JEE Main Exam 2024 Syllabus

Equilibrium Part-01
Meaning of equilibrium is the concept of dynamic equilibrium.
Equilibrium involving chemical processes : Law of chemical equilibrium,
equilibrium constants (Kp and Kc) and their significance, the significance of G
and G° in chemical equilibrium, factors affecting equilibrium concentration,
pressure, temperature, the effect of catalyst; Le chatelier’s principle.
 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM (2019-23)
(1) Introduction Of Chemical Equilibrium
❑ Definition of chemical Equilibrium
❑ Equilibrium constant Kp and Kc and their significance
❑ Effect of stochiometric coefficient on Equilibrium constant

(2) Application of Chemical Equilibrium

❑ Degree of dissociation 41.30%
❑ Factors affecting Equilibrium
58.59%
❑ Le Chatelier’s principle
❑ Thermodynamics of Equilibrium

Subtopic wise weightage in

JEE MAIN Exam
 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑶𝒇 𝑪𝒉𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒃𝒓𝒊𝒖𝒎 (𝑫𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒃𝒓𝒊𝒖𝒎)

EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2020]

For the equilibrium 𝐴 ⇌ 𝐵, the variation of the rate of the forward (𝑎) and
reverse (b) reaction with time is given by
a

reaction
a

Rate of
(1) (3)

reaction
Rate of
equilibrium equilibrium
b b
Time Time

reaction
a
(2) (4)

reaction

Rate of
Rate of
equilibrium equilibrium
b b
Time Time

Solution

Ans. (3)
 EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2020]

The number of correct statement/s involving equilibria in physical processes

from the following is ______.
(1) Equilibrium is possible only in a closed system at a given temperature.
(2) Both the opposing processes occur at the same rate.
(3) When equilibrium is attained at a given temperature, the value of all its
parameters became equal.
(4) For dissolution of solids in liquids, the solubility is constant at a given
temperature.
Solution

Ans. (3)
 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑶𝒇 𝑪𝒉𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒃𝒓𝒊𝒖𝒎 (𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒃𝒓𝒊𝒖𝒎 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝑲𝒑 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑲𝒄 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆)

EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2019]

𝐾
The value of 𝐾𝑝 for the following reactions at 300K are, respectively :
𝑐
(At 300K, RT = 24.62 dm3atm mol–1)
N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g)
N2O4(g) 2NO2(g)
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
(1) 1, 24.62 dm3atm mol–1, 606.0 dm6atm2mol–2
(2) 1, 4.1 × 10–2 dm–3atm–1 mol–1, 606.0 dm6 atm2 mol–2
(3) 606.0 dm6atm2mol–2, 1.65 × 10–3 dm3atm–2 mol–1
(4) 1, 24.62 dm3atm mol–1, 1.65 × 10–3 dm–6atm–2 mol2

Solution
Ans. (4)
 EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2019]

In which one of the following equilibria, Kp  Kc ?

(1) NO2(g) + SO2(g) ⇌ NO(g) + SO3(g)
(2) 2 HI(g) ⇌ H2(g) + I2(g)
(3) 2NO(g) ⇌ N2(g) + O2(g)
(4) 2C(s) + O2(g) ⇌ 2CO(g)

Solution

Ans. (4)
 EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2019]

Consider the reaction,

N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
The equilibrium constant of the above reaction is KP.
If pure ammonia is left to dissociate, the partial pressure of ammonia at
equilibrium is given by
(Assume that 𝑃𝑁𝐻3 << 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 at equilibrium)
3 1 3 1 1 1
32 𝐾𝑃2 𝑃2 2 𝑃2
32 𝐾𝑃 2 𝑃2
𝐾𝑃 2 𝑃2
𝐾𝑃
(1) (2) (3) (4)
4 16 16 4

Solution

Ans. (2)
 EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2021]
Consider the reaction N2O4(g) ⇌ 2NO2(g).
The temperature at which Kc = 20.4 and KP = 600.1, is _____ K.
(Round off to the Nearest Integer).
[Assume all gases are ideal and R = 0.0831 L bar K–1 mol–1]

Solution

Ans. (354)
 EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2021]

2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2SO3(g)

In an equilibrium mixture, the partial pressures are
𝑃𝑆𝑂3 = 43kPa ; 𝑃𝑂2 = 530 Pa and 𝑃𝑆𝑂2 = 45kPa.
The equilibrium constant KP = ___× 10–2. (Nearest integer)

Solution

Ans. (172)
 EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2021]

The equilibrium constant for the reaction

1
𝐴 𝑠 ⇌ 𝑀(𝑠) + 𝑂2 (𝑔)
2
is Kp = 4. At equilibrium, the partial pressure of O2 is _____ atm.
(Round off to the nearest integer)

Solution

Ans. (16)
 EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2023]
1
For reaction : 𝑆𝑂2 (𝑔) + 2 𝑂2 (𝑔) ⇌ 𝑆𝑂3 (𝑔)
KP = 2 × 1012 at 27oC and 1 atm pressure.
The Kc for the same reaction is _______ × 1013.
(Nearest integer) (Given R = 0.082 L atm K–1 mol–1)

Solution

Ans. (1)
 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑶𝒇 𝑪𝒉𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒃𝒓𝒊𝒖𝒎 (𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒏 𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒃𝒓𝒊𝒖𝒎 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕)

EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2019]

Consider the following reversible chemical reactions :

A2(g) + Br2(g) 2AB(g) ; K1 …(1)
6AB(g) 3A2(g) + 3B2(g) ; K2 …(2)
The relation between K1 and K2 is :
1
(1) K2 = K13 (2) K2 = K1–3 (3) K1K2 = 3 (4) K1K2 = 3

Solution

Ans. (2)
 EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2020]
The value of Kc is 64 at 800 K for the reaction N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g)
1 3
The value of Kc for the following reaction is : NH3(g) ⇌ 2N2(g) + 2H2(g)
1 1 1
(1) 4 (2) 8 (3) 8 (4) 64

Solution

Ans. (2)
 EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2022]
At 298 K, the equilibrium constant is 2 × 1015 for the reaction :
Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq) ⇌ Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)
The equilibrium constant for the reaction
1 2+ 1
𝐶𝑢 𝑎𝑞 + 𝐴𝑔 𝑠 ⇌ 𝐶𝑢(𝑠) + 𝐴𝑔+ (𝑎𝑞)
2 2
is x × 10–8. The value of x is_______. (Nearest Integer)

Solution

Ans. (2)
 EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2023]
At 298 K
𝑁2 (𝑔) + 3𝐻2 (𝑔) ⇌ 2𝑁𝐻3 (𝑔); 𝐾1 = 4 × 105
𝑁2 (𝑔) + 𝑂2 (𝑔) ⇌ 2𝑁𝑂(𝑔); 𝐾2 = 1.6 × 1012
1
𝐻2 (𝑔) + 𝑂2 (𝑔) ⇌ 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑔); 𝐾3 = 1.0 × 10−13
2
Based on above equilibria, the equilibrium constant of the reaction,
5
2𝑁𝐻3 (𝑔) + 2 𝑂2 (𝑔) ⇌ 2𝑁𝑂(𝑔) + 3𝐻2 𝑂(𝑔)is________ × 10–33. (Nearest integer)

Solution

Ans. (4)
 𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑶𝒇 𝑪𝒉𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒃𝒓𝒊𝒖𝒎 (𝑫𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏)

EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2020]

For a reaction X + Y ⇌ 2Z, 1.0 mol of X, 1.5 mol of Y and 0.5 mol of Z were
taken in a 1 L vessel and allowed to react.
At equilibrium, the concentration of Z was 1.0 mol L–1.
𝑥
The equilibrium constant of the reaction is ______15. The value of x is _______ .

Solution

Ans. (16)
 EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2021]
At 1990 K and 1 atm pressure, there are equal number of Cl2 molecules and Cl
atoms in the reaction mixture.
The value KP for the reaction Cl2 ⇌ 2Cl(g) under the above conditions is x × 10–1.
The value of x is ______.(Rounded off to the nearest integer)

Solution

Ans. (5)
 EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2021]
For the reaction, A + B ⇌ 2C the value of equilibrium constant is 100 at 298 K.
If the initial concentration of all the three species is 1 M each, then the
equilibrium concentration of C is x × 10–1 M.
The value of x is ________ . (Nearest integer)
Solution

Ans. (25)
 EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2021]

PCl5 ⇌ PCl3 + Cl2 ; Kc = 1.844

3.0 moles of PCl5 is introduced in a 1 L closed reaction vessel at 380 K.
The number of moles of PCl5 at equilibrium is _______ × 10–3.
(Nearest Integer)

Solution

Ans. (1396)
 EXAMPLE
For a reaction at equilibrium
1
𝐴(𝑔) ⇌ 𝐵(𝑔) + 𝐶(𝑔)
2
the relation between dissociation constant (K), degree of dissociation () and
equilibrium pressure (p) is given by :
1 3 3 1
𝛼2 𝑝2 𝛼 2 𝑝2
(1) 𝐾 = 1 (2) 𝐾 = 1
3 2 2+𝛼 2 1−𝛼
1+2𝛼 1−𝛼
3 3
(𝛼𝑝)2 (𝛼𝑝)2
(3) 𝐾 = 1 (4) 𝐾 = 1
3 2 1+𝛼 1−𝛼 2
1+2𝛼 1−𝛼

Solution
 EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2022]
For a reaction at equilibrium
1
𝐴(𝑔) ⇌ 𝐵(𝑔) + 𝐶(𝑔)
2
the relation between dissociation constant (K), degree of dissociation () and
Solution equilibrium pressure (p) is given by :

Ans. (2)
 EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2022]
4.0 moles of argon and 5.0 moles of PCI5 are introduced into an evacuated flask
of 100 litre capacity at 610 K.
The system is allowed to equilibrate at equilibrium, the total pressure of
mixture was found to be 6.0 atm.
The Kp for the reaction is [Given : R = 0.082L atm K–1 mol–1]
(1) 2.25 (2) 6.24 (3) 12.13 (4) 15.24

Solution

Ans. (1)
 EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2022]
PCl5 dissociates as PCl5 𝑔 ⇌ PCl3 𝑔 + 𝐶𝑙2 𝑔
5 moles of PCl5 are placed in a 200 L vessel which contains 2 moles of N2 and
is maintained at 600 K. The equilibrium pressure is 2.46 atm.
The equilibrium constant Kp for the dissociation of PCl5 is_____ × 10–3.
(Nearest integer)
(Given: R = 0.082 L atm K–1 mol–1 : Assume ideal gas behaviour)

Solution

Ans. (1107)
EXAMPLE
At 600K, 2 mol of NO are mixed with 1 mol of O2.
2𝑁𝑂(𝑔) + 𝑂2 𝑔 ⇌ 2𝑁𝑂2 (𝑔)
The reaction occurring as above comes to equilibrium under a total pressure of
1 atm. Analysis of the system shows that 0.6 mol of oxygen are present at
equilibrium.
The equilibrium constant for the reaction is _______. (Nearest integer).

Ans. (2)
 EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2022]
At 600K, 2 mol of NO are mixed with 1 mol of O2.
2𝑁𝑂(𝑔) + 𝑂2 𝑔 ⇌ 2𝑁𝑂2 (𝑔)
The reaction occurring as above comes to equilibrium under a total pressure
of 1 atm. Analysis of the system shows that 0.6 mol of oxygen are present
at equilibrium.

Solution The equilibrium constant for the reaction is _______. (Nearest integer).

Ans. (2)
 EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2023]

(i) X(g) ⇌ Y(g) + Z(g); Kp1 = 3

(ii) A(g) ⇌ 2B(g); Kp2 = 1
If the degree of dissociation and initial concentration of both the reactants X(g)
𝑝1
and A(g) are equal, then the ratio of the total pressure at equilibrium 𝑝2
is
equal to x : 1. The value of x is ________ (Nearest integer)

Solution

Ans. (12)
 EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2023]

For a concentrated solution of a weak electrolyte (Keq= equilibrium constant)

A2B3 of concentration ‘c’, the degree of dissociation "' is
1 1 1 1
𝐾𝑒𝑞 5 𝐾𝑒𝑞 5 𝐾𝑒𝑞 5 𝐾𝑒𝑞 5
(1) (2) (3) (4)
108𝑐 4 6𝑐 5 5𝑐 4 25𝑐 2

Solution

Ans. (1)
 EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2023]

The equilibrium composition for the reaction 𝑃𝐶𝑙3 + 𝐶𝑙2 ⇌ 𝑃𝐶𝑙5 at 298 K is
given below.
[𝑃𝐶𝑙3 ]𝑒𝑞 = 0.2𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐿−1 ,[𝐶𝑙2 ]𝑒𝑞 = 0.1𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐿−1 , [𝑃𝐶𝑙5 ]𝑒𝑞 = 0.40𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐿−1
If 0.2 mol of Cl2 is added at the same temperature, the equilibrium
concentrations of PCl5 is ________ × 10–2 mol L–1.
Given : Kc for the reaction at 298 K is 20

Solution

Ans. (49)
 EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2023]

A mixture of 1 mole of H2O and 1 mole of CO is taken in a 10 L container and

heated to 725 K. At equilibrium 40% of water by mass reacts with carbon
monoxide according to the equation :
𝐶𝑂(𝑔) + 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑔) ⇌ 𝐶𝑂2 (𝑔) + 𝐻2 (𝑔).
The equilibrium constant KC × 102 for the reaction is ____________.
(Nearest integer)

Solution

Ans. (44)
 𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑶𝒇 𝑪𝒉𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒃𝒓𝒊𝒖𝒎 (𝑳𝒆 − 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒓’𝒔 𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒆)

EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2023]

Consider the following equation :
2𝑆𝑂2 (𝑔) + 𝑂2 (𝑔) ⇌ 2𝑆𝑂3 (𝑔), 𝛥𝐻 = −190𝑘𝐽
The number of factors which will increase the yield of SO3 at equilibrium
from the following is _______
A. Increasing temperature
B. Increasing pressure
C. Adding more SO2
D. Adding more O2
E. Addition of catalyst
Solution

Ans. (3)
 EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2020]
Consider the following reaction
N2O4(g) ⇌ 2NO2(g) ; H0 = +58 kJ
For each of the following cases (a, b), the direction in which the equilibrium
shifts is:
(a) Temperature is decreased
(b) Pressure is increased by adding N2 at constant T
(1) (a) towards reactant, (b) no change
(2) (a) towards product, (b) towards reactant
(3) (a) towards product, (b) no change
(4) (a) towards reactant, (b) towards product

Solution

Ans. (1)
 𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑶𝒇 𝑪𝒉𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒃𝒓𝒊𝒖𝒎 (𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒐𝒅𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒃𝒓𝒊𝒖𝒎)

EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2019]

For the reaction,
2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2SO3(g), H = –57.2 kJ mol–1 and Kc = 1.7 × 1016.
Which of the following statement is INCORRECT?
(1) The equilibrium constant is large suggestive of reaction going to
completion and so no catalyst is required.
(2) The equilibrium will shift in forward direction as the pressure increase.
(3) The equilibrium constant decreases as the temperature increases.
(4) The addition of inert gas at constant volume will not affect the equilibrium
constant.

Solution

Ans. (1)
 EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2019]

For the chemical reaction X ⇌ Y the standard reaction Gibbs energy depends
3
on temperature T (in K) as rG° (in kJ mol-1) = 120− 8 𝑇.
The major component of the reaction mixture at T is
(1) X if T = 315 K (2) Y if T = 280 K
(3) X if T = 350 K (4) Y if T = 300 K

Solution

Ans. (1)
 EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2019]
The INCORRECT match in the following is :
(1) G < 0, K < 1 (2) G = 0, K = 1
(3) G > 0, K < 1 (4) G < 0, K > 1

Solution

Ans. (1)
 EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2023]

Consider the following reaction approaching equilibrium at 27°C and 1 atm

Kf = 103
pressure 𝐴 + 𝐵 𝐶+𝐷
Kr = 102
The standard Gibb’s energy change 𝛥𝑟 𝐺 𝑜 at 27°C is (–) _______ kJ mol–1
(Nearest integer).
(Given : R = 8.3 J K–1 mol–1 and ln 10=2.3)

Solution

Ans. (6)
 EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2023]
Consider the graph of gibbs free energy G vs extent of reaction.
The number of statement/s from the following which are true with respect to
points (a), (b) and (c) is ______.
(1) Reaction is spontaneous at (a) and (b).
(2) Reaction is at equilibrium at point (b) and non-spontaneous at point (c).
(3) Reaction is spontaneous at (a) and non-spontaneous at (c).
(4) Reaction is non-spontaneous at (a) and (b). a

Gibbs energy →
Solution
b c

Extent of reaction →

Ans. (2)