PYTHON

Tutor: Nguyễn Lê Chí Bảo

 01 03

Introduction to Python Numpy

MODULE

02 04
Function Pandas
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NUMPY
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Introduction to NumPy

Random with NumPy

Introduction to Numpy
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NumPy

• Introduces objects for multidimensional arrays and matrices, as well as functions that allow to
easily perform advanced mathematical and statistical operations on those objects

• Provides vectorization of mathematical operations on arrays and matrices which

significantly improves the performance

• Many other python libraries are built on NumPy

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Quick start
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Python List vs NumPy Array

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Array shape
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Element type (dtype)

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Array creation
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Array creation
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NumPy – Basic syntax

SIMPLE ARRAY CREATION BYTES PER ELEMENT

>>> a = np.array([0,1,2,3]) >>> a.itemsize # per element

>>> a 4
array([0, 1, 2, 3])
ARRAY SHAPE
CHECKING THE TYPE
# shape returns a tuple
>>> type(a) # listing the length of the
<type 'array'> # array along each dimension.
>>> a.shape
NUMERIC ‘TYPE’ OF ELEMENTS (4,)
>>> shape(a)
>>> a.dtype (4,)
dtype(‘int32’)
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NumPy – Basic syntax

ARRAY SIZE ARRAY COPY

# size reports the entire # create a copy of the array

# number of elements in an >>> b = a.copy()
# array. >>> b
>>> a.size array([0, 1, 2, 3])
4
>>> size(a) BYTES OF MEMORY USED
4
NUMBER OF DIMENSIONS # returns the number of bytes
# used by the data portion of
# the array.
>>> a.ndim >>> a.nbytes
1 12
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NumPy – Basic syntax

CONVERSION TO LIST

# convert a numpy array to a

# python list.
>>> a.tolist()
[0, 1, 2, 3]

# For 1D arrays, list also

# works equivalently, but
# is slower.
>>> list(a)
[0, 1, 2, 3]
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NumPy – Setting Array Elements

ARRAY INDEXING FILL

>>> a[0] # set all values in an array.

0 >>> a.fill(0)
>>> a[0] = 10 >>> a
>>> a [0, 0, 0, 0]
[10, 1, 2, 3]
# This also works, but may
# be slower.
>>> a[:] = 1
>>> a
[1, 1, 1, 1]
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NumPy – Setting Array Elements

BEWARE OF TYPE COERSION

>>> a.dtype
dtype('int32')

# assigning a float to into

# an int32 array will
# truncate decimal part.
>>> a[0] = 10.6
>>> a
[10, 1, 2, 3]

# fill has the same behavior

>>> a.fill(-4.8)
>>> a
[-4, -4, -4, -4]
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NumPy – Multi-Dimensional Arrays

MULTI-DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS ELEMENT COUNT

>>> a = np.array([[ 0, 1, 2, 3],[10,11,12,13]]) >>> a.size

>>> a 8
array([[ 0, 1, 2, 3], >>> size(a)
[10,11,12,13]]) 8
(ROWS,COLUMNS) NUMBER OF DIMENSIONS

>>> a.shape >>> a.ndims

(2, 4) 2
>>> shape(a)
(2, 4)
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NumPy – Array Slicing

SLICING WORKS MUCH LIKE STANDARD PYTHON SLICING

>>> a[0,3:5]
array([3, 4])
0 1 2 3 4 5
>>> a[4:,4:]
array([[44, 45], 10 11 12 13 14 15
[54, 55]])
20 21 22 23 24 25
>>> a[:,2]
array([2,12,22,32,42,52]) 30 31 32 33 34 35
40 41 42 43 44 45
50 51 52 53 54 55
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NumPy – Array Calculation Methods

SUM FUNCTION SUM ARRAY METHOD

>>> a = np.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]], float)

# The a.sum() defaults to
# Sum defaults to summing all
# summing *all* array values
# *all* array values.
>>> a.sum()
>>> sum(a)
21.
21.
# supply the keyword axis to
# Supply an axis argument to
# sum along the 0th axis.
# sum along a specific axis.
>>> sum(a, axis=0)
>>> a.sum(axis=0)
array([5., 7., 9.])
array([5., 7., 9.])
# supply the keyword axis to
# sum along the last axis.
>>> sum(a, axis=-1)
array([6., 15.])
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NumPy – Min/Max
MIN ARGMIN

>>> a = np.array([2.,3.,0.,1.]) # Find index of minimum value.

>>> a.min(axis=0) >>> a.argmin(axis=0)
0. 2
# use Numpy’s amin() instead # functional form
# of Python’s builtin min() >>> argmin(a, axis=0)
# for speed operations on 2
# multi-dimensional arrays.
>>> amin(a, axis=0)
0.
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NumPy – Min/Max
MAX ARGMAX

>>> a = np.array([2.,1.,0.,3.]) # Find index of maximum value.

>>> a.max(axis=0) >>> a.argmax(axis=0)
3. 1
# functional form
# functional form >>> argmax(a, axis=0)
>>> amax(a, axis=0) 1
3.
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NumPy – Statitics Array Methods

MEAN STANDARD DEV./VARIANCE

>>> a = np.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]], float)

# Standard Deviation
# mean value of each column
>>> a.std(axis=0)
>>> a.mean(axis=0)
array([ 1.5, 1.5, 1.5])
array([ 2.5, 3.5, 4.5])
>>> mean(a, axis=0)
# Variance
array([ 2.5, 3.5, 4.5])
>>> a.var(axis=0)
>>> average(a, axis=0)
array([2.25, 2.25, 2.25])
array([ 2.5, 3.5, 4.5])
>>> var(a, axis=0)
# average can also calculate
array([2.25, 2.25, 2.25])
# a weighted average
>>> average(a, weights=[1,2],
... axis=0)
array([ 3., 4., 5.])
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NumPy – Array Operations

SIMPLE ARRAY MATH MATH FUNCTIONS

>>> a = np.array([1,2,3,4]) # Create array from 0 to 10

>>> b = np.array([2,3,4,5]) >>> x = np.arange(11.)
>>> a + b # multiply entire array by scalar value
array([3, 5, 7, 9]) >>> a = (2*pi)/10.
>>> a
0.62831853071795862
>>> a*x
array([ 0.,0.628,…,6.283])
# inplace operations
>>> x *= a
>>> x
array([ 0.,0.628,…,6.283])
# apply functions to array.
>>> y = sin(x)
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NumPy – Array Operations

a + b → np.add(a,b) a * b → np.multiply(a,b)
a - b → np.subtract(a,b) a / b → np.divide(a,b)
a % b → np.remainder(a,b) a ** b → np.power(a,b)
MULTIPLY BY A SCALAR ADDITION USING AN OPERATOR FUNCTION

>>> a = np.array([1,2]) >>> np.add(a,b)

>>> a*3. array([4, 6])
array([3., 6.])
ELEMENT BY ELEMENT ADDITION

>>> a = array([1,2])
>>> b = array([3,4])
>>> a + b
array([4, 6])
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NumPy – Array Operations

np.equal (==) np.not_equal (!=) np.greater (>)
np.greater_equal (>=) np.less (<) np.less_equal (<=)
np.logical_and np.logical_or np.logical_xor
np.logical_not

>>> a = np.array([[1,2,3,4],[2,3,4,5]])
>>> b = np.array([[1,2,5,4],[1,3,4,5]])
>>> a == b
array([[True, True, False, True],
[False, True, True, True]])
# functional equivalent
>>> np.equal(a,b)
array([[True, True, False, True],
[False, True, True, True]])
Random with NumPy
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NumPy – Random
np.random.randint(low, high=None, size=None, dtype=‘l’)
•Return random integers from low (inclusive) to high (exclusive)
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NumPy – Random
np.random.random(size=None)
•Return random floats in the half-open interval [0.0, 1.0).
•size : int or tuple of ints, optional
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NumPy – Random
numpy.random.choice(1-D-array, size=None, replace=True, p=None)
•Generates a random sample from a given 1-D array
•replace : boolean, optional (Whether the sample is with or without replacement)
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NumPy – Random
np.random.shuffle(array)
• Modify a sequence in-place by shuffling its contents.
 THANKS
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