BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

UNIT-I
1. BASIC ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES AND THEIR UNITS
Definition of voltage, current, power and energy, circuit parameters, ohms law,
kirchoff‟s law and its applications - Simple problems - Division of currents in series
and parallel circuits- Star delta conversion - Node and mesh methods of analysis of dc
circuits.

1.1 Potential Difference: (V)

The difference in potential of two charged bodies is called Potential difference.

For eg:
Body A Body B A B

5V 2V
5V 2V

Fig 1.1 Potential Difference

Body „A‟ is at higher potential than body „B‟ and the potential difference is 3V.

1.2 Charge: (Q )
A body is said to be charged if it has either excess (or) shortage of electrons.
Unit is “Coulomb”

1.3 Power: (P)

The rate at which work is done in an electric circuit

Consider

Fig 1.2 Power

When voltage is applied to the circuit, it causes current to flow through it.
In the figure stated,
V = Potential difference across A and B in volts (V).
R = Resistance between A and B in ohms (Ω)
I = Current in amps
T = time in seconds
We know that from the definition of current
Therefore total charge that flows in “t‟ seconds is

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By definition

( )

( )

Also

1.4 Ohm’s Law: (2marks)

The relationship between the potential difference (V), the current (I) and the
resistance (R) in a DC circuit.
First discovered by George Simon ohms.

1.4.1 Statement:
At constant temperature, the current flowing through a conductor is directly
proportional to the potential difference across the ends of the conductor.

Also can be expressed as,

1.4.2 Applications:
Applicable for both DC and AC circuits

1.4.3 Limitations:
 Not applicable to all non metallic conductors. Eg. Silicon carbide

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 Not applicable to non linear devices such as zener diode, voltage regulator, arc
lamps, etc.
 It is true for metal conductors at constant temperature

Problem 1: The resistance of a 230V lamp is 270Ω. Calculate the current taken by
the lamp.
Solution:
Resistance of lamp, R = 270Ω
Voltage of lamp, V = 230V
To find current, we know that V = IR from ohms law

Problem 2: An electric lamp consumes 100W of power. The supply voltage is 230 V.
Determine (a) the current flowing through the filament (b) its resistance (c) the energy
consumed in 45 minutes.
Solution:
P=100watts, V=230volts, T=45 mins
(a) Current flowing, from

(b) Resistance of the Filament

(c) Energy consumed in 45 min

1.5 Review of Kirchhoff’s Laws: Statement and Illustration

Gustav Kirchhoff, a German scientist gave his findings with electrical circuit in
a set of two laws:-
(i)Kirchhoff‟s current Law
(ii)Kirchhoff‟s voltage law

1.5.1 Kirchhoff’s Current Law

Statement: The algebraic sum of currents meeting at a junction in an electrical circuit
is zero.
Explanation:
Consider five conductors carrying current.
Let [i1, i2, i3, i4, i5] acting at point „0‟,as shown in the below figure.
If we assume current flowing towards the junction is (+ve) and current flowing
away from the junction is (-ve), then applying KCL, we get,

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Fig 1.3 Kirchhoff’s current law

From the above equation it is clear that, the

Sum of incoming currents = Sum of outgoing currents

1.5.2 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law:

Statement: In any closed circuit (or) Mesh (or) loop, the algebraic sum of all the
voltages taken around is zero.

∑ ∑

Illustration:
While applying KVL. Algebraic sum are involved, so it is necessary to assign
proper sign to emf and voltage drop. The following sign conversion may be used:

a) A rise in potential can be assumed positive (+ve).

b) A fall in potential voltage can be assumed negative (-ve).

Fig 1.4 Kirchhoff’s voltage law

1.6 Series and Parallel circuits:

The resistance may be connected in two different ways:
(1)Series – Resistors connected in Series
(2)Parallel – Resistors connected in Parallel

1.6.1 Resistors Connected In Series:

 Consider three resistors [R1, R2, R3] in ohms connected in series.

 Let V1, V2, V3 be the voltage drop across [R1, R2, R3].
 Since it is a series combination the current „I‟ flowing across the circuit is
equal.

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Fig 1.5 Resistors connected in series

Therefore, the total effective resistance for the series combination is given by, R =
R1+R2+R3

So current, , from ohms law = V = IR

V1 = Voltage drop across “R1” = I.R1

V2 = Voltage drop across “R2” = I.R2

V3 = Voltage drop across “R3” = I.R3

Therefore total voltage drop across the circuit = V = V1+ V2 + V3

where V1 = I.R1, V2 = I.R2, V3 = I.R3

V = V1+ V2 + V3

= I.R1 + I.R2 + I.R3

IR = I [R1 + R2 + R3]

RS = R1 + R2 + R3

The above equation shows the resistance connected in series.

1.6.2 Resistors Connected In Parallel:

 Consider two resistors R1 and R2 in ohms connected in parallel across a voltage
of „V‟ volts as shown in fig. 1.6.
 Since it is a parallel combination the current divides.
 Let the current flowing through the resistors [R1, R2] be (I1, I2).
 The voltage across all the resistors is „V‟.
 Let Rp be the total resistance of the parallel combination.

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Fig 1.6 Resistors connected in Parallel

( )

If there are two resistors, then we have,

1.6.3 Concepts Of Series Circuits

 The current flowing in all part of the circuit is same.
 Voltage across the different elements will depend upon the resistance of
that element.
 Voltage drop are addictive.
 Resistance and power are addictive.
 Applied voltage is equal to the sum of the voltage drop across each element.

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Disadvantages:
 If a break occurs at any point, no current will flow and the entire network
will become useless.
 Since electrical devices have different current ratings they cannot be
connected in series.
1.6.4 Concepts Of Parallel Circuits
 Same voltage across each elements connected in the circuit.
 All elements have individual currents, depending upon the resistance of
element.
 Powers are addictive.
 If a break occurs in any one of the branch circuits, it will have no effect on
the other branch circuits.

Problem 3: Two resistors of 4Ω and 6Ω are connected in parallel. If the total current
is 30A. find the current through each resistor

Solution:

Fig 1.7

From the current divider rule

Problem 4: A battery connected across AB in figure shown, delivers 28 watts into the
network of resistor. Calculate the voltage across AB. If the emf of the battery is 22V.
find the internal resistance of the battery.

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20Ω

30Ω

20Ω

Fig 1.8

Solution:

Total resistance between AB,

( )
( )
If „V‟ is the voltage across AB, then power delivered to the network of resistors is

Current in branch
Current in branch
Total current, = 1.4Amps
Now, E = V + IR
Internal resistance,

Problem 5: In the circuit shown, find the voltage and current in each elements.

Fig 1.9

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Reducing the circuit to find current,

R1=8Ω
R2=12Ω

Fig 1.10

Problem 6: Solve the currents in various branches using Kirchhoff‟s law.

Solution:

Fig 1.11

Totally there are 3 loops,

Apply KVL to Loop1,

( )

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Apply KVL to loop 2,

( )
Apply KVL to loop 3,

( )
( )( )( )

Since I2 is negative, the actual current direction is opposite to that of the assumed
current direction.
Assume branch currents are all positive such that,

Problem 7: A wheat stone bridge ABCD has the following details. AB = 1000 ohm,
BC = 100 ohm, CD = 450 ohm, DA = 5000 ohm. A galvanometer of resistance is 500
ohm is connected between B & D. a 415V battery of negligible resistance is connected
between A & C with A positive. Find the current flow in arm B & D and direction of
current.
Solution:

Fig 1.12

Apply KVL to loop 1,

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( )

Apply KVL to loop 2,

( )

Apply KVL to loop 3,

( )

( )( )( )

Therefore current flow in the branch B &D,

Energy: It is the total workdone

( )

( )

Unit is joules

We can also write the energy equation has

Resistance:
It is the substance used to oppose the flow of current in the conductor

Where, L is length of the conductor, A is area of cross section, is Permeability.

1.7 Voltage And Current Divider Rule

Voltage divider rule is applicable for the series connection.

The current flowing through the resistance in the above circuit is same. When
they are connected in series.

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Fig 1.13

By ohm‟s law

( )

( )

( )

Substitute equation (3) in equation (1) and (2)

Current divider rule is applicable for the resistor‟s connected in parallel

In the below fig.1.14.Resistances R1 and R2 are connected in parallel
Here the supply voltage = voltage across R1 = voltage across R2

( )

From above equation

( )

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Fig 1.14

We know that since it is a parallel connection current gets divided.

( )
Substitute (2) in (3) we get

( )
( )

From equation (4),

Problem 8: What will be the current drawn by a lamp at 250V, 40W connected to a
230V supply?
Solution:
Given data: Rated power = 40W, Rated voltage = 250V
R be the resistance of the filament. Then,

Problem 9: Three resistors 10ohm, 20ohm and 30ohm are connected in series across
100V supply. Find the voltage across each resistor.

Fig 1.15

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Solution:
Given data:

The 3 resistors are connected in series as shown in the above figure.

To find the value of V1, V2, V3, we know that V = I.R. Where, I = V/R

To find equivalent resistance, Rs = R1 + R2 + R3 [since it is a series connection]

To solve the problems based on Kirchoff‟s law we have to know the important points
to proceed.

 if the direction of current through an impedance (or) the resistance and

direction of loop are in same direction, the drop is taken as negative.
 If the direction of current through an impedance (R) and the direction of loop
taken is different, the voltage is taken as positive.

Problem 10: Write the loop equation for the circuit and solve the current in 10ohm
resistor. 10 Ω

8 Ω
4Ω
4Ω 10 Ω

Fig 1.16

Solution:
No of nodes: 8 [A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H]
Loop name: ABGHA, BCFGB, CDEFC
Loop equation:
Loop 1: ABGHA
-8I – 4I1 + 100 = 0 ………………………. (1)

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Loop 2: BCFGB
-10(I-I1) -10I2 + 4I1 = 0 ……………..…………(2)
Loop 3: CDEFC
-4(I – I1 –I2) – 40 + 10I2 = 0 …………………………(3)
By rearranging the equations (1), (2), (3)
Equation 1: -8I1 -4I1 + 0I2 = -100
Divide by (-)
8I1 + 4I1 + 0I2 = 100 ……………………….(4)
Equation 2: -10I + 10I1 – 10I2 + 4I1 = 0
10I + 14I1 – 10I2 = 0 ………………………..(5)
Equation 3: -4I + 4I1 + 4I2 – 40 + 10I2 = 0
-4I + 4I1 + 14I2 = 40 ………………………..(6)
By solving equations (4), (5), (6), we get
I = 8.4356A, I1 = 8.1283A, I2 = 2.9448A

Branch current:
 Current through 8 ohm resistor, I = 8.435A
 Current through 10ohm resistor, I – I1 = 8.435 – 8.1283 = 0.307A
 Current through 4 ohm resistor, I1 = 8.1288A

Problem 11: Find the equivalent resistance across the terminals A and B and the total
current drawn from the supply for the circuit shown below.

Fig 1.17

Solution:
To find equivalent resistance RAB
Step 1: 3ohm and 15 ohm resistors are connected in series

Fig 1.18

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Step 2: 9ohm and 18ohm are connected in parallel, we know that

Fig 1.19

Step 3: 6ohm and 6ohm are connected in series

Fig 1.20

Step 4: 12ohm and 12ohm are in parallel

Fig 1.21

Step 5: 4ohm and 6ohm are in series

Fig 1.22

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Problem 12: A 60W, 240V lamp is connected in series with a 40W, 200V lamp across
250V supply. Calculate i) Current taken ii) Voltage across each lamp iii) Power given
by each lamp. Assume the resistance remains constant.
Solutio:

i)
ii) Voltage across each lamp, L1 = 0.1275 * 960 = 122.45V
iii) Power delivered by the lamps,
L1 = 0.1275 * 122.45 = 15.622W
L2 = 0.12755 * 127.60 = 16.27W

Problem 13: Determine the effective resistance between the terminals A and B in the
circuit shown in figure. If the current drawn at point A is 9A. find the current in and
the voltage drop across each resistor.

24 Ω

Fig 1.23

Solution:
Step 1: Taking resistors 3ohm and 6ohm, which are connected in parallel. We know
that if the resistors are connected in parallel,

Figure1.23 is reduced to

Fig 1.24

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Step 2: 2 ohm and 10 ohm are connected in series

Figure 1.24 is again reduced to

Fig 1.25

Step 3: 12ohm and 24ohm are connected in parallel

Figure 1.25 is again reduced to

Fig 1.26

Step 4: 2ohm and 8ohm are connected in series

Fig 1.27

From figure 1.25

Fig 1.28

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The total current „I‟ is divided into two branch current

Therefore, the current flowing in 24ohm and 12ohm resistors are given by,

From figure 1.23

The 6A is again divided into two branches,

Fig 1.29

The current in 3ohm and 6ohm resistors are I3 & I4.

Since they are connected in parallel,

Therefore the current rating across each resistors are shown in the diagram below.

Fig 1.30

Voltage drop across each resistance is given by V = I * R

Voltage drop across 2 ohm resistor = 9 * 2 = 18V
Voltage drop across 3 ohm resistor = 4 * 3 = 12V

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Voltage drop across 6 ohm resistor = 2 * 6 = 12V

Voltage drop across 10 ohm resistor = 6 * 10 = 60V
Voltage drop across 24 ohm resistor = 3 * 24 = 72V

Problem 14: A circuit consists of three resistors 3ohm, 4ohm and 6ohm in parallel
and a fourth resistor 4 ohm in series. A battery of emf 12V and an internal resistance
of 6 ohm is connected in the circuit. Find the total current in the circuit and terminal
voltage across the battery.
Solution:

R1=3Ω

R4=4 Ω R2=4Ω

R3=6Ω

R =6Ω

Fig 1.31

1.8 Star And Delta Transformation (Or) Π Transformation

a) Star connection

One end of each resistance is connected at a point called star point and the
other end of (A, B, C) are free ends.

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Fig. 1.32

(b)Delta connection

Fig. 1.33

The three resistance are connected end to end, so as to form delta shape

Conversion of Delta to Star

Fig. 1.34

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(a) Equating the resistance between the terminals A & B we get

Fig. 1.35

RAB parallel with (RBC + RCA)

( )

∑
( )
∑

(b) Equating the resistance between the terminals B & C we get

Fig. 1.36

RB+RC = RBC parallel with (RCA + RAB)

( )
( )

( )
∑

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(c) Equating the resistance between the terminal (C & A)

Fig. 1.37

RCA parallel with (RAB + RAC)

( )
( )

( )
∑

Subtracting equation (3) & (2) we get

( )

Adding (1) & (4) we get

Similarly

Star to Delta transformation

Given the values of star connections to find the values of Delta,

Multiplying equations (5) & (6) we get,

( )
( )
( )

Multiplying equations (7) & (6) we get,

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( )
( )
( )

Multiplying equations (5) & (7) we get,

( )
( )
( )

Adding equations (8),(9) and (10) we get,

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )

(∑ ) (∑ ) (∑ )

( ) ( ) ( )
(∑ )

( )
( )

( )

( )

Similarly

( )

( )

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Problem 15: Obtain the star connected equivalent for the delta connection system

Fig. 1.38

Solution:

Fig. 1.39

Problem 16: A network of 9 conductors connected at 6 points A,B,C,D,E & F as

shown in fig.1.40. Determine the delta converted resistance Rac?

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Fig. 1.40

 Delta DEF is converted to its equivalent star.

Fig. 1.41

 The series branches of inner star is added

Fig. 1.42

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 Star ABCN is converted to its equivalent delta

Fig. 1.43

 Parallel resistances in each branch are combined,

Fig. 1.44

 As viewed across terminal A & C branches AB & AC act in series, thus effective
resistance = 0.9+0.9 = 1.8ohm

Fig. 1.45

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 1.8ohm and 0.9ohm are in parallel and given by

Problem 17: Calculate the current in 20ohm resistor.

Fig. 1.46

Solution:

Assume current direction and polarity of resistors as shown below:

Fig. 1.47

Apply KVL to loop AFEDA,

8 – 200I1 – 20I1 + 20I2 = 0

-220I1 + 20I2 = -8 …………………….(1)

Apply KVL to loop BADCB

4 – 20I2 + 20I1 – 50I2 = 0

20I1 – 70I2 = -4 …………………….(2)

Solving equation (1) & (2), we get

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I1 = 0.0426A, I2 = 0.0693A

Therefore, the current in 20ohm resistor is, I20 = I2 – I1 = 0.0693 – 0.0426

= 0.02667A = 26.67mA

Problem 18: Obtain the delta connected equivalent for star connected circuits.

Fig. 1.48

Solution:
( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )

Fig. 1.49

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Problem 19: A wheatstone bridge ABCD has the following details. AB = 20ohm, BC =
24ohm, CD = 5ohm, DA = 50ohm & BD = 30ohm. A dc source of 220V is connected
between A & C with A is positive. Determine the current delivered by the source using
star/delta transformation.

Fig. 1.50

Solution:
The network ABDA forms a delta with corners at A, B & D. there delta connected can
be replaced by equivalent star connected resistances (Ra, Rb, Rc).

The above circuit becomes,

Fig. 1.51

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Now when we go along with the supply current, we can notice that,

i) 6 ohm and 24ohm are in series and also

ii) 15ohm and 5 ohm are in series.

Reducing the circuit,

Fig. 1.52

Now 30ohm and 20 ohm are in parallel

Fig. 1.53

1.9 General Description Of Network Analysis

1.9.1 Introduction:

An arrangement of various electrical energy sources along with different circuit

elements is called as electrical network.

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Mesh (or) Loop: It is defined as a closed path which originates from a particular node,
terminating (or) ending at the same point.

Fig. 1.54

[A-B-C-D]-Loop (1)
[C-D-E-F]-Loop (2)
 Node:
A point at which two (or) more elements are joined together is called
Node.

Fig. 1.55

1.9.2 Classification Of Networks

1. Linear Network:
A circuit whose parameters like (resistance, inductance, and capacitance)
are always constant irrespective of change in time, voltage and temperature.

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2. Non Linear Network:

A circuit (or) network whose parameters change their values with change
in time, temperature, voltage etc..,
3. Active Network:
A circuit which contains at least one source of energy is called Active
network.

Fig. 1.56

4. Passive Network:
A circuit which contains no energy source is called Passive network.

Circuit: The closed path followed by an electric current is called an electric circuit.
Some essential parts of circuit:
a) Source of power
b) Load [lamp, motor, heater, etc…,]
c) The conductor carrying current

1.10 Equivalence Of Sources

In order to convert a given voltage source to current source,

Use the formula, V=IR, where I=V/R, then redraw the circuit by bringing the
resistance connected in series to parallel.

Fig. 1.57

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[V] [I]

[I] [V]

To convert the given current source to voltage just bring the resistor which connected
in parallel to series

Problem 20:

Fig. 1.58

Step 1: we know that I=V/R=9/3 = 3A.

Now bringing the resistor to parallel

Fig. 1.59

I = V/R= 12/6 = 2A
I = 2A

Step 2: Redrawing the circuit

Fig. 1.60

I = V/R = 4/2 = 2A

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I = 2A

Step 3:

Fig. 1.61

If the resistors R1 and R2 are connected in parallel, we have that Req = R1R2/(R1 + R2)
Req = 3*6/(3+6) = 18/9 =2Ω
Again reduce the circuit,

Fig. 1.62

Adding the current source such that, 3A + 2A = 5A

Step 4:

Fig. 1.63

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Apply V = IR

V = 5 * 2 =10V
Now bring the resistors to series,

Fig. 1.64

Redraw by adding the resistors which is in series

Fig. 1.65

Therefore the circuit is reduced to a single source.

1.11 Mesh Method Analysis For Dc Circuits (Or) Loop Method (Or) Mesh Current
Method (Or) Loop Current Method
 It is defined as the closed path
 For each mesh independent current is assigned called as mesh current

Procedure to be followed for solving problems in mesh analysis:

a) Identify the circuit [whether it is AC or DC]

AC circuit

DC circuit

Fig. 1.66

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b) Identify how many loops are present in the given circuit [Loop refers to a closed
path]
c) Use Inspection methods [identify the matrix]
If two loops are given apply 2 * 2 matrix
If three loops are given apply 3 * 3 matrix

[Note: there won‟t be any other matrix form]

d) Write the matrix equation

For mesh analysis, we have
[R] . [I] = [V] from ohm‟s law where V=IR
e) Frame the determinant, if the circuit is a (3 * 3) matrix, then the matrix will be

[ ][ ] [ ]

Rule : Other than the diagonal elements [R11, R22, R33], the remaining elements
will carry –ve sign
f) Identify the current direction. If not given, assume all the loops have same
current direction.

Problem 21: Find the current „I‟ for the given network:

Fig. 1.67

Solution:

 Identify the source, the given circuit is a DC circuit

 There are 2 loops, so we go for 2 * 2 matrix
 Mesh equation for DC circuit is
 [ ][ ] [ ]
 [If same other than the diagonal element, the
remaining elements will take negative sign]

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Substitute the values,

[ ][ ] [ ]

[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

Problem 22: Determine the power dissipation in the 4 ohm resistor of the following
circuit.

Fig. 1.68

Solution:

 It is a DC circuit
 Since we have 3 loops we go for 3*3 matrix
 Matrix equation is [R].[I] = [V]

 [ ][ ] [ ]

Substitute the values,

[ ][ ] [ ]

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[ ]

( ) ( ) ( )( )
Since, they have asked to find the power dissipated in 4 ohm resistor, we
can see that 4ohm resistor is present between loop 2 and loop 3 and it is
enough to find the currents I1& I2.

[ ]

[ ]

Always current should be in positive, if it is negative, this shows that the given
current direction is not the actual current direction for Loop 3.

( )

Problem 23: Write the mesh equation for the circuit and solve for the current in 12
ohm resistor.

Fig. 1.69

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Solution:

[ ][ ] [ ] [ ]

Problem 24: For the Maxwell mesh matrix find the „I‟ across 4 ohm resistor

Fig. 1.70

Solution:

[ ][ ] [ ]

Problem 25: In the circuit obtain the Load current „I‟ and power delivered to the load

Fig. 1.71

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Problem 26: Write and solve the equations for the Mesh currents.
Solution:

Fig. 1.72

Convert current to voltage sources. This is the rule for mesh analysis

Fig. 1.73

Redrawing the circuit again

Fig. 1.74

[ ][ ] [ ]

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1.12 Node Analysis For DC Circuit

Node is also called junction
 It is a point where two (or) more than two elements come and meet.
 It is a point where two (or) more than two elements come and meet.
 Only current source should be used.
 It is used to find the unknown voltage.
 Matrix equation for node is, [1/R].[V] = [I] from ohms law, I =V/R
 It can also be written as [G] [V] = [I], where G = 1/R
 Also to find the actual node

Note: Total node – 1 = actual node

Problem 27: Compute the voltage at nodes A & B in the circuit.

Fig. 1.75

Solution:

Redraw the circuit

Fig. 1.76

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Problem 28: Compute the Nodal voltage and power dissipated in 10 ohm resistor.

Fig. 1.77

Solution:
Convert voltage source to current source

Fig. 1.78

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Fig. 1.79

Redraw the circuit: =

Fig. 1.80

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Problem 29: Find the nodal voltage for the following circuit

Fig. 1.81

Solution:

[ ] [ ]

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The assumed current direction for I2 and I3 are wrong

1.13 Basic Concepts Of DC Circuits

The introduction of elements is called as circuits

I-DC circuits:
If the electric circuit is operated by the DC sources are called as DC circuits.

II-Classification of electric circuit elements:

The electrical elements are classified into

 Active elements
 Passive elements

Active elements: (2marks)

Active elements supply voltage (or) current to the circuit to operate it. Voltage
and current source are active elements.

Passive elements: (2marks)

It either dissipates energy in the form of heat (or) stores energy from the
external source.

Eg: Resistor (R), Inductor (I), Capacitor (C)

Resistor – dissipates energy in the form of heat. Unit of resistance is ohm.

Inductor – stores energy in the Magnetic field. Unit of inductance is Henry.

Capacitor – Stores energy in the electrostatic field. Unit of capacitance is Farad.

Voltage: (2marks)
In electrical terminology, potential difference is called voltage.

On the other hand, voltage is the energy required for movement of charge from
one point to another.

( )

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Current: (2marks)
It is defined as the rate of flow of charge with respect to time.

( )

Energy: (2marks)

 It is the capacity for doing work

 Energy may be existed in the form of mechanical, chemical, electrical, etc.

( ) ( ) ( )

Power: (2marks)
It is defined as the rate of change of energy.

( )

Unit of power is joules/sec (or) watts

We know that,

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2 MARKS
1. State ohm’s law.

At constant temperature, the current flowing through a conductor is directly

proportional to the potential difference across the ends of the conductor.

Vα I (or) V=I * R.

Where R is the resistance of the conductor in ohm.

2. What is meant by charge?

Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles which matter consists.
The charge of an electron is so small. Charge in motion represents current. The unit of
charge is coulomb.

3. Define current.

The rate of flow of charge (Free electron) is called as current. Current is

represented by ‘I’. Its unit is Ampere (A). I = Q/t.

4. Define Voltage or emf.

Voltage or electro motive force (emf) represents the electric pressure or potential
difference between two ends of the conductor that tends to create an electron flow.

Voltage is represented by „V’ (or) ‘E’. Its unit is volt.

V=W/Q , W=work done in joules & Q = charge in coulombs

5. Define potential difference.

The work done in moving a coulomb of charge between the two points is called
the potential difference. It is measured in volt.

6. Define power.

Power is the rate of doing work and its unit is Watt (or) Joule per second.
It is the product of current and voltage.

P = V x I (DC Circuits)

7. Define electrical energy.

The total work done in an electric circuit is called electrical energy. It is the
product of power and time for which current flows through a circuit. Its unit is Joules
(or) Watt-sec

Energy = P x t = V x I x t = I x R x t

ONE electrical unit = 1 kWh

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8. State Kirchhoff’s current law. (KCL)

It states that the algebraic sum of the currents meeting at any junction is zero.
(or) It can be also stated that the sum of current entering the junction is equal to the
sum of current leaving the junction.

I 1 + I2 = I3 + I 4

9. Define Active element.

Active elements are those which supplies voltage or current to the circuit to
operate it. It can be either voltage or current source. Examples: Generator, Transistor,
Vacuum Tubes, etc.

10. State Kirchhoff’s voltage law. (KVL)

It states that in a closed circuit the algebraic sum of the product of the current
and resistance of all the elements plus the algebraic sum of the EMFs induced in the
circuit is equal to zero.

(Or) It can be stated that the sum of the Potential drop is equal to the sum of
the Potential rise.

Σ IR + Σ emf = 0 (for DC circuits) or Σ IZ + Σ emf = 0 (for AC circuits)

Where, R-Resistance

Z- Impedance.

11. Define Passive element.

Passive elements are defined as the one which either dissipates energy in the
form of heat or one which stores the energy.

Examples: Resistance dissipates energy in the form of heat

Inductance stores energy in the form of magnetic field.

Capacitance stores energy in the form of electrostatic field.

12. Give notes on Nodal Analysis.

 KCL is used.
 No: of equations = n-1, n=no: of nodes

13. Give notes on Mesh Analysis.

 KVL is used
 Here mesh currents are found.

14. Give short notes on resistor.

It is a property of a substance3 which opposes the flow of electrons. It is
denoted by R and its unit is Ohm (Ω)

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15. Distinguish between a Branch and a node of a circuit.

A pair of network which connects the various points of the network is
called branch. A point at which two or more elements are joined together is called
node.

16. Distinguish between a mesh and a loop of a circuit.

A mesh is a loop that does not contain other loops. All meshes are loop,
but all loops are not meshes. A loop is any closed path of branches.

17. Write down the formula for a star connected network is converted into a
delta network?
RA=( R1 R2)/( R1 +R2+ R3)
RB=( R1 R3)/( R1 +R2+ R3)
RC=( R2 R3)/( R1 +R2+ R3)

18. Write down the formula for a delta connected network is converted into a
star network?
R1=( RARB+RBRC+RCRA)/RC
R2=( RARB+RBRC+RCRA)/RB
R3=( RARB+RBRC+RCRA)/RA

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