Programming in

Java
Revised 2nd Edition
Sachin Malhotra & Saurabh Choudhary

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.

Chapter 3
Java Programming
Constructs

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.

 Objective
• Understand how Variables are used in Java

• Understand the basic Data types

• Learn Expressions and Conditional Statements

• Understand all the available operations in Java

• Understand the basic of Conversion and Casting

• Understand Loops and Branching statements

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.

 Variables
• A symbolic name

• Used to store value which can change during execution of the

program.

• int noOfWatts = 100; // variable declaration

• Declaration involves specifying the

- type (Data Type),

- name (Identifier) and

- value (Literal) according to the type of the variable.

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.

 Primitive Data Types
• byte
• short
• int
• long
• float
• double
• boolean
• char

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.

Default Values of Data Types and Their Range

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.

 Identifiers
• Identifiers are names assigned to variables, constants, methods,

classes, packages and interfaces.

• No limit has been specified for the length of a variable name.

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.

 Rules for Naming
• The first character of an identifier must be a letter, an underscore (_),
or a dollar sign ($).

• Use letter, underscore, dollar sign, or digit for subsequent characters.

Note that white spaces are not allowed within identifiers.

• Identifiers are case-sensitive. This means that Total_Price and

total_price are different identifiers.

• Do not use Java’s reserved keywords.

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.

 Valid and Invalid Identifiers
• Legal Identifiers
- MyClass
- $amount
- _totalPay
-total_Commission

•Illegal Identifiers
- My Class
- 23amount
- -totalpay
- total@commission

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.

 Naming Conventions
• Class or Interface identifiers begin with a capital letter. First letter
of every internal word is capitalized. All other letters are in
lowercase.

• Variable or Method identifiers start with a lowercase letter. First

letter of every internal word is capitalized. All other letters are in
lowercase.

• Constant identifiers All letters are specified in upper case.

Underscore is used to separate internal words (_).

• Package identifiers consist of all lowercase letters.

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.
 Literals
• Value which can be passed to a variable
• Literals can be
- numeric (for byte, short, int, long, float, double),
- boolean,
- character,
- string or null literals.
• Integer literals can be decimal, octal, hexadecimal or even binary.
• All integer literals are of type int, by default.
• To define them as long, we can place a suffix of L or l after the
number for instance:
- long l = 2345678998L;

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.

 Octal, Binary and Hexa Literals
• Octal literals, the value must be prefixed with zero and only
digits 0 through 7 are allowed.
– int x = 011; //value in x is 9
• Hexadecimal literals are prefixed with 0x or oX; digits 0 through
9
and a through f (or A through F) are only allowed.
– int y = 0x0001; //value in y is 1
• Binary literals are a combination of 0’s and 1’s. Binary literals can
be assigned to variables in Java 7. Binary literals must be
prefixed
with 0b or 0B (zerob or zeroB)
– char bin1 = 0b1010000; // value in bin1 will be P
– char bin2 = 0b1010001; // value in bin2 will be Q
– float bin3 = 0b1010000; // value in bin3 will be 80.0
© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.
– int bin4 = 0b1010001; // value in bin4 will be 81
 Underscores with Literals
• Java 7 onwards the readability of literals can be enhanced by using
underscore with numeric literals.
• As the number of zeroes increase in a literal, counting the number of
zeroes becomes tedious.
- int numlit=100_000_000; // value in numlit will be 100000000
• Underscores can be used with decimal literals, hexa, binary, and
octal literals.
- int numlit=0x100_000; // value in numlit1 will be 1048576
- int bin=0B1_000_000_000_000_001; // vale in bin will be 32769
- float octlit=03_000; // value in octlit will be 1536.0
• float e = 4_.2_3f; // illegal use of underscore with a dot.

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.

Valid and Invalid Use of Underscores within Literals
• Note Underscore can only be used with literal values.

• The following examples show some valid and invalid use of

underscores.
- int i =_23; // illegal, cannot start a literal with underscore

-long f = 3_2_222_2_l; // invalid use of underscore between value

and suffix

- long f = 3_2_222_2l; // legal

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.

 Literals
• String literals consists of zero or more characters within double quotes.
- String s = “This is a String Literal”;
• Null literal is assigned to object reference variables.
- s =null;
• All floating literals are of type double, by default.
• For float literals, suffix F or f.
• for double literals, D or d are suffixed to the end (optional)
- float f = 23.6F;
- double d = 23.6;
• For char literals, a single character is enclosed in single quotes.
- char sample = ‘A’
-the prefix \u followed by four hexadecimal digits represents 16-bit
Unicode
character:
- char c = ‘\u004E’
© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.
 Literals

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.

Escape Sequence

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.

 Keywords

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.

 Operators
• Assignment Operators (=)

• Arithmetic Operator (+, -, *, /, %)

• Relational Operators (==, <,>,<=,>=, !=)

• Boolean Logical Operators

- Can be applied to Boolean operands (or expressions) and return a boolean value.

- conditional OR (||) and conditional AND (&&)

- logical OR (|),

- logical AND (&),

- logical XOR (^)

- unary logical NOT (!)

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.

 Boolean Logical Operators
boolean a=true,b=false;
System.out.println(“Logical OR: “+ a +” | “+b+”: “+(a|b));
System.out.println(“Logical XOR: “+ a +” ^ “+b+”: “+(a^b));
System.out.println(“Logical AND: “+ a +” & “+b+”: “+(a&b));
System.out.println(“Logical NOT: !a : “+(!a));
System.out.println(“Conditional OR: “+ a +” || “+b+”: “+(a||b));
Syste m.out.println(“Conditional AND: “+ a +” && “+b+”: “+(a&&b));
// shortcut operator
a |= b;
System.out.println(“shortcut OR: “+ a +” | “+b+” = “+(a));

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.

 The Output
Logical OR: true | false: true
Logical XOR: true ^ false: true
Logical AND: true & false: false
Logical NOT: !a : false
Conditional OR: true || false: true
Conditional AND: true && false: false

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.

 Bitwise Operators
• Include and, or, xor, not, right shift, left shift and unsigned right
shift.
• Operate on int and long values. If any of the operands is shorter
than an int, it is automatically promoted to int before the operations
are performed.

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.

 Bitwise Operators
class BitwiseOperatorDemo {

public static void main(String args[]) {

int x=2,y=3;

System.out.println(“Bitwise AND: “+x+”&”+y+”=”+(x&y));

System.out.println(“Bitwise OR : “+x+”|”+y+”=”+(x|y));

System.out.println(“Bitwise XOR: “+x+”^”+y+”=”+(x^y));

System.out.println(“Bitwise NOT: ~”+x+”=”+(~x));

}}

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.

 The Output
• Bitwise AND: 2&3=2

• Bitwise OR : 2|3=3

• Bitwise XOR: 2^3=1

• Bitwise NOT: ~2=-3

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.

 Compound Assignment Operators
• +=
• -=
• *=
• /=
• %=
• &=
• |=
• ^=
• <<=
• >>=
• >>>=

• Note: The compound Assignment Operator includes an implicit cast.

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.

 Shift Operators
• Left shift
- shifts the numbers of bits specified, towards left.
-Bits are discarded from the left and added from the right with the
value of bits being zero.
• Right shift
- shifts the numbers of bits specified, towards right.
-Bits are discarded from the right and added from the left side with the
value of bits being that of the sign bit.
• Unsigned right shift,
- shifts the numbers of bits specified, towards right.
-Bits are discarded from the right and added from the left side with the
value of bits being zero.

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.

 Shift Operators
• Assume x=4 and this x is to be shifted by the shift distance
of 1.
• int y = x>>1;
- y has the value 2, value is halved in each successive right shift
00000000 00000000 00000000 00000100>>1
00000000 00000000 00000000 00000010 (which is 2).
int y = x<<1;
- y has the value 8, value is doubled in each successive left shift
• int y = x>>>1;
- same as right shift for +ve numbers.

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.

 Increment and Decrement
• Increment and Decrement Operators
- can be applied to all integers and floating-point types.
- can be either in prefix (--x, ++x) or postfix (x--, x++) mode.

• Prefix Increment/Decrement Operation

- int x = 2;
- int y = ++x; // x = 3, y = 3
- int z= --x; // x = 1, z = 1

• Postfix Increment/Decrement Operation

- int x = 2;
- int y = x++; // x == 3, y == 2
- int z = x--; // x = 1, z = 2
© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.
Precedence and Associativity

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.

 Your Turn
• What is the role of precedence and associativity?

• How are hexadecimal integers literals defined in java?

• How are binary literals defined in java?

• What are shift operators?

• Why and how underscores are defined in literals?

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.

 Conversion and Casting
• Conversions are performed automatically
- For example a smaller box can be placed in a bigger box and so
on.

• Casting also known as narrowing conversion (reverse of

widening conversion).
- A bigger box has to be placed in a small box.
- Casting is not implicit in nature.
- Use casting operator i.e. ()
- int i = (int)(8.0/3.0);

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.

 Conversion and Casting
class CastingAndConversionExample
{ public static void main(String args[])
{
int i=(int)(8.0/3.0);
int j=(int)2147483648.0f;
System.out.println(“i = “+i+” j= “+j);
byte b=(byte)257;
short s=(short)65537;
System.out.println(“b= “+b+” s= “+s);
System.out.println(“ Converting int to char “ +(char)75);
double d = i * b * s * 2.0;
System.out.println(“Conversion to double result is : ”+d);
i=b<<2;
System.out.println(“i = “+i);
}}

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.

 The Output
i = 2 j= 2147483647

b= 1 s= 1

Converting int to char K

Conversion to double result is : 4.0

i=4

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.

 Flow of Control
• Conditional Statements

• Loops

• Branching statements

• Exceptions (chap 9)

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.

 Conditional Statement
if…else
The syntax of if statement is as follows:
if (x = = 0)
{// Lines of code}
else if(x = =1)
{// Lines of code}
………
else
{// Lines of code}

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.

 Switch Case
switch (x) {
case 0:
// Lines of code
doSomething0();
break;
case 1:
// Lines of code
doSomething1();
break;
.
.
case n:
// Lines of code
doSomethingN();
break;
default:
doSomethingElse();
} © Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.
 Switch Case
• x must be one of these: int, byte, short, char, enum, String (Java 7
onwards) or one of the wrapper class (namely: Byte for byte, Short
for short, Character for char, Integer for int.).

• Can also be an expression that returns an int, byte, short or char.

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.

 For Loop
class ForDemo

public static void main(String args[])

for(int i=1;i<=5;i++)

System.out.println(“Square of “+i+” is “+ (i*i));

}
© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.
 The Output
The output is as follows:

Square of 1 is 1

Square of 2 is 4

Square of 3 is 9

Square of 4 is 16

Square of 5 is 25

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.

 while Loop
class WhileDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int i=1;
while(i<=5)
{
System.out.println(“Square of “+i+” is “+ (i*i));
i++;
} }
}

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.

 The Output
The output is as follows:

Square of 1 is 1

Square of 2 is 4

Square of 3 is 9

Square of 4 is 16

Square of 5 is 25

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.

 do…while Loop
class DoWhileDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{ int i=1;
do
{
System.out.println(“Square of “+i+” is “+ (i*i));
i++;
}while(i<=5);
}}

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.

 The Output
The output is as follows:

Square of 1 is 1

Square of 2 is 4

Square of 3 is 9

Square of 4 is 16

Square of 5 is 25

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.

 for…each
for (type var : arr) {

// Statements to repeat

• To access each value successively in a collection of values (like

array).

• Like for loops, these loops perform a fixed number of iterations.

• But unlike them, for-each loop determines its number of steps from
the size of the collection.

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.

 for…each
class PrimeDemo{
public static void main(String[] args){
int j,k;
System.out.print(“Prime numbers between 1 to 30 : “);
for (j = 1; j < 30; j++ ){
for (k = 2; k < j; k++ ){
if(j % k == 0) break;
}
if(j == k)
{
System.out.print(j+” “);
}
}}}

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.

 break
class PrimeDemo{
public static void main(String[] args){
int j,k;
System.out.print(“Prime numbers between 1 to 30 : “);
for (j = 1; j < 30; j++ ){
for (k = 2; k < j; k++ ){
if(j % k == 0) break;
}
if(j == k)
{
System.out.print(j+” “);
}
}}}
© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.
 The Output
Prime numbers between 1 to 30 : 2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.

 Labeled break
class LabeledBreakDemo{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Outer : for(int i=0; i < 4 ; i++){
for(int j = 1; j < 4; j++) {
System.out.println(“i:” + i + “ j:” + j);
if(i == 2) break Outer;
}}}}

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.

 The Output
i:0 j:1
i:0 j:2
i:0 j:3
i:1 j:1
i:1 j:2
i:1 j:3
i:2 j:1

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.

 continue
while ( i < 5){
//doSomething1;
if(i<4) continue;
//doSomething2;
}

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.

 Labeled continue
jmp0: while (i < 5){

for (int i=0; i<4; i++){

if( i==2) continue jmp0;

//dosomething;

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.

 Summary
• Variables hold data at memory locations allocated to them.
• There are eight basic data types in java, namely, byte, short, int, long, float,
double, boolean and char.
• Java does not leave the size of data types to the machine and the compiler.
• All integer (byte, short, int, long) and floating-point types (float, double) are
signed in java.
• Operators can be classified as arithmetic, relational, logical, assignment,
increment and decrement, conditional, bit-wise, and shift operator.
• Expressions are formed with variables and operators.
• Operators in java have certain precedence and associativity rules that are
followed while evaluating expressions.
• Automatic type conversion takes place according to set rules in expressions
with mixed types.
• Explicit type conversion (aka Casting) is also possible in java.

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.