Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Chapter 1
∫ xn dx =
𝒙𝒏+𝟏
𝒏+𝟏
+ C, n ≠ -1.
I19 ∫
du
=
1
Tan -1
𝑢
+C Example 5. Eval. ∫ e2x sec e2x tan e2x dx.
a2 +u2 𝑎 𝑎
Let u = e2x, dv = 2e2x dx. Using I12.
du 1 𝑢
I20 ∫ = Sec-1 +C
u√u2−a2 𝑎 𝑎 ∫ e2x sec e2x tan e2x dx
du
I21 ∫ = ln (u + √u2 ± a2 ) + C = ½ ∫ sec e2x tan e2x (2)e2x dx.
√u2 ±a2
= ½ sec e2x + C.
du 1 𝑎+𝑢
I22 ∫ 2 2 = ln + C, u2 < a2
a −u 2𝑎 𝑎−𝑢 Certain trigonometric integrals may
du 1 𝑢−𝑎 be integrated after transforming the
I23 ∫ = ln + C, u2 > a2 integrand with the use of some familiar
u2 −a2 2𝑎 𝑢+𝑎
trigonometric identities. Among the most
𝑢 a2 𝑢 familiar of these identities, the following
I24 ∫√a2 − u2 du = √a2 − u2 + Sin-1 +C
2 2 𝑎 may be recalled from plane trigonometry.
𝑢 a2
I25 ∫√u2 ± a2 du = 2 √u2 ± a2 ± ln (u (A) sin2θ + cos2θ = 1
2
+√u2 ± a2 ) + C (B) tan2θ + 1 = sec2θ
Note: The validity of each of the above (C) cot2θ +1 = csc2θ
formulas can be established by showing 𝟏
that the derivative of the integral is equal to (D) sin2θ = 𝟐
(1- cos 2θ)
the integrand. For example, to prove I5 we 𝟏
observe that d (ln u + C) = du/u. (E) cos2θ = 𝟐
(1+ cos 2θ)
𝟏
4. INTEGRATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC (F) sinθ cosθ = 𝟐
sin 2θ
FUNCTIONS
Let us first consider trigonometric
Example 1. Evaluate ∫ sin 4x dx. integrals involving sines and cosines. Take
the type
Let u = 4x
∫ sinmθ cosnθ dθ
du = 4dx. Insert 4 after the integral sign
and ¼ before the integral sign. Using I8. where m and n are positive integers or zero.
Two cases will arise: (a) When m or n or
∫ sin 4x dx = (1/4) ∫ sin 4x (4)dx. both are odd, and (b) When both m and n
are even or when one is even and other is
= - ¼ cos 4x + C. zero. (a) For definiteness, let n be odd and
more than 1. When n is 1, the integral of (1)
Example 2. Evaluate ∫ cos x/3 dx. may be evaluated by means of the power
formula. If n is odd and more than 1, we let
Let u = x/3. du = 1/3 dx, using I9. cosnθ = cosn-1θ cosθ. By the identity cos2θ =
1-sin2θ, we can express cosn-1θ in terms of
∫ cos x/3 dx = 3 ∫ cos x/3 (1/3)dx. sinθ. The integrand may then be written as
= 3 sin x/3 + C. the product of a polynomial of powers of
sinθ by cosθ dθ. This will give a series of
integrals of standard type I4.
(E) cos2θ = 𝟏
(1+ cos 2θ) = ∫ cot x csc2x dx - ∫ cot x dx
𝟐
𝐜𝐨𝐭𝟐 𝐱
(F) sinθ cosθ = 𝟏
𝟐
sin 2θ =− 𝟐
– ln sin x + C.
=
𝟏
θ -
𝟏
sin 4θ + C. transform tann-1θ into powers of sec θ using
𝟖 𝟑𝟐
the identity tan2θ = sec2 – 1.
=
1 1
∫ (1 - 2cos 2θ + 2 + 2 cos 4θ)2 dθ
1 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟕𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟓 𝒙
4 = + + C.
𝟕 𝟓
𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
= θ- sin 2θ + sin 4θ + C.
𝟖 𝟒 𝟑𝟐
Example 6. Evaluate ∫ sec5x tan3x dx.
Note: Use (C) on cos22θ
Solution: since n here is odd, we factor out
Consider now trigonometric integrals of the sec x tan x from the integrand.
type Hence,
∫ tannθ dθ or ∫ cotnθ dθ ∫ sec5x tan3x dx = ∫ sec4x tan2x sec x tan x dx
Where n is a positive integer. When n = 1,
= ∫ sec4x (sec2x – 1) sec x tan x dx
(cos θ −sin θ) dθ
7. ∫ .
sin θ
ASSIGNMENT No. 2
Evaluate the following integrals and check
by differentiation:
1. ∫ sin34x dx.
2. ∫ sin2θ dθ.
3. ∫ sin53x dx.
7. ∫ cos6θ dθ.
8. ∫ excos2exsin3ex dx.