UGO-BEST PHY103 MATERIAL

PHYSICS PRACTICAL DEFENCE PAST QUESETION

GENERAL QUESTION

QUESTION 1

List any experiment you have done and mention

a. Title of the experiment

b. Aim of the experiment
c. Procedure /method
d. Precautions taken
e. Apparatus

QUESTION 2

a. define the error

b. list and explain 5 types of errors you know and how to correct them
c. state the reading error/least count for the following
i. micrometer screw gauge
ii. vennir caliper
iii. balance (beam balance)
iv. ammeter
v. voltmeter
vi. thermometer
vii. stop watch
viii. meter rule

QUESTION 3

What do you understand by line of best fit

QUESTION 4

Transform the following equation and state their intercept and slop

𝑙
a. T = 2𝜋√ --- LVS 𝑇 2
𝑔
√𝐿2 + 𝐾2
b. T = 2𝜋 ---L𝑇 2 vs 𝐿2
𝑔𝐿

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𝑚+ 𝑚𝑜
c. T = 2 𝜋√ ---- m vs 𝑇 2
𝐾𝑔
√𝐻+ℎ
d. T = 2𝜋 --- 𝑇 2 vs h
𝑔

QUESTION 5

Learn how to complete table of values and plot a graph

EXPERIMENT M1

TITLE: VERNIER CALLIPER AND MICROMETER SCREW GAUGE

1. Explain how vernier caliper / micrometer screw gauge can be used to measure
the length of object
2. State two functions of vernier caliper and micrometer screw gauge
3. Between micrometer screw and vernier caliper which is more accurate?

EXPERIMENT M4

TITLE: Simple Period

Aim: deterim

1. Define acceleration due to gravity

2. State point of
i. Max K.e
ii. Max P.E
iii. Energy conservation using diagram
3. Define simple harmonic motion (shm) and state 3 system exhibiting SHM
4. Define the following
i. Period
ii. Frequency
5. State the law of conservation of energy
6. List and explain the two types of oscillation
7. Give the reason why weight varies

EXPERIMENT M6

TITLE: COMPOUND PENDULUM

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AIM: DETERMINATION OF ACCELEARATION DUE TO GRAVITY AND RADIUS OF GYRATION

QUESTIONS

1. Define centre of mass

2. Define centre of weight
3. Define radius of gyration
4. Define moment of inertia
5. Define amplitude

EXPERIMENT M8

QUESTIONS

1. Define oscillation
2. Define circular motion
3. State how to find error in slope
4. State the principle of moment
5. State conditions of equilibrium
6. Differentiate between resultant and equal forces

EXPERIMENT M9 AND M11

TITLE: HOOKS LAW AND RELATIVE DENSITY

QUESTIONS

1. State hookes law

2. Define young modulus
3. Show that the total energy of any vibrating system is proportional to the square
of its maximum amplitude
4. Differentiate between density and relative density (R.D)
5. State the principle of floatation
6. State Archimedes principles
7. Explain scientifically using dead body of an individual float after 24 hours
8. Define force of buoyancy (upthrust)
9. Why is weight in air greater than weight

HEAT EXPERIMENT

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QUESTION

1. Differentiate between heat and temperature

2. Differentiate specific heat capacity and heat capacity and state their unit
3. (i) what are thermometer substance
(ii) give three examples of thermometer substances
(iii) list three(3) types of thermometer you know?
4. State newton law of cooling
5. What are lagging materials. Gives 3 examples
6. List and explain 3 process of heat transfer
7. State precaution in heat experiment
8. Differentiate between evaporation and boiling

List 3 factors that affect rate of cooling of liquid

When the two jaws are in contact, the zero of the main scale and the zero of the vernier
scale should coincide. If both the zeros do not coincide, there will be positive or
negative zero error.

MICROMETER SCREW GAUGE

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A micrometer screw gauge is used for measuring dimension smaller than those
measured by the vernier calipers. A micrometer screw gauge is small measuring device
which works on the “screw” principle.

Using Micrometer Screw Gauge

Just like a vernier calipers, a micrometer screw gauge also carries two scales, a main
scale and an auxiliary scale. The main scale is a millimeter scale graduated to 0.5mm,
whereas the auxiliary scale is divided into 50 equal divisions. The auxiliary scale is on the
thimble of the screw gauge and measures hundredth of the measurement. The jawas of
the gauge are moved rotating the thimble. The auxiliary scale on the thimble is also
knwn as the vernier scale. Moreover, the thimble is so adjusted that 2 revolutoins of the
thimble will allow the jaws to move by 1mm. this means that a single rotating will move
the jaws only by 0.5mm. the main scale lies on the part of screw gauge known as the
“sleeve”.

How is the reading taken?

In order to take the reading using a scrw gauge, the object is placed between the jaws
which are moved by the thimble. The ratchet knob is used to adjust the object firmly
between the jaws. For accurate reading, the thimble should be moved until three clicks
are heard from the ratchet. The ratchet ensures accuracy and also prevents the object
from getting damaged. The main scale reading is taken by considering that marking on
the sleeve which is visible just to the left of the thimble. It is also to note that the 0.5mm
divisions that are provided below the main scale should also be considered while taking
the reading. The auxiliary scale reading is taken by observing the marking on the thimble
that coincides with the main scale on the sleeve. The auxiliary reading will follow the
main scale reading figures in the final reading. Liets take an example to understand this.

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SOLUTION GUIDE.

RESULTS: Lets assumes your group obtained the following values

1. LENGTH OF METER RULE

10 Measured values of the

Breadth = 2cm, 3cm, 2cm, 2.5cm, 3cm, 4cm, 2cm, 2cm, 3cm, 3cm.

10 measured values of the

Thickness= 2cm, 1cm, 1cm, 2.5cm, 3cm, 2cm, 2cm, 1.5cm, 1cm, 1cm.

2. MICROMETER SCRWE GAUGE

10 measured values of diameter.

d= 2cm, 1cm, 2cm, 1.5cm, 2cm, 2cm, 1.5cm, 2cm, 1cm, 2cm

10 measured values of lengths= 3cm, 3cm, 4cm, 3cm, 4cm, 3cm, 3cm, 4cm, 3cm,
3cm

3. STOP WATCH: READING ERROR………..±0.1sec

4. TABLE OF VALUES FOR 10 OSCILLATION FOR TEN DIFFERENT TIMES

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 `0
t 20 30 20 20 30 40 40 30 20 30
T = 2 3 2 2 3 4 4 3 2 3
t/10
Now lest use the assumed values…….. this is just a guide to do your group work.

a) Volume of the meter rule, v = L 𝐱 b 𝐱 k,

Since we have 10 values each, we make use of their mean value

2+3+2+2.5+4+3+2+2+3+3
Breadth mean = = 2.65cm
10

2+1+1+1+2.5+3+2+2+1+1.5
Thickness mean, k = = 1.7cm
10

Remember L = 100cm for a complete metre rule, hence substitute into our value to
calculate the volume.

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v = Lxbxk = 100 x 2.65 x 1.7 = 450.5𝑐𝑚3

Therefore

Maximum error = 450.5±0.005(limit of est. max. error)cm

Please follow the steps to do yours. Join the class for more clarity or see me before you
go to the laboratory
2+1+2+1.5+2+1.5+2+1+1+2
b. means diameter = = 1.6cm
10

𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆
Standard error, s.e = = 2-1/10 = 0.1cm
𝒏

Note, range = highest value – lowest value

Hence this is how you should represent your standard error in the diameter

d = 16± =0.1(limit of estimated standard error)cm

c) RESISTANCE OF THE WIRE:

The formula is given by

𝝆𝑳
R= ---------1
𝑨

Where,

𝝅𝒅𝟐
A=
𝟒

Mean diameter of the wire

2+2+2+1.5+2+1.5+2+1+1+2
d= = 1.7cm = 1.7 x 10−2 m
10

mean length of the wire

3+3+4+3+4+3+3+3+4+3
L= = 3.3cm = 3.3 x 10−2 m
10

𝝅𝒅𝟐 𝜋
Area = = x (1.7 x 10−2 m)2 = 2.27 x 10−4 𝑚2
𝟒 4

𝝆 = resistivity (of copper wire) = 1.68 x 10−8 Ωm

Hence, substitute all the values into

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𝝆𝑳 1.68 x 10−8 𝑥 3.3 x 10−2

R= = = 2.44 x 10−6 𝜇Ω
𝑨 4

(d) For the mean periodic time, go to table 4 add all and divided by 10
𝟐+𝟑+𝟐+𝟐+𝟑+𝟒+𝟒+𝟑+𝟐+𝟑
𝑻𝑴 = = 2.8 sec
𝟏𝟎

Therefore,
𝑤 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 4−2
Standard error, 𝒔𝒎 = = = = 0.2sec
𝑛 𝑛 10

This is how you represent your result

s.e = 2.8±0.2(limit s.e)sec.

e) For the equation

𝒍
T = 2𝝅 x ---------
𝒈

Making acceleration due to gravity the subject of the formular and put the values of
length, L, of the pendulum bob and the period, T.
4𝜋 2 4𝜋 2 3.3 x 10−2 m
g= 2
L= = 0.17m/𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
𝑇 2.82

f) the mean of then values is more accurate. This is to minimize the effect of random
error.

Conclusion: text all your experiment to 08077447977(whatapp) with N100 airtime, and
you shall get it in 1min.

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EXPERMIMENT B2

TITLE: VERINER CALIPER AND MICROMETER GAUGE

See the theoretical background in experiment B1

Let’s assume your group obtain the following measured values for rectangular block,
calorimeter and diameter and diameter of wire respectively.

RECTANGULAR BLOCK: length, L = 10cm, width, w = 5cm, thickness, t= 2cm

CALORIMETER: height, h= 15cm, diameter, d= 10cm, thickness, t= 1cm

DIAMETER OF WIRE:

D1= 2cm, D2= 2.5cm, D3= 3cm, D4= 1cm, D5= 4cm , D6= 2cm

Now, use your measured obtain above to carry your calculations as shown below:

i) Volume Of The Rectangular Block

volume, V1 = length x width x thickness = 10cm x 5cm x 2cm = 100𝑐𝑚3

maximum error = V1 ±(𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑟)

m.e = 100.00 ± 0.001 (limit of estimated m.e) 𝑐𝑚3

ii) Volume Of The Calorimeter

10 2
V2 = 𝜋𝑟 2 h = 𝜋 x ( ) x 15 = 1178.25𝑐𝑚3
2

iii) Density of calorimeter

𝑚 20𝑔 0.02𝑔
D= - =
𝑉1 1178.25 𝑐𝑚3

iii) Maximum error in the density

m.e = density ± reading error of vernier caliper = 0.02±0.001

2+2.5+3+1+4+3
v) Mean Diameter = = 2.42cm
6

𝑤 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒−𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 4−1

vi) Standard Error, 𝑠𝑚 = = = = 0.5cm
𝑛 𝑛 6

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therefore, the limit of standard error in the diameter becomes D = 2.42 ± 0.5(limit s.e)

EXPERIMENT M1

TITLE: THE SIMPLE PENDULUM

BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE

Many things in nature wiggle in a periodic fashion. That is, they vibrate. One such
example is simple pendulum. If we suspend a mass at the end of a piece of string, we
have a simple pendulum. Here, the to and fro motion represents a periodic motion used
in times past to control the motion of grandfather and cuckoo clocks. Such oscillatory
motion is called simple harmonic motion. It was Galileo who first observed that the time
a pendulum takes to swing back and forth through small distances depends only on the
length of the pendulum or on the size of the arc though which it swings. Another factor
involved in the period of motion is the acceleration due to gravity (g), which on the
earth is 9.8m/𝑠 2 . It follows then that a long pendulum has a greater period than a
shorter pendulum.

With the assumption of small angels, the frequency and period of the pendulum are
independent of the initial angular displacement amplitude. All simple pendulums should
have the same period regardless of their initial angle (and regardless of their masses).
The period T for a simple pendulum does not depends on the mass or the initial angular

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displacement, but depends only on the length l of the string and the value of the
gravitational field strength g, according to

𝑳
T = 2𝝅√
𝒈

SOLUTIONS GUIDE TO DATA ANALYSIS

Please so all the working on the worksheet before transferring your answers to the
small spaces provided after each questions.

1) NATURE OF THE GRAPH

L(cm)
120

∆𝐿

20 ∆𝑇 2

2 6
𝑇 2 (𝑆 2 )

PLEASE NOTE: it’s not must that your graph through the origin doe to the uncertainty
in the measurement system, so don’t panic when there is a deviation so long as your
scale fit in.. for more details contact UGOBEST On 08077447977

2) LETS LINEARISE THE EQUATION TO DEPICT THE GRAPH PLOTTED.

𝑳
T = 2𝝅√ ……. Squaring both sides, to make L the subject
𝒈

𝟒𝝅𝟐
𝑻𝟐 = 𝑳…… Cross multiply through by g and divide through by 4𝜋 2
𝒈

𝒈
L=( ) 𝑻𝟐 ………
𝟒𝝅𝟐

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3) COMPARING THE ABOVE WITH THE STANDARD EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE

y = mx + c
𝑔
Slope (m) = ( )
4𝜋 2

Notice that c=0, which implies there is no intercept, hence the graph from
principle was expected to pass though the origin.

4) The measured value of the slope is the slope calculated from the graph you plotted
i.e, refer to my graph and above and do the same with the one you plotted.
𝘢𝑙 120−20 100
Slope = = = = 25cm𝑠 −2 (an assumed value but its expected)
𝘢𝑇 2 6−2 4

Standard error in g

Acceleration is a constant, hence the error is just a deviation from the true value i.e
error = 9.86 – 9.80 = 0.06

Standard error = 9.86 ±0.06(limit est. s.e) 𝒎𝒔−𝟐

QUESTIONS/SOLUTIONS SECTION

1. You can as well add yours

Error in the measurement system

In homogeneity in the measurement system.

2. SOURCES OF ERROR.

a. The pendulum bob:

The pendulum bob was displaced with a small angle of about 10 degree

b. drought/ air resistance:

The fan was switched off and the windows, doors closed to control the effect of air
resistance.

c) Amplitude or Swing:

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I ensure that the amplitude of swing was made as small as possible to avoid conical
oscillation.

3. a. this is to reduce the effect of unbalanced force (air resistance)

b. to avoid conical oscillation produced by tension on string and damping due to the
torque produced by gravitation of the earth.

4. No, since ‘g’ does not depend on the mass of the bob. MASS IS CONSTANT.

EXPERIMENT M3

TITLE: SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION SPIRAL SPRING

INTRODUCTION TO HOOKES LAW

Hooke’s law talks aobut the relationship of the eleasticity of an object and the force
applied. The equation can be written as, F = -kx where

• F is the force (N) applied on the object

• -(negative sign) is showing the direction of the reaction force opposing the
external force.
• k is the spring constant of the particular material indicating how easily it can be
deformed and
• x is the distance (m) in which the material had been moved.

In another words, the amount of force necessary to obtain an elastic material

compressed or extended is directory proportional to its displacement.

It is important to keep in mind that elastic material is a material of which returns to its
equilibrium (original) position after being released from the force, for example, rubber
band, spring e.t.c. whatever material, which does not consist of this property, such as
bluetac or chewing gurn, with no opposite internal force of bring itself to the normal
state, does not follow the law. Moreover, this law can also be only before the materials
elastic limit is reached. When the material passes its elastic limit, it will begin to deform
and behave as plastic with no reverse force.

SOLUTION GUIDE

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Note: you are expected to plot two graphs and this must be on a separate graph sheet-
please do not make the mistake of trying to squeeze the two graph work into one graph
sheet. Thanks

1. a. Nature of graph of M(g) against (p-po)

The graph from principle is expected to pass through the origin. This is so to verify
hookes law, but due to uncertainty in the measurement we expect deviation from the
actual/true work. We can verify the original work from the governing equation.

F = kx,

Mg = k(p-po),

This governing equation when compared with Y = Mx + c, shows that slope = m = k

(spring constant), intercept = c= o (NO INTERCEPT)

m(g)
80

∆𝑀

10 ∆(P − 𝑃𝑂 )

2 9
(P - 𝑃𝑂 )(cm)

b) NATURE OF GRAPH OF M(G) AGAINST 𝑻𝟐 (𝑺𝟐 )

The very big advantage of having this material before the laboratory session should not
be abused meaning its your duty to know the nature of each experimental graph before
plotting them this graph should be plotted on different graph sheet. Check the solution
five of this section you will see the governing equation and the transformed equation of
which I have shown how the nature of the graph is derived the graph has negative
intercept which represent the mass of the scale pan + mass of the spiral spring which

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was initially assumed to be massless aforetime join the class for more details
explanation.

The graph should be in this form all things be equal

M(g)
80

∆𝑀

5 ∆𝑇 2

4 10
-5 𝑇 2 (𝑆 2 )
𝑀𝑜

2. Choose your scale and plot graph, let’s assume that is your graph work.

Please the use of the conventional formula

∆𝒀
= SHOULD BE AVOIDED WHEN YOU ARE PLOTTING with a different
∆𝑿
parameter other than x and y
∆𝑚 80−10 70
The slope L, of the first graph 𝑠1 = = = = 10g/cm
∆(𝑃−𝑃𝑂) 9−2 7

S=L

3. From the above second graph work, we can calculate the slope of the second graph
as
∆𝒎 80−5 75
𝒔𝟏 = = = = 10g/𝒔𝟐
∆𝑻𝟐 10−4 6

4. The intercept of the second graph as earlier explained is on the negative

M – axis, that is c= 5g(from my own graph work)

Please your value should be as small as possible preferably between 0.5g – 5g.

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5. We are to transform the equation to depict the plotted graph in order to obtain
the mass of the spiral spring, Mo and the acceleration due to gravity, g.

(𝑴+ 𝑴𝑶 )
Given: T = 2𝝅√
𝒈𝑳

Squaring both side and multiply through by

gL𝑻𝟐 = 4𝝅𝟐 (𝑴 + 𝑴𝑶 )

Dividing through 4𝜋 2 and 𝑀𝑂 to the left hand side

𝐠𝐋𝑻𝟐
( ) - 𝑴𝑶 = 𝑴
𝟒𝝅𝟐

Re arranging to form y = mx + c
𝐠𝐋
M=( ) 𝑻𝟐 - 𝑴𝑶
𝟒𝝅𝟐

Where

Intercept, c= 𝑀𝑂
𝐠𝐋
Slope = ( )
𝟒𝝅𝟐

𝑠𝑞
To obtain g = 4𝜋 2 x slope/L = 4𝜋 2
𝐿

Where L = Slope of the first graph

𝑆2 = Slope of the second graph

From the value I obtained, put your values as you also did from the graphs
12.5
g = 4𝜋 2 = 49.35cm/𝑠 2
10

please note this is just an assumed value I used, endeavor to obtain a close value.

-𝑀𝑂 = -5g , 𝑀𝑂 = 5g

6. 𝑀𝑂 represent the mass of the scale pan, that was assumed massless, which also
increased the extension

7. check M1 experiment to do this …. Or see me

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