General Chemistry

Principles and Modern Applications

Petrucci • Harwood • Herring
8th Edition

Chapter 4: Chemical Reactions

Philip Dutton
University of Windsor, Canada

Prentice-Hall © 2002

Slide 1 of 29 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Prentice-Hall © 2002

 Contents

4-1 Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations

4-2 Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry
4-3 Chemical Reactions in Solution
4-4 Determining the Limiting reagent
4-5 Other Practical Matters in Reaction Stoichiometry

Slide 2 of 29 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Prentice-Hall © 2002

 4-1 Chemical Reactions and
Chemical Equations
• A chemical reaction is a process in which one set of
substances, called reactants, is converted to a new set of
substances, called products.
• In other words, a chemical reaction is the process by
which a chemical change occurs.
As reactants are converted to products we observe:
– Color change
– Precipitate formation
– Gas evolution
– Heat absorption or evolution
Slide 3 of 29 Prentice-Hall © 2002
Chemical evidence may be necessary.
 Chemical Reaction

Nitrogen monoxide + oxygen → nitrogen dioxide

Step 1: Write the reaction using chemical symbols.

Step 2: Balance the chemical equation.

2 NO + 1 O2 → 2 NO2

Slide 4 of 29 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Prentice-Hall © 2002

 Balancing Equations

• Never introduce extraneous atoms to balance.

NO + O2 → NO2 + O

• Never change a formula for the purpose of balancing an

equation.

NO + O2 → NO3

Slide 5 of 29 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Prentice-Hall © 2002

 Balancing Equation Strategy

• Balance elements that occur in only one

compound on each side first.
• Balance free elements last.
• Balance unchanged polyatomics as groups.
• Fractional coefficients are acceptable and
can be cleared at the end by multiplication.

Slide 6 of 29 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Prentice-Hall © 2002

 Example 4-2
Writing and Balancing an Equation: The Combustion of a
Carbon-Hydrogen-Oxygen Compound.
Liquid triethylene glycol, C6H14O4, is used a a solvent and
plasticizer for vinyl and polyurethane plastics. Write a
balanced chemical equation for its complete combustion.

Slide 7 of 29 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Prentice-Hall © 2002

 Example 4-2

Chemical Equation:

C6H14O4 + 15 O2 → 6 CO2 + 7 H2O

2
1. Balance C.
2. Balance H.
3. Balance O. 4. Multiply by two
2 C6H14O4 + 15 O2 → 12 CO2 + 14 H2O

and check all elements.

Slide 8 of 29 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Prentice-Hall © 2002

 4-2 Chemical Equations and
Stoichiometry
• Stoichiometry includes all the quantitative
relationships involving:
– atomic and formula masses
– chemical formulas.

• Mole ratio is a central conversion factor.

Slide 9 of 29 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Prentice-Hall © 2002

 4-2 Chemical Equations and
Stoichiometry
• The coefficients in the chemical equation

mean that

• Suppose we let x= 6.02214x1023 (Avogadro s number).

• Then x molecules represents 1 mole. Thus the chemical

equation also means that

Slide 10 of 29 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Prentice-Hall © 2002

 Example 4-3
Relating the Numbers of Moles of Reactant and Product.
How many moles of H2O are produced by burning 2.72
mol H2 in an excess of O2?

Write the Chemical Equation:

Balance the Chemical Equation:

2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O

Use the stoichiometric factor or mole ratio in an equation:

nH2O = 2.72 mol H2 × 2 mol H2O = 2.72 mol H2O

2 mol H2

Slide 11 of 29 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Prentice-Hall © 2002

 Example 4-6
Additional Conversion Factors in a Stoichiometric
Calculation: Volume, Density, and Percent Composition.
The density of 28% (w/w) HCl solution is 1.14 g/mL.
How many mL of this solution is required to react with
1.87 g of Al according to the following reaction? (Al: 27;
HCl: 36.5 g/mol)

Slide 12 of 29 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Prentice-Hall © 2002

 Example 4-6
Write the Chemical Equation:
Balance the Chemical Equation:

2 Al + 6 HCl → 2 AlCl3 + 3 H2

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Example 4-6
2 Al + 6 HCl → 2 AlCl3 + 3 H2

nAl = m/MAl = 1.87/27= 0.069 mol

2 mol Al 6 mol HCl nHCl = m/MHCl

0.069 mol x mol HCl 0.207= m/ 36.5
x= 0.207 mol HCl m=7.58 g HCl

100 g HCl 28 g HCl dHCl = m/V

x 7.58 g HCl 1.14=27.05/V
x= 27.05 g HCl V= 23.7 mL HCl
 4-3 Chemical Reactions in Solution

• Close contact between atoms, ions and

molecules necessary for a reaction to occur.

• Solvent
– We will usually use aqueous (aq) solution.
• Solute
– A material dissolved by the solvent.

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 Molarity

Amount of solute (mol solute)

Molarity (M) = Volume of solution (L)

If 0.444 mol of urea is dissolved in enough water to make

1.000 L of solution the concentration is:

0.444 mol urea

curea = = 0.444 M CO(NH2)2
1.000 L

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 Example 4-6
Calculating the mass of Solute in a solution of Known
Molarity.
We want to prepare exactly 250 mL of an 0.250 M K2CrO4
solution in water. What mass of K2CrO4 should we use?
K2CrO4=194.02 g/mol

Amount of solute (mol solute)

Molarity (M) = Volume of solution (L)

MK2Cro4 = n / V
0.250 = n / 0.250 n= 0.0625 mol
n= m/M → 0.0625=m/194.02 m=12.1 g K2CrO4
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 Solution Dilution
Mi × Vi
Mf × Vf

n
M=
V

Mi × Vi = ni = nf = Mf × Vf

Mi × Vi Vi
Mf = = Mi
Vf Vf

Slide 18 of 29 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Prentice-Hall © 2002

 Example 4-10
Preparing a solution by dilution.
A particular analytical chemistry procedure requires 0.0100 M
K2CrO4. What volume of 0.250 M K2CrO4 should we use to
prepare 0.250 L of 0.0100 M K2CrO4?

Vi Mf
Plan strategy: Mf = M i Vi = Vf
Vf Mi

Calculate:

VK2CrO4 = 0.2500 L × 0.0100 mol × 1.000 L = 0.0100 L

1.00 L 0.250 mol

Slide 19 of 29 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Prentice-Hall © 2002

 4-4 Determining Limiting Reagent
• The reactant that is completely consumed
determines the quantities of the products
formed.

Slide 20 of 29 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Prentice-Hall © 2002

 Example 4-12
Determining the Limiting Reactant in a Reaction.
Phosphorus trichloride , PCl3, is a commercially important
compound used in the manufacture of pesticides, gasoline
additives, and a number of other products. It is made by the
direct combination of phosphorus and chlorine
P4 (s) + 6 Cl2 (g) → 4 PCl3 (l)
What mass of PCl3 forms in the reaction of 125 g P4 with
323 g Cl2?

Strategy: Compare the actual mole ratio

to the required mole ratio.

Slide 21 of 29 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Prentice-Hall © 2002

 Example 4-12

nCl2 = 323 g Cl2 × 1 mol Cl2 = 4.56 mol Cl2

70.91 g Cl2
1 mol P4
nP4 = 125 g P4 × = 1.01 mol P4
123.9 g P4

nCl actual = 4.55 mol Cl2/mol P4

= 2

nP4
theoretical = 6.00 mol Cl2/mol P4

Chlorine gas is the limiting reagent.

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Example 4-12
1 mol P4 6 mol Cl2 n P4 = m/MP4

x mol 4.56 mol Cl2 0.76= m/ 123.9

x= 0.76 mol P4 m=94.1 g P4

125-94.1=30.9 g P4 artar

1 mol P4 4 mol PCl3

0.76 mol x mol PCl3
x= 3.04 mol PCl3
n PCl3 = m/MPCl3
3.04= m/ 137
m=416.5 g PCl3
 4-5 Other Practical Matters in
Reaction Stoichiometry

Theoretical yield is the expected yield from a reactant.

Actual yield is the amount of product actually produced.

Actual yield
Percent yield = × 100%
Theoretical Yield

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 Theoretical, Actual and Percent Yield

• When actual yield = % yield the reaction is

said to be quantitative.
• Side reactions reduce the percent yield.
• By-products are formed by side reactions.

Slide 25 of 29 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Prentice-Hall © 2002