MOUSA

SAT
( TEST 8 M2)

Mr. MahMouD MouSa

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Section 1. Module 2: Reading and Writing

32 MINUTES, 27 QUESTIONS

DIRECTIONS

You will be tested on a variety of important reading and writing skills. Each
question has one or more passages, possibly including a graph or table.
Carefully read each passage and question and choose the best answer to the
question based on the passage(s).
Every question in this section is multiple-choice with four possible answers.
Each question has only one best answer.

The vacation had the opposite effect on Jim. He 1

despised the upcoming days and was depressed
Which choice completes the text with the most
at the thought of his recent break-up. Although he
logical and precise word or phrase?
marched into work 15 minutes early on Monday
morning, he was feeling very _____ ® energetic
® dispirited
© invigorated
® rejuvenated

An education is usually thought to have intrinsic 2

_____ rather than extrinsic. That is, its worth
Which choice completes the text with the most
comes from the love of knowledge rather than
logical and precise word or phrase?
something monetary. However, with the rising cost
of tuition, one could maybe argue that there is a ® value
fiscal price related to education. ® price
© principles
® standard

The night sky erupted with great displays of sound 3

and light. Every couple of minutes, from dusk till
Which choice completes the text with the most
late, the loud, explosive sounds would shake the
logical and precise word or phrase?
sky and some unsuspecting and innocent below. It
is not lightning or anything • rather, it ® considerate
is meant to be a symbol of patriotism. It was a week ® nefarious
before the Fourth ofJuly, a day meant to celebrate © congenial
the United States and those who defend it, and the ® duplicitous
fireworks had already begun.

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Though Friedel and Crafts discovered a new chem­ 4

ical reaction, this reaction technique was virtu-
Which choice completes the text with the most
ally useless to the scientific community because it
logical and precise word or phrase?
lacked selectivity. Selectivity causes a reaction to
favor one product over another potential product ® create
of the reaction. Without selectivity, it is impossible ® demonstrate
for chemists to _____ the products of their © reciprocate
reaction. Not being able to separate one product ® isolate
from another makes a reaction useless because
even a small alteration in a molecule can result in
adverse effects.

As anyone who has watched a bag of instant 5

popcorn expand knows, the tray inside of a micro­
As used in the text, what does the word "evolving"
wave oven rotates as the food cooks. This rotation
most nearly mean?
has the interesting effect of increasing the kinetic
energy of the food's polar molecules, as they too ® Advancing
must constantly rotate to remain aligned with the ® Reproducing
field. As they do so, these molecules rub and grind © Selecting
against their neighbors, converting their kinetic ® Generating
energy into intermolecular friction, and thus
evolving heat. In fact, the motion of molecules is so
directly related to internal heat that one can calcu­
late a material's exact temperature by averaging
the kinetic energy of the atoms and molecules that
comprise it.

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Advocates of the presidential model posit that it is 6

more democratic than the parliamentary system
Which choice best states the main purpose of the
because the people themselves choose their execu­
text?
tive. They contend that the fixed terms even allow
for some stability that the parliamentary organiza­ @ It explores the pros and cons of the presi­
tion does not allow. Likewise, a further benefit lies dential model.
in the separation of powers subject to checks and ® It compares the presidential and parlia­
balances, in which the executive and legislative mentary models.
bodies can monitor one another and assure that © It highlights the superior aspects of the
power is not centralized. Yet, critics of the system presidential model.
assert that the president's national status affords @ It gives specific examples of countries that
tendencies toward authoritarianism. Furthermore, practice presidential politics.
as a rule, deadlocks or stalemates are much more
common within a system that often has executive
and legislative bodies under the control of different
parties. Cynics therefore suggest that the presiden­
tial model is privy to discord and inefficiency-not
to mention, presidents are difficult to remove when
thought to be unfit.

Some people simply believe that few, if any, other 7

civilizations outside those on Earth exist. The Rare
Which choice best describes the function of the
Earth Hypothesis suggests that Earth is unique, and
final sentence in the overall structure of the text?
so, therefore, is intelligent life. Others theorize that
intelligent life has a tendency of destroying itself @ It explains why the author is quite pessi­
quickly; they hypothesize that self-annihilation mistic about the possibility of finding ETI.
occurs before contact can be made. On the other ® It offers suggestions that have not likely
hand, many postulate that extraterrestrial intelli­ been considered by scientists.
gence (ETI) does exist, but we see no evidence for © It gives a recommended course of action
a variety of reasons. Perhaps we are too far apart to solve a scientific problem.
in space or time; perhaps humans, a relatively new @ It elaborates on possible reasons why we
species, haven't searched long enough or maybe have not found evidence of ETI.
we aren't listening properly; what if our distant
neighbors are using different frequencies?

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The following text is from Carl Sandburg's 1916 8

poem "Theme in Yellow:'
The narrator of the poem is best described as
I spot the hills which of the following?

With yellow balls in autumn. ® A child

I light the prairie cornfields

® A pumpkin
A ghost
Orange and tawny gold clusters A season

And I am called pumpkins.

On the last of October

When dusk is fallen

Children join hands

And circle round me

Singing ghost songs

And love to the harvest moon;

I am a jack-o' -lantern

With terrible teeth

And the children know

I am fooling.

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A historian writes an article suggesting that a short­ 9

coming of the Iroquois Great League governmental
Which quotation from the article would best illus­
structure was a decision-making process that led to
trate this claim?
paralysis.
@ "The Great League of Peace and Power
maintained Iroquois peace from the 15th
century until the American Revolution:•
® "The Iroquois council could not decide
unanimously which side to choose. With
no consensus, each nation made its own
decision. The League split:'
© "Despite being scattered, the Iroquois
survived. Today in New York State, a
strong Iroquois Reservation remains:'
@ "These Iroquois are strongly independent
and demand sovereignty. Despite this,
they are also American citizens. On the
reservations, traditions live on, as does
the spirit of the Great League:•

A biologist analyzes the relationship between 10

Midwestern bird species and the honeysuckle
Which of the following situations would be most
fruit. They find that the organisms have devel­
resemble the relationship discussed in the text?
oped a mutualist relationship: native species of
birds throughout the Midwest rely on honey­ @ Large whale species consume krill at
suckle fruit as a staple food source in the fall, higher latitudes.
while honeysuckle benefits in being spread to new ® The male gorilla does not help with
regions when its seeds are eaten and subsequently infants but does help defend against
dispersed by the birds. predators.
© Ox.pecker birds eat predatory insects off
the backs of zebras.
@ Humans consume the eggs of organically
raised chickens.

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Occupational therapists work with clients to help 11

them better perform their daily tasks. An occupa­
Which of the following, if true, would most directly
tional therapist examines what aspect of occupa­
support the therapist's hypothesis?
tional therapy will most likely lead to positive client
outcomes, replacing dysfunctional occupations ® Other occupations, like substance abuse,
(activities) and replacing them with functional lead to occupational dysfunction. These
ones. The therapist hyp othesizes that a collab­ dysfunctional occupations are not pro­
orative relationship between the occupational ductive and can be detrimental to health
therapist and patient will minimize occupational and wellness.
dysfunction. ® Behaviors, habits, and performance pat­
terns are changed when dysfunctional
occupation is reduced or extinguished
and replaced with meaningful, psycho­
logically rewarding functional occupation.
© Changing dysfunctional occupation and
replacing it with functional occupation
is challenging for the client; through
therapeutic use of self, the occupational
therapist can establish the necessary trust
and rapport.
@ Self-regulation strategies include personal
awareness of stressors, stress manage­
ment, and using occupation to reduce
stress.

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Human Influenza Outbreaks

Name
I Year I Subtype
I Reservoir
I Geography
I Estimated
Cases
I
Estimated
Fatality Rate (%)
Russian Flu 1889 Unknown Unknown Global 6.6 million 0.15

Spanish Flu 1918 N1H1 Humans, pigs, birds Global 500 million 2.0

Asian Flu 1957 N2H2 Birds Global 9.5 million 0.12

Hong Kong Flu 1968 N3H2 Pigs Global 8 million <0.1

Avian Flu 2005 H5N1 Birds Asia 840 60

Swine Flue 2009 H1N1 Humans, pigs, birds Global 89 million 2.5

N/A 2013 H7N9 Birds China 220 25

Epidemic illnesses can cause significant loss of 12

human life. A virologist attempts to determine
Which of the viruses in the table would most
what characteristics of flu viruses will result in the
effectively be used to support the virologist's
greatest human mortality. 1he virologist hypoth­
hypothesis?
esizes that if a flu virus has too high a fatality rate,
its victims will die off before they can transmit the @ H5Nl and H7N9
virus to other humans, ultimately resulting in rela­ @ HlNl and H2N2
tively few cases. @ H3N2 and HlNl
@ H3N2 and H2N2

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Fatal passenger vehicle crash involvements per 100 million miles

traveled by driver age and gender, 2017

16-19 2,003 31,732,691,896 6.3 959 30,677,731,652 3.1 2,963 62,410,423,548 4.7

20-29 7,119 187,497,565,846 3.8 3,225 198,148,511,278 1.6 10,346 385,646,077,124 2.7

30-59 12,958 785,270,175,131 1.7 6,162 558,224,868,022 1.1 19,124 1,343,495,043,154 1.4

60-69 2,929 207,918,951,320 1.4 1,354 136,711,746,704 1.0 4,283 344,630,698,024 1.2

2:70 3,034 401,684,593,355 2.9 1,488 66,739,614,422 2.2 4,522 171,424,207,778 2.6

Total* 28,053 1,317,103,977,548 2.1 13,191 990,502,472,079 1.3 41,277 2,307,606,449,627 1.8
*Total includes other and/or unknowns

Graph source: www.iihs. orgltopics/fatality-statistics/detail/gender

A researcher who specializes in analyzing the 13

aftermath of car wrecks determines that car crash
Which statement would best utilize the informa­
dummies are almost always designed to repre-
tion in the table to provide an argument against the
sent the male skeletal and muscular anatomy. The
researcher's position?
researcher thinks that car manufacturers as well
as consumers should demand that the National @ Given the higher crash rate of male driv­
Highway Traffic Safety Administration develop ers as compared to female drivers, it is
dummies that represent not just men and wom.fn, understandable that car manufacturers
but a variety of sizes of men and women as well as may prioritize male crash test dummies.
a variety of sizes of children. The researcher argues @ Since drivers over 70 years of age are over
that the government should prioritize diverse twice as likely to get in vehicle crashes as
demographic representation among crash test those in their 60s, increased regulations
dummies to gather the most helpful information about the maximum driver age should be
for consumers. implemented.
© Teenage drivers are far more likely to
get in car accidents than those in other
age groups, so the age to earn a driver's
license should be increased.
@ Female drivers represent the majority of
miles driven in a given year, so it is criti­
cal that there be a higher priority on their
safety.

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English chemist John Newlands proposed a "law of

octaves" that was based, shockingly, on the stan­
Which choice most logically completes the text?
dard musical scale, and which suggested that the
periodicity of the elements follows a similar eight ® demonstrated the need for additional
"note" pattern. Though his contemporaries heavily research to confirm his hypothesis.
criticized Newlands, the idea was eventually vindi­ @ confirmed the significance of the eight­
cated by the octet theory of chemical bonding, element series in chemical behavior.
which _ _ _ _ © approached the problem of chemical
classification differently from Newlands.
@ served to disprove his interesting yet
ultimately inaccurate theory.

Bacteria is adapting and changing in response

to our attempts to quash it and is consequently
Which choice most logically completes the text?
becoming more of a threat than ever before.
Doctors and patients should be cautious and ® remain effective for the people who genu­
should ensure that antibiotics are truly necessary inely need them.
before contributing to this issue. Fewer antibiotics @ develop increased resistance to bacterial
prescribed will mean less of a chance for C. dijffor modification.
each individual patient and a greater chance that © contribute to the outbreak of endemic
antibiotics will_____ illnesses.
@ become increasingly recommended for a
host of illnesses.

____ _ that live in the eastern region of 16'

Australia and in Tasmania. Platypuses typically
Which choice completes the text so that it
live in bodies of freshwater like rivers, wetlands,
conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
billabongs, and estuaries; however, they have been
known to live in brackish-a combination of fresh ® Ornithorhynchus anatinus also known as
and salt water-estuaries as well. platypuses are semi-aquatic mammals
@ Ornithorhynchus anatinus, also known as
platypuses are semi-aquatic mammals
© Ornithorhynchus anatinus-also known
as platypuses, are semi-aquatic mammals
@ Ornithorhynchus anatinus, also known as
platypuses, are semi-aquatic mammals

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The bystander effect is a psychological phenom­ 17

enon that prevents people from helping those in
Which choice completes the text so that it
need. The psychology behind this phenomenon
conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
is actually fairly simple. _____ In a crowded
place such as a stadium, people may think @ When several people observe a situation
"I couldn't get there in time;' or, "there are so many that calls for intervention, the responsibil­
people who are closer to the scene of distress:' ity to help feels less pressing since it is dif­
fused among all the observers.
@ When several people observe a situation
that calls for intervention: the responsibil­
ity to help feels less pressing since it is dif­
fused among all the observers.
© When several people observe a situation
that calls for intervention: the responsibil­
ity to help feels less pressing, since it is
diffused among all the observers.
@ When several people observe a situation
that calls for intervention-the responsi­
bility to help feels-less pressing since it
is diffused among all the observers.

Scientists speculate that the even though the evolu­ 18

tionary purpose of the toxins in ergot fungus was
Which choice completes the text so that it
to discourage animals from eating it, humans were
conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
unable to prevent its consumption. _____
harvested en masse and was only rarely sorted to @ Rye, like other grains, was
remove ergot fungus. @ Rye, like other grains was
© Rye-like other grains-were
@ Rye-like other grains, was

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States can best be characterized by their natu- 19

ral idiosyncrasies. Florida has its powdered sugar
Which choice completes the text so that it
beaches; Nebraska, its butterscotch _____
conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

® cornfields; and Arizona it's majestic

Grand Canyon.
® cornfields: Arizona its majestic Grand
Canyon.
© cornfields; and Arizona, its majestic
Grand Canyon.
@ cornfields, and Arizona, it's majestic
Grand Canyon.

While hiking has always been known to be a good 20

form of exercise, current research _____ that
its added mental benefits have a significant impact Which choice completes the text so that it
on the physical health of those who hike. conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

® suggest
® suggests
© had suggested
@ has suggesting

When visiting museums, most people take for 21

granted the rooms upon rooms of historic paint-
Which choice completes the text so that it
ings, often hundreds of years old, that _____
conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
carefully preserved for the public's view.
® is
® are
© has
@ was

Servals are medium-sized, gold-colored cats 22

covered in darker patterns of stripes and spots.
Which choice completes the text so that it
Having a lighter-colored coat with a darker pattern_
conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
_____ more difficult to spot them.
® make them
® makes them
© makes it
@ make it

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The Y-Bridge (named for its distinctive Y-shape) 23

was designed to span the confluence of the
Which choice completes the text with the most
Muskingum and Licking rivers. _____ it
logical transition?
crosses both rivers, Ripley's Believe It Or Not once
claimed that the Y-Bridge was the only bridge in ® For
the world where it was possible to cross and still @ Because
end up on the same side of the river, and Amelia © While
Earhart once called Zanesville "the most recogniz­ @ When
able city in the country" because of the bridge.

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a 24

progressive neurodegenerative brain disease that
Which choice completes the text with the most
is largely difficult to diagnose and treat. Indeed,
logical transition?
_____ accurate diagnosis can only be done
by looking at portions of the brain under a micro­ ® since
scope, a true CTE diagnosis can't be made until an @ and
autopsy is done on a deceased sufferer. © also
@ in fact

While researching a topic, a student has taken the 25

following notes:
The student wants to make a generalization about
■ Ballet traces its history to the Italian the early sponsors of ballet. Which choice most
Renaissance in the 15th century. effectively uses relevant information from the notes
■ Catherine de Medici, a native Italian, was to accomplish this goal?
queen consort of France in the mid-1500s.
® Catherine de Medici was one of the great­
■ Catherine de Medici enjoyed ballet, intro­
est ballet enthusiasts of all time.
duced it to the French court, and spon­
@ Some of the same ballet moves that origi­
sored large and detailed performances.
nated in the 1600s are still used today.
■ The French court continued to value ballet
© French and Italian royals were significant
and King Louis XIV even performed in
backers of ballet dance performance.
ballets.
@ Both male and female dancers have been
■ The world's first ballet school, Academie
skilled ballet dancers throughout history.
Royale de Danse, was founded in France
in 1661 with the support of King Louis XN.
■ The ballet school introduced the five posi­
tions all ballet students still learn today.

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While researching a topic, a student has taken the 26

following notes:
The student wants to recommend specific
■ There are two types of hearing loss: con­ measures that people can take to avoid hearing
ductive and sensorineural. loss. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
■ Conductive hearing loss happens when information from the notes to accomplish this
sounds cannot get through, or conduct, to goal?
the inner ear.
■ Conductive hearing loss can have many ® Conductive hearing loss can result from
the blockage of sound in the inner ear.
causes and sometimes it's a simple cause,
@ To prevent hearing loss, avoid putting
such a blockage in the ear canal.
objects inside your ear, and cover your
■ Sensorineural hearing loss happens when
ears at loud rock concerts.
structures in the inner ear are damaged.
■ Sensorineural hearing loss also has many © Older people are more susceptible to
sensorineural hearing loss since this sort
causes-two common causes are aging
of loss becomes exacerbated with the pas­
and exposure to loud noises.
sage of time.
@ Much like with blindness, hearing loss
can often be prevented by taking precau­
tionary steps.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the 27

following notes:
The student wants to suggest a charitable cause
■ Effective Altruism is an emerging form of that would be a good candidate for the approach of
charity that evaluates causes through a Effective Altruism. Which choice most effectively
framework of data and evidence. uses relevant information from the notes to accom­
■ To be a good candidate for Effective plish this goal?
Altruism, a problem must be solvable.
■ Effective Altruism seeks to use charity ® Marching in a local parade to encourage
the world to seek out peaceful resolutions
money in the most efficient way to do the
to warfare.
most good.
■ This results in Effective Altruism targeting ® Encouraging museum donors to purchase
an additional sculpture for the largest
specific causes that may have previously
wing of the museum.
been overlooked by charitable endeavors.
■ Some causes that have benefited from © Earning a graduate degree in statistics so
that one can more readily evaluate the
Effective Altruism include the nearing
costs and benefits of certain governmen­
eradication of Guinea worm disease,
tal actions.
the treatment of diabetic eye disease in
@ Raising money to remove poisonous lead­
Bangladesh, and cash incentives for com­
based paints from school facilities in an
pleting routine childhood vaccines in
impoverished city.
Nigeria.

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