-click the sheet tab you want to hide and select "Hide".
4. Unhide a Worksheet: Right-click any sheet tab, select "Unhide", and choose the sheet you want to
unhide from the list.

Question a: Explain any three features of Microsoft PowerPoint application program. [3 marks]

1. Slide Transitions: Adds visual effects when moving from one slide to the next during a presentation.

2. Animations: Allows objects like text, images, and shapes to animate on slides, adding emphasis or
visual interest.

3. Templates and Themes: Provides pre-designed slide layouts and themes to create professional-
looking presentations quickly.

Question b: Highlight any six useful programs that come with Windows XP operating system. [3
marks]

1. Notepad: Basic text editor for simple text documents.

2. Paint: Simple graphics editing program.

3. Calculator: Basic arithmetic calculator.

4. WordPad: Basic word processing application.

5. Internet Explorer: Web browser for internet access.

6. Windows Media Player: Plays audio and video files.

Question d: Give and explain any five examples of high-level programming language software
available for academic applications. [5 marks]

1. Python: Widely used for its readability and broad range of applications, including data analysis and
web development.

2. Java: Popular for its portability across platforms and used in many educational courses.

3. C++: Known for its performance and use in system/software development and academic projects.

4. MATLAB: Used extensively in mathematics, engineering, and scientific research.

5. R: Primarily used for statistical computing and data analysis.

Question e: Briefly explain any five different components of a chart as found in Microsoft Excel. [5
marks]

1. Chart Title: Describes what the chart is about.

2. Axis Titles: Labels for the X-axis (horizontal) and Y-axis (vertical) to indicate what the axes represent.
3. Data Series: The actual data points plotted on the chart.

4. Legend: Explains the meaning of various colors, patterns, or symbols used in the chart.

5. Gridlines: Lines that make it easier to read and understand the values on the chart.

Question: Explain any two uses of rulers in Microsoft Word application program. [2 marks]

1. Setting Margins: Adjust the left and right margins to control the width of the text area.

2. Indents: Set indentations for paragraphs, including first-line indents and hanging indents.

Question b: Explain three different ways to you can protect your workbook. [3 marks]

1. Password Protection: Set a password to open or modify the workbook.

2. Protect Sheet: Restrict changes to specific cells or ranges on a worksheet.

3. Protect Workbook Structure: Prevent changes to the workbook’s structure, like adding, deleting, or
moving sheets.

Question c: Name any four types of data that can be entered into Microsoft Excel worksheet cells. [4
marks]

1. Text: Any combination of letters and numbers.

2. Numbers: Numerical values for calculations.

3. Dates/Times: Date and time values.

4. Formulas: Equations that perform calculations on data.

Question d: Name any five elements in a Microsoft Excel formula. [5 marks]

1. Equal Sign (=): Indicates the beginning of a formula.

2. Operators: Symbols like +, -, *, / for calculations.

3. Cell References: Addresses of cells that contain the data.

4. Functions: Predefined formulas like SUM(), AVERAGE().

5. Constants: Fixed values used in calculations.

Question: There are a number of features that are available in Microsoft Excel to make tasks easier.
Name and explain any six. [6 marks]

1. AutoSum: Quickly sums a range of cells.

2. Conditional Formatting: Changes the appearance of cells based on specific conditions.

3. Data Validation: Controls the type of data or values users can enter into a cell.

4. PivotTables: Summarizes large amounts of data in a compact, flexible way.

5. Charts: Creates graphical representations of data.

6. Filters: Allows users to display only the rows that meet certain criteria.

Definitions:

i. Algorithm: A step-by-step procedure or set of rules designed to perform a specific task or solve a
particular problem.

ii. Booting: The process of starting up a computer and loading the operating system into memory,
making the system ready for use.

iii. Data: Information processed or stored by a computer, which can be in the form of text, numbers,
images, audio, or video.

iv. Package: A collection of related software programs or modules that are bundled together for
installation and use.

v. Cell: The smallest unit in a spreadsheet where a row and a column intersect, used to store a single
piece of data.

Parent Directory:

A parent directory is the directory that contains a given directory or file. It is the directory one level up in
the hierarchy from the current directory. In MSDOS, the symbol used to denote the parent directory is
"..".

Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) in Windows 8:

Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) is a technology that allows embedding and linking to documents
and other objects.

- Object Linking: Involves inserting a link in one document that points to an object in another document.
Changes made to the object in the original document are reflected in the linked document.

- Object Embedding: Involves inserting an object from one application into a document of another
application. The embedded object retains its format and can be edited with the original application
within the document.

Types of Slide Views in MS PowerPoint:

1. Normal View: The default view that displays the slide, notes, and thumbnails of all slides.
2. Slide Sorter View: Displays thumbnails of all slides, allowing for easy reordering and organizing.

3. Reading View: Allows the presentation to be viewed in a window, similar to Slide Show view, but
within the PowerPoint interface.

4. Slide Show View: Displays the slides as a full-screen presentation.

Reliability and Adaptability of Operating Systems:

- Reliability: Refers to the ability of an operating system to function correctly and consistently without
failures. A reliable OS ensures data integrity, security, and continuous operation over time.

- Adaptability: Refers to the ability of an operating system to adjust to different hardware

configurations, user needs, and workloads. An adaptable OS can efficiently manage resources, support
new devices, and accommodate software updates.

Types of Student Application Software:

1. Word Processors: Software like Microsoft Word or Google Docs, used for creating and editing text
documents.

2. Spreadsheets: Applications such as Microsoft Excel or Google Sheets, used for organizing, analyzing,
and storing data in tabular form.

3. Presentation Software: Tools like Microsoft PowerPoint or Google Slides, used for creating and
delivering presentations.

4. Educational Software: Programs designed for learning purposes, such as Khan Academy or Duolingo,
which offer instructional content and practice exercises.

5. Simulation Software: Applications like MATLAB or LabVIEW, used for modeling and simulating real-
world systems for educational purposes.

6. Reference Software: Tools such as encyclopedias or digital libraries, including Britannica Online or
Google Scholar, used for research and accessing information.

Today

Question One

a. Define the following terms as applied to computing:

i. Smart device: is an electronic device, generally connected to other devices or networks via different
wireless protocols (such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, 4G, etc.), that can operate interactively and autonomously
to some extent.
ii. Command Line Interface (CLI): A Command Line Interface is a text-based user interface used to
interact with software and operating systems by typing commands into a console or terminal.

iii. Disk Operating System (DOS): A Disk Operating System is an operating system that runs from a hard
disk drive or floppy disk, and it was one of the most widely used systems in early personal computers.

iv. Multitasking: Multitasking refers to the ability of a computer to execute more than one task
simultaneously.

v. File Allocation Table (FAT): is a file system architecture that provides a way to keep track of the
locations of files on a disk, used in older operating systems like MS-DOS and Windows.

b. Differentiate between features of Disk Operating System and Windows Operating System.

Disk Operating System (DOS):

 Text-based interface.
 Limited multitasking capabilities.
 Lacks graphical user interface (GUI).
 Supports only basic file and disk management tasks.
 Typically used command-line input.

Windows Operating System:

 Graphical user interface (GUI).

 Advanced multitasking capabilities.
 Supports a wide range of applications and hardware.
 Includes various built-in utilities and tools.
 User-friendly with extensive help and support options.

c. Give and explain the ten key aspects and characteristics of processors.

1. Clock Speed: Determines how many cycles per second the processor can execute.

2. Cores: More cores allow for better multitasking and parallel processing.

3. Threads: Threads enable efficient task management and execution.

4. Cache Memory: Stores frequently accessed data for quick retrieval.

5. Instruction Set Architecture (ISA): Defines the supported instructions the CPU can execute.

6. Power Consumption: Affects energy efficiency and heat generation.

7. Thermal Design Power (TDP): Indicates the maximum heat the CPU can generate under load.

8. Fabrication Technology: Refers to the process technology (measured in nanometers) used to build
the CPU.
9. Integrated Graphics: Determines if the CPU has built-in graphics capabilities.

10. Socket Compatibility: Ensures the CPU fits and works with the motherboard.

d. Describe how to achieve the following in Microsoft Excel:

- Hide a Column: Right-click the column header you want to hide and select "Hide".

- Unhide a Column: Select the columns on both sides of the hidden column, right-click, and select
"Unhide".

- Hide a worksheet: Right-click the worksheet tab and select "Hide".

- Unhide a worksheet: Right-click any worksheet tab, select "Unhide", and choose the sheet you want to
unhide.

Question Two

a. Computers can be broadly categorized into several types based on their size, purpose, and
functionality. Name and briefly explain any eight types.

1. Supercomputers: Extremely powerful computers used for complex scientific calculations, simulations,
and research. They have high processing speed and large storage capacity.

2. Mainframe Computers: Large and powerful systems used by large organizations for bulk data
processing, such as census, industry statistics, and transaction processing.

3. Minicomputers: Mid-sized computers that are smaller than mainframes but larger than personal
computers, used in manufacturing processes and other industrial applications.

4. Microcomputers (Personal Computers): Commonly known as PCs, these are used by individuals for
personal tasks, office work, and entertainment. They include desktops, laptops, and tablets.

5. Workstations: High-performance computers used for technical or scientific applications, designed for
a single user. They have powerful processors and high-resolution displays.

6. Servers: Computers designed to provide services to other computers over a network, such as file
storage, web hosting, and email services.

7. Embedded Systems: Special-purpose computers integrated into other devices, such as appliances,
cars, and medical equipment, to perform specific control functions.

8. Wearable Computers: Small computing devices worn on the body, such as smartwatches and fitness
trackers, designed for specific applications like health monitoring and communication.

b. Cache memory works based on the concept of a cache hierarchy. Name and explain the three
levels.
1. L1 Cache (Level 1): The smallest and fastest cache located closest to the CPU core. It is usually split
into two parts: one for instructions (instruction cache) and one for data (data cache).

2. L2 Cache (Level 2): Larger and slightly slower than L1 cache, it serves as an intermediary between L1
cache and the main memory. It helps reduce the time required to access frequently used data.

3. L3 Cache (Level 3): The largest and slowest cache compared to L1 and L2, shared among multiple CPU
cores. It further reduces the time to access data from the main memory and improves overall system
performance.

c. Define the term presentation and differentiate between manual presentation and PowerPoint
presentation.

- Presentation: A presentation is a process of conveying information to an audience using visual aids,

speech, and other tools to enhance understanding and engagement.

- Manual Presentation: Involves using physical materials such as printed charts, posters, or hand-drawn
diagrams. It requires manual handling and setup, making it less flexible and more time-consuming.

- PowerPoint Presentation: Utilizes digital slides created with Microsoft PowerPoint or similar software.
It offers features like animations, transitions, multimedia integration, and easy editing, making it more
dynamic and engaging.

Question Three

a. Contrast between Command Line Interface (CLI) and Graphical User Interface (GUI).

Command Line Interface (CLI):

Text-based interface where users interact by typing commands.

Requires knowledge of command syntax and structure.

Efficient and fast for experienced users.

Uses fewer system resources compared to GUI.

Commonly used in server management, programming, and system administration.

Graphical User Interface (GUI)

Visual-based interface where users interact with graphical elements like icons, buttons, and windows.

Intuitive and user-friendly, requiring less technical knowledge.

Slower than CLI for advanced tasks but more accessible for general users.

Consumes more system resources.

Commonly used in personal computers, mobile devices, and applications.

b. Microsoft Windows has evolved significantly from its early versions to the present. List and briefly
explain any five iterations of Windows.

1. Windows 1.0: Released in 1985, it introduced a graphical user interface with basic applications like
Calculator, Paint, and Notepad. It operated as a graphical shell on top of MS-DOS.

2. Windows 95: Released in 1995, it introduced the Start menu, taskbar, and built-in support for 32-bit
applications. It also integrated networking capabilities and Plug and Play hardware support.

3. Windows XP: Released in 2001, it offered a more stable and user-friendly interface, improved
performance, and enhanced security features. It became one of the most widely used versions of
Windows.

4. Windows 7: Released in 2009, it improved on the Vista experience with better performance, a refined
interface, and new features like the redesigned taskbar, Aero Snap, and Libraries.

5. Windows 10: Released in 2015, it introduced a unified platform for desktops, laptops, tablets, and
smartphones. It featured the return of the Start menu, virtual desktops, and the Edge browser.
Continuous updates ensure it remains current.

Question Four

a. Trace the evolution of smart devices beginning in the late 20th century.

- Late 1990s: Introduction of the first smart devices like PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants), which
included basic computing functions, calendar, and contacts management.

- Early 2000s: Emergence of smartphones with advanced features like email, internet browsing, and
multimedia capabilities (e.g., BlackBerry, Palm Treo).

- Mid-2000s: Introduction of the iPhone (2007) revolutionized smart devices with its touch screen, app
ecosystem, and integrated multimedia functions.

- 2010s: Expansion to tablets (e.g., iPad), wearable technology (e.g., smartwatches, fitness trackers), and
smart home devices (e.g., smart thermostats, speakers).

- Late 2010s to 2020s: Integration of AI and IoT in smart devices, enhancing interconnectivity and
automation (e.g., smart assistants like Alexa and Google Home).

b. Identify and explain any eight commonly used types of processors available in the market.

1. Intel Core i3/i5/i7/i9: Widely used in desktops and laptops, offering a range of performance levels
from basic computing (i3) to high-end gaming and professional work (i9).
2. AMD Ryzen: Competitor to Intel's Core series, known for its strong multi-threaded performance and
value-for-money, used in gaming and productivity tasks.

3. Apple M1/M2: Apple's custom ARM-based processors for their Mac lineup, known for high
performance, energy efficiency, and integration with macOS.

4. Qualcomm Snapdragon: Used primarily in smartphones and tablets, offering integrated LTE/5G
connectivity and strong performance for mobile applications.

5. MediaTek Dimensity: Another mobile processor brand, known for affordable and powerful chips,
particularly in mid-range smartphones.

6. Intel Xeon: Used in servers and workstations, designed for high reliability, large memory support, and
heavy computational tasks.

7. AMD EPYC: Competing with Intel Xeon in the server market, known for high core counts and strong
multi-threaded performance.

8. NVIDIA Tegra: Used in mobile devices and gaming consoles (e.g., Nintendo Switch), known for its
powerful graphics capabilities.

c. Highlight the evolution of operating systems for smart devices.

- Early 2000s: Introduction of mobile operating systems like Symbian, Palm OS, and early versions of
Windows Mobile, providing basic smartphone functionality.

- Mid-2000s: Launch of iOS (2007) and Android (2008), setting the standard for modern mobile
operating systems with touch interfaces, app stores, and multimedia capabilities.

- 2010s: Continuous updates to iOS and Android, introducing features like voice assistants (Siri, Google
Assistant), enhanced security, and integration with other smart devices (smartwatches, smart home
devices).

- Late 2010s to 2020s: Emergence of wearables and IoT-specific operating systems like Wear OS
(Google) and watchOS (Apple), focusing on lightweight, specialized functionalities. Introduction of smart
home operating systems (e.g., HomeKit, SmartThings) for better device interconnectivity and
automation.

Question Five

a. Name any four types of data that can be entered into Microsoft Excel worksheet cells.

1. Text (String): Any combination of letters, numbers, and symbols. Examples include names, addresses,
and descriptions.

2. Numbers: Numeric values that can be used in calculations. Examples include integers, decimals, and
percentages.
3. Dates and Times: Specific calendar dates and times. Excel can perform calculations with dates and
times, such as finding the difference between two dates.

4. Formulas: Expressions that perform calculations on data in other cells. Examples include
`=SUM(A1:A10)` and `=AVERAGE(B1:B10)`.

b. Name any five elements in a Microsoft Excel formula.

1. Operators: Symbols that specify the type of calculation to be performed, such as `+` (addition), `-`
(subtraction), `*` (multiplication), and `/` (division).

2. Functions: Predefined formulas that perform specific calculations using values, called arguments, in a
particular order or structure. Examples include `SUM()`, `AVERAGE()`, and `VLOOKUP()`.

3. References: Cell addresses used in a formula to refer to specific cells or ranges. Examples include `A1`,
`B2:C3`, and `Sheet2!D4`.

4. Constants: Fixed values that do not change. Examples include `10`, `3.14`, and `"Hello"`.

5. Parentheses: Used to group elements in a formula and control the order of operations. For example,
in the formula `=(A1+B1)*C1`, the addition is performed before the multiplication.

c. There are a number of features that are available in Microsoft Excel to make tasks easier. Name and
explain any six.

1. PivotTables: Tools that allow you to summarize, analyze, and present large amounts of data quickly.
They enable you to reorganize and filter data to gain insights.

2. Conditional Formatting: A feature that changes the appearance of cells based on certain conditions or
criteria. This helps in visualizing patterns and trends in data.

3. Data Validation: Ensures that the data entered into a cell meets specific criteria. This is useful for
maintaining data integrity and preventing errors.

4. Charts and Graphs: Visual representations of data that help to illustrate trends, patterns, and
relationships. Excel offers various types of charts, such as bar, line, pie, and scatter plots.

5. Lookup Functions: Functions like `VLOOKUP`, `HLOOKUP`, and `INDEX-MATCH` that allow you to
search for specific data in a table and return related information.

6. AutoFill: A feature that allows you to quickly fill cells with repetitive or sequential data, such as dates,
numbers, and formulas. You can drag the fill handle to populate the cells automatically.