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Chapter 3 (Compression Members)

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39 views24 pages

Chapter 3 (Compression Members)

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qusic8
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Structural Steel Design (0504413)

Chapters 3: Analysis and Design of Axially Loaded


Compression Members
By: Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat
[email protected]
Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 1
Compression Failure Modes
• Unlike members under tension, column strength is a
direct function of its length. More specifically, its
slenderness.
• Only columns that are "short" can be loaded to the
yield stress (Not applicable).
• "Longer columns will usually buckle before they yield.
• "Medium length" columns have inelastic buckling capacity.
• "Slender columns " buckle elastically.

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat


THE EULER FORMULA
Euler buckling load:
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝑒 = 2 𝐿𝑐 = 𝑘𝐿
𝐿𝑐
Euler buckling stress:
𝑃𝑒 𝜋2 𝐸 𝐼 𝜋2 𝐸 𝜋2 𝐸
𝐹𝑒 = = = 𝑟2 =
𝐴 𝐿2𝑐 𝐴 𝐿2𝑐 𝑘𝐿/𝑟 2

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 3


Effective Lengths Of Columns
Effective length: 𝐿𝑐 = 𝑘𝐿
• Effective length factors can be found in the
commentary of the Specification.

Pg. 16.1-511

• Always use recommended values instead of


theoretical values!

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat


Local Vs Global Buckling
Buckling types:

1. Global buckling:
occurs at the all cross-section elements (typical failure
for non-slender sections)

2. Local buckling:
occurs at the some of the cross-section elements
(typical failure for slender sections)

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 5


Slender / Non-slender
Elements

• The limits between slender and non slender elements are


defined in the Specifications in Table B4.la (columns)

• Example:

• If a W-section meets these limits 𝑏/𝑡 & ℎ/𝑡 < 𝜆𝑟 ,


it's said to be a non-slender compact section, or a
section with compact elements.
• W-section fails these limits 𝑏/𝑡 & ℎ/𝑡 > 𝜆𝑟 , it is
said to have slender elements.

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 6


Procedure for column analysis

1. The first step is to determine whether the section contains compact elements using
Slenderness limits in Table B4.la (columns)
Use:
• Section E3 Members Without Slender Elements
• Section. E7 Members With Slender Elements (Not included in this subject)
2. If the section is compact (non-slender), we have three options for determining the column
capacity.
a. Method 1: AISC Column Equations
b. Method 2: Tables (4-1)- (Design Aid)

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 7


Design Considerations
(Method 1)

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 8


Method 1: AISC Column Equations

• The first method simply involves directly computing column capacity through this steps:
• Step 1: Determine the largest KL/r values.

• Step 2: Compute Fe using the largest KL/r.


Question:
How to determine the
maximum kL/r for the
column?
• Step 3: Compute Fcr:

• Step 4: Compute 𝜙𝑃𝑛 :


Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 9
Strong vs Weak axes

Always column buckling occurs around weak axes

The week axes is the axes with largest KL/r

• For W-shapes column with (kL)x = (kL)y,


rx =radius of gyration about the strong axis
ry = radius of gyration about the weak axis

They're referred to this way because rx, is always


bigger than ry, for W-shape

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 10


Strong vs Weak axes

Question:
Determine the maximum kl/r for the column
shown in the figure with rx = 6in and ry =5in ?

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 11


Strong vs Weak axes

Question:
Determine the maximum kl/r for the column
shown in the figure with rx = 6in and ry =5in ?

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 12


Example 3.1: (Example 5-2(c) [Book]) Calculate the LRFD design strength of
the given columns using the equations of AISC Section E3.

13
Example 3-2 (a): Analyze the following column made of W14x90 (Fy = 50 ksi) using Method 1.
Note:

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 14


Method 2- Column
Capacity Table (Table 4-1)

• The first aid we'll employ lists the capacity as a function of the
column's effective length 𝒌𝑳 𝒚 .
▪ Only works for 50-ksi steel, though.
• This will be a very important tool for design!
• Note:
• If the buckling occurs on the x-axis, we need to calculate
𝒌𝑳 𝒆𝒇𝒇 as:
𝒌𝑳𝒙
𝒌𝑳 𝒆𝒇𝒇 =
𝒓𝒙 /𝒓𝒚

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 15


Method 2- Column
Capacity Table (Table 4-1)

• Step 1: Determine the largest (KL)x and Largest (KL)y values for columns
• If (KL)x =< (KL)y then use (KL)y
• If (KL)x > (KL)y then use Max [(KL)y or (KL)eff ]
𝒌𝑳𝒙
𝒌𝑳 𝒆𝒇𝒇 =
𝒓𝒙 /𝒓𝒚

• Step 2 use Table 4-1 for Fy = 50 ksi to find 𝜙𝑃𝑛

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 16


Example 3-2 (b): Analyze the following column made of W14x90 (Fy = 50 ksi) using Method 2.
Note:

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 17


Example 3-3: (Example 5-5 [book]): (a) Determine the LRFD design
strength for the 50 ksi axially loaded W14 x 90 shown in Fig. 5.10. (b) Repeat
part (a), using the column tables of Part 4 of the Manual.
Example 3-4: (Example 5-3 [book]): An HSS 16x16x1/2 with Fy = 46ksi is used for an 18-ft-
long column with simple end supports.

(a) Determine and with the appropriate AISC equations.


(b) Repeat part (a), using Table 4-4 in the AISC Manual.

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 19


Procedure for Column Design
1. Determine the design load, Pu
2. Determine the largest (KL)x and Largest (KL)y values for columns
• If (KL)x =< (KL)y then use (KL)y
• If (KL)x > (KL)y then use Max [(KL)y or (KL)eff ] (assume (KL)y is the maximum )

3. Use capacity tables to select trial sections using (KL)y .


• Choose the lightest section (When selecting sections, be sure and cycle through each family to find the
lightest section. In other words, select at least one W14, W12, W10, and W8.).
𝒌𝑳𝒙
4. If (KL)x > (KL)y determine (KL)eff = and verify strong-axis buckling capacity for each section,
𝒓𝒙 /𝒓𝒚

5. Once a section is selected, its capacity should be verified using method 1


6. Summarize the results and compute the efficiency of the design (Efficiency > 90%)

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 20


Example 3-5: Select the most economical W-shape column to resist a service dead load of
150 kip and a service live load of 350 kip. Take Fy = 50 ksi and the column is 15 feet long and
pinned on each end in both directions.
Example 3-6: Select the most economical W-shape column to resist a service dead load of
100 kip and a service live load of 200 kip. Take Fy = 50 ksi
Example 3-7: Select the most economical W-shape column to resist factored load of 650 kip.
Take Fy = 50 ksi and the column is pinned on each end in both directions.
Please solve Examples 6-2 and 6-3 in the book

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 24

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