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Projections Final

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28 views8 pages

Projections Final

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kakoozaisaac18
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© © All Rights Reserved
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PROJECTIONS

Introduction

All forms of engineering and technical work require that a two-dimensional surface (paper) be
used to communicate ideas and the physical description of a variety of shapes. To provide
necessary information about an object to the manufacturer or to any other concerned party, it is
usual practice to provide projection(s) of that object.

Projection

This is the process in which the rays of sight are taken in a particular direction from an object
to form an image on a plane. If straight lines (rays) are drawn from various points on the
contour of the object to meet a transparent plane, the object is said to be projected on that plane.
The figure or view formed by joining, in correct sequence, the points at which these lines meet
the plane is called the projection of the object.

Terminologies used in Projection

Picture Plane/Plane of Projection: This refers to a plane or surface on which the rays of sight
are projected and combined to form a view.

View: This refers to the image formed on a picture plane by projecting rays of sight.

Projector: This refers to the lines or rays drawn from the object to the plane.

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Types of Projection

1. Orthographic/ multi view Projection

2. Pictorial Projection

3. Perspective Projection

Pictorial Projection

This is one in which the description of the object is completely understood in one view. Pictorial
Projections conveying an immediate impression of the general shape and details of the object,
but not its true dimensions or sizes. Pictorial projections may be of two types as:

a. Axonometric

b. Oblique

Axonometric Projection

This refers to a parallel pictorial projection technique in which an object appears to be rotated
about an axis relative to a projection or picture plane to show its all three dimensions i.e; Length
(L), Depth (D) and Height (H). Axonometric projections are classified according to how the
principal axes are oriented relative to the projected surface i.e by the angles between the lines
comprising the principal axes. There may be three types as:

1. Isometric
2. Dimetric
3. Trimetric

Axonometric projection is produced by multiple


parallel lines of sight perpendicular to the plane of projection, with the observer at infinity.

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Isometric Projection

“Iso” means „equal‟ and “metric projection” means „a projection to a reduced measure‟. An
isometric projection is one in which the three dimensions (height, width and depth) of a solid in
one view. It is a true representation of the object.

It is seen that all the edges and faces of the rectangular prism are equally inclined to the plane of
projection. The three lines AB, AD and AE are meeting at A. These edges are mutually
perpendicular to each other in the solid. Since all these edges are equally inclined to H.P, they are
making an angle of 120o with each other in the plane of projection.

Terminologies used in Isometric Projection

Isometric Axes: The lines AB, AD and AE meeting at a point A and making an angle of 120 o
with each other are termed „isometric axes‟

Isometric Lines: The lines parallel to the isometric axes are termed isometric lines. The lines
CD, CB etc are examples of isometric lines.

Non-isometric Lines: The lines which are not parallel to isometric axes are termed non-isometric
lines. The BD is an example.

Isometric Planes: The planes representing the faces of the rectangular prism as well as other
planes parallel to these planes are termed isometric planes.

Isometric Plane and Non-isometric Plane: Isometric Planes are marked as 1 and Non-isometric
Planes are marked as 2

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Methods of Constructing Isometric Projection

Box Method

When an object contains a number of non-isometric lines, the isometric drawing may be
conveniently constructed by using the box method. In this method, the object is imagined to be
enclosed in a rectangular box and both isometric and non-isometric lines are located by their
respective points of contact with the surfaces and edges of the box.

Off-Set Method

Off-set method of making an isometric drawing is preferred when the object contains irregular
curved surfaces. In the off-set method, the curved feature may be obtained by plotting the points
on the curve, located by the measurements along isometric lines.

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