Example :

 Python is a versatile and widely-used programming language # Basic print statement

known for its readability and ease of use print("Hello, World!")
 It is object oriented programming language # Printing multiple values
name =, nam "Alice"
age = 30
 Python's programming cycle is notably shorter due to its print("Name:"e, "Age:", age)
interpreted nature. # Changing separator and end
 Python skips compile and link steps, distinguishing itself from
print("Four")
traditional languages.
 Programs import modules at runtime, ensuring immediate print("One", "Two", "Three", sep=' | ', end='
execution after changes. *** ')
 Dynamic module reloading in Python allows modifications and
reloads during runtime, facilitating continuous program
updates without interruptions.  The input() function is used to take user input from the
console. It waits for the user to enter some text and returns
that text as a string.
Syntax :
variable = input(prompt)

Example
# Taking user input
name = input("Enter your name: ")
print("Hello, " + name + "!")
# Converting input to integer
age = int(input("Enter your age: "))
print("You will be", age + 1, "years old next
year.")

 Single-Line Comments:
 An Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a software  Created with #.
suite that streamlines the software development process.  Used for short explanations on the same line.
 Syntax :
# Single-line comment
 Multi-Line (Block) Comments:
 Achieved with triple-quoted strings.
 Used for longer explanations spanning multiple lines.
 Syntax :
'''
Multi-line comment
'''
 Best Practices:
 Provide clarity and context.
 Keep comments concise and up-to-date.
 Avoid redundancy with self-explanatory code.
 Example :
result = calculate_total(price, quantity) # Calculate total cost

 Comments serve to improve code readability and

 Key features include:
understanding without affecting program execution.
1.Code Editing 7.Debugging
2.Build and Compilation 8. Version Control
3.Project Management 9.Testing  A variable holds a value that may change.
4.User Interface Design 10.Auto-Completion  The process of writing the variable name is called declaring
5.Extensibility 11.Performance Profiling the variable.
6.Documentation and Help  In Python, variables do not need to be declared explicitly in
order to reserve memory spaces as in other programming
languages like C, Java, etc.
 The print() function is used to display output on the console.
 When we initialize the variable in Python, Python Interpreter
 It can take one or more arguments and prints them to the
automatically does the declaration process.
standard output (usually the console).
 Syntax :
Syntax
Variable = Expression
print(value1, value2, ..., sep=' ', end='\n')
 Example :
x = 10 # Variable x is initialized with the value 10
 An identifier is a name given to a variable, function, class,  Automatic conversion by Python based on the operation
module, or other entities in a program. being performed.
 Rules for Naming:
 Must start with a letter (a-z, A-Z) or an underscore (_).
 Use specific functions for explicit conversion:
 The remaining characters can be letters, numbers (0-9), or
 int() for integer conversion.
underscores.  float() for float conversion.
 Case-sensitive (e.g., variable and Variable are different).
 str() for string conversion.
 Cannot be a reserved word (e.g., if, else, for, etc.).

Examples:
 Reserved keywords in a programming language are words # Implicit conversion
that have special meanings and cannot be used as identifiers result = 10 + 3.14 # int implicitly converted
(names for variables, functions, etc.)
to float for addition
 because they are reserved for specific purposes in the
language. # Explicit conversion
num_float = 5.5
num_int = int(num_float) # Converts float to
integer
str_num = str(42)

 input() returns a string, so use int() or float() for numerical

input.
 age_str = input("Enter your age: ")
 age_int = int(age_str) # Converts input string to integer

 data types represent the type of data that a variable can hold.
 Here are some common data types in Python:  A combination of symbols that yields a value.
 Integer (int):  Comprises variables, operators, values, sub-expressions, and
 Represents whole numbers without decimal points.
reserved keywords.
 Example: x = 5
 When entered in the command line, expressions are
 Float (float): evaluated by the interpreter, producing a result.
 Represents numbers with decimal points or in exponential
 arithmetic expressions are evaluating to a numeric type are
form. termed arithmetic expressions.
 Example: y = 3.14
 Sub-expressions are parts of larger expressions, enclosed in
 String (str): parentheses.
 Represents text or sequences of characters.
 Example: 4 + (3 * k)
 Example: name = "John"
 Individual Expressions: A single literal or variable can also be
 Boolean (bool): considered an expression (e.g., 4, 3, k).
 Represents either True or False.
 Hierarchy of Sub-Expressions: Expressions may have
 Example: is_valid = True
multiple levels of sub-expressions, forming a hierarchy.
 List (list):  Example: a + (b * (c - d)) has sub-expressions 3 and k.
 Represents an ordered collection of elements.
 Example: numbers = [1, 2, 3]
 Tuple (tuple):  Used for creating, assigning values to, and modifying
 Similar to a list but immutable (cannot be changed after variables.
creation).  Syntax:
 Example: coordinates = (4, 5)  Variable = Expression represents the assignment statement.
 Set (set):
 Represents an unordered collection of unique elements.
 Value-based expression on RHS.
 Example: unique_numbers = {1, 2, 3}
x = 5 + 3 # Assign the result of the expression (5 + 3) to the
 Dictionary (dict):
variable x
 Represents a collection of key-value pairs.
 Current variable on RHS.
 Example: person = {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 25}
y=2
 NoneType (None):
y = y + 1 # Increment the value of the variable y by 1
 Represents the absence of a value or a null value.
 Operation on RHS.
 Example: result = None
a = 10
 Complex (complex):
b=2
 Represents complex numbers with a real and an imaginary
c = a / b # Assign the result of the division operation (a / b)
part.
to the variable c
 Example: z = 3 + 4j

 operators are special symbols or keywords that perform

 Type conversion in Python is changing the data type of a
operations on operands.
variable, allowing operations involving different data types.
Arithmetic Operators:
 Perform basic mathematical operations.
 Examples: + , - , * , / , % , **
Program:
a=5
b=10+a
Print(a, b ) #output 5 15

 Compare two values and return a Boolean result.

 Examples: == , != , < , > , <= , >=
Program
a=5
b=10
Print(a==b , a> b , a< b ) #output:  Operator precedence defines the order in which different
false false true operators are evaluated in an expression. Operators with
higher precedence are evaluated first.
 Perform logical operations on Boolean values.
 Examples: and , or, not  Determines the order of execution for operators with the
Program same precedence.
a=5
b=10 a. Left to Right:
Print( a> b and a< b ) #output: false  Operators of the same precedence are executed from the left
Print( a> b or a< b ) #output: true side first.
b. Right to Left:
Print( not a< b ) #output: false
 Operators of the same precedence are executed from the
right side first.
 Assign values to variables. Associativity in Python:
 Examples: =, +=, -= , *= , /=  Left-to-right associative operators include multiplication,
Program floor division, etc.
a=5  The ** operator is right-to-left associative.
a+=6 Example
Print(a ) #output: 11  result_left = 5 + 3 - 2 # Addition and subtraction with left-to-
right associativity
 print(result_left) # Output: 6
 result_right = 2 ** 3 ** 2 # Exponentiation with right-to-left
 Perform operations on individual bits of binary numbers.
associativity
 Examples: & , | , ^ , ~ , << , >>
print(result_right) # Output: 512
Program
a=5
 PEP 8 is the Python Enhancement Proposal that provides
b=6
style guidelines for writing clean, readable, and consistent
Print(a & b , ~b ) #output: 4, -7 Python code.
 Here are some key points from PEP 8
 Check if a value is a member of a sequence.  Indentation:Use 4 spaces per indentation level.
 Examples: in , not in  Maximum Line Length:Limit all lines to a maximum of 79
Program characters for code, and 72 for docstrings.
a=[5.,3,2,3]  Imports:Import standard libraries first, followed by third-
b=4 party libraries, and then your own modules.
 Whitespace in Expressions and Statements:
Print(b in a , b not in a ) #output: false true
 Immediately inside parentheses, brackets, or braces.
 Immediately before a comma, semicolon, or colon.
 Compare the memory location of two objects.  Comments:Comments should be used to explain complex
 Examples: is ,is not pieces of code or decisions that may not be obvious.
Program  Naming Conventions:
a=5  Use snake_case for function and variable names.

b=a  Use CamelCase for class names.

 Avoid single-letter variable names except for indices and
Print(a is b , a is not b ) #output: true false
loop variables.
 Docstring Conventions:
 Use triple double-quotes for docstrings.
 Write docstrings for all public modules, functions, classes,
and methods.
1. Write a Python program that declares three variables
(integer, string, and float) and prints their values
2. Calculate the average of three numbers
3. Create a program that takes two numbers as input and
calculates their sum, difference, product, and quotient.

4. Write a program that compares two numbers and prints

whether they are equal, greater, or smaller.

5. Develop a program that takes two strings as input and

concatenates them. Print the resulting string.

6. Implement a Python program that demonstrates

incrementing a variable by 1 and then decrementing it by 1.

7. Create a Python program that swaps the values of two

variables without using a temporary variable.

8. Develop a program that uses compound assignment

operators to update the values of variables.

9. Write a Python program that takes user input for their name,
age, and favorite color. Print a formatted output using this
information.