Hindawi

Journal of Food Quality

Volume 2022, Article ID 8521236, 9 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8521236

Research Article
Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence in the Food Industry:
A Sustainable Approach

Rajnish Kler ,1 Ghada Elkady ,2 Kantilal Rane ,3 Abha Singh ,4

Md Shamim Hossain ,5 Dheeraj Malhotra ,6 Samrat Ray ,7
and Komal Kumar Bhatia 8
1
Motilal Nehru College (Evening), University of Delhi, Delhi, India
2
Arab Academy for Science,Technology and Maritime Transport, Alexandria, Egypt
3
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation (Deemed to be
University), Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
4
Department of Basic Science, College of Science and Theoretical Study, Dammam-Female Branch, Saudi Electronic University,
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
5
Department of Marketing, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh
6
Vivekananda Institute of Professional Studies, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi, India
7
Department of Economics, Sunstone Eduversity, Gurugram, Haryana, India
8
Department of Computer Engineering,
J.C. Bose University of Science & Technology,Erstwhile YMCA University of Science & Technology, Faridabad,121004,
Haryana, India

Correspondence should be addressed to Md Shamim Hossain; [email protected]

Received 23 March 2022; Accepted 15 April 2022; Published 12 May 2022

Academic Editor: Rijwan Khan

Copyright © 2022 Rajnish Kler et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The goal of this research was to look into how artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) techniques are being used in
food industry and to come up with future research directions based on that. This study investigates the articles available on several
scientific platforms that link both AI and supply chain from one side and ML and food industry from the other side, using a
systematic literature review methodology. The findings of this research stated that although AI and machine learning technologies
are yet in their beginning, the prospective for them to enhance the performance of the food industry (FI) is quite promising.
Various investigators created AI and ML-related models that were verified and found to be effective in optimising FI, and so the
use of AI and ML in FI networks provides competitive advantages for improvement. Other academics suggest that AI and machine
learning are both now adding value, while others believe that they are still underutilised and that their tools and methodologies can
harness the overall value of the food business. According to the findings, AI and machine learning have the potential to reduce
economic losses, thereby supporting the food industry’s efficiency and responsiveness.

1. Introduction position [1]. Working more successfully using workforce

analytics can result in managers and leaders in firms being
Artificial intelligence is particularly beneficial for making able to fulfil their strategic and operational goals more ef-
complex decisions that are either too sophisticated for ficiently, according to latest research collection [2, 3]. Food
traditional programming or would need a significant processing and handling is the most important
amount of manual labour and cost. Artificial intelligence, for manufacturing business in the world, with the greatest
example, can be used to execute data and workforce ana- number of job prospects. The human labour is critical to the
lytics, both of which are important parts for businesses to effective execution of food product manufacturing and
work with in order to stay competitive and in a better packing [4, 5]. Working with data and analytics could be a
2 Journal of Food Quality

key component of how to optimise management in the food Big data is crucial in the assurance of food quality. A
sector, possibly using artificial intelligence, because artificial good example is a cold supply chain during delivery.
intelligence technology can leverage existing data to produce Temperature-sensitive products, such as vegetables, fruits,
even more accurate forecasts. milk, and ice cream, necessitate exact climatic conditions
The food business requires a comprehensive method to and may be affected by temperature fluctuations. Specific
organising, analysing, integrating, and drawing conclusions IoT-driven sensors that process, analyse, and transmit data
that may be used to standard and path key performance in real time to all stakeholders, allowing for full supply chain
indicators (KPIs) linked to food safety and quality [6, 7]. As a cycle monitoring, are the right solution. It is possible to use
result of human involvement, the food business is deterio- big data to replace damaged products with new ones in a
rating to tolerate the demand-supply cycle and is also in- timely way or to take preventative measures.
adequate in food safety [8]. The most effective technique for Big data enables us to boost any type of organisation and
solving these issues in the food business is operational au- employ innovative approaches depending on information
tomation. To automate everything, artificial intelligence (AI), obtained. Farmers may obtain weather forecasts, shippers
machine learning (ML), and deep learning (DL) technologies can obtain transportation information, and restaurants can
are applied [9, 10]. Machine learning and artificial intelligence obtain consumer feedback and prices. Big data in restaurants
(AI) can be used to transform food safety and quality data has enormous potential for restaurant managers, allowing
management. AI can provide a feedback loop for existing food them to compare collected data and choose the most efficient
safety and quality programmes to determine whether they are plan. Furthermore, big data enables the identification of
fulfilling the goals and expectations of business quality as- profitable and desired commodities in specific regions,
surance management [11]. It also contributes significantly to which can subsequently be identified for interested parties.
the growth of the national and global economy. Thus, the The farming business is only now beginning to use big data,
product quality and safety in the food sector, as well as ef- but the results are already remarkable. Because agriculture
fective distribution, are crucial. In recent decades, newly serves as a sort of foundation for all food industries, it is vital
developed technology such as artificial intelligence (AI) has to leverage big data here.
shown favourable results in terms of attaining the desired The remainder of the paper is organised as follows.
aims [12, 13]. Other benefits of using AI in this way include Section 2 gives brief challenges of FI. Section 3 discusses
providing a numerical system to validate asset in a firm’s food about the role of AI and ML in FI. Section 4 highlights the
safety and quality programmes [14]. approach to achieve the sustainable goal in FI. Findings of
Artificial intelligence-based systems, often known as this research are discussed in Section 5. Section 6 highlights
autonomous systems, are widely employed in practically every the findings and end with the discussion. The conclusion of
element of technology. It enables the globe to efficiently solve this research is done in Section 7.
problems, computerise the food industry, and revolutionise
food industry goods [15, 16]. To limit the risks, predicting 2. Food Industry Current Problems
dangers, peril evaluation, and deterrence connected to food
safety require an easy and capable empirical prediction The food industry facing different problems are stated in this
method such as BDA. Identifying food safety outbreaks and section of the research paper.
determining potential causes require the collaboration of
public and private sector partners [17–19]. Food industry
2.1. Food Waste. One of the most serious problems in the
must establish high-standard grading procedures that are
food sector is that one-third of all food produced each year is
more trustworthy in controlling product quality. The in-
wasted. Globally, food waste is predictable to be 1.3 billion
dustry, on the other hand, features a diverse nonlinear action
tonnes per year, worth $1 trillion (UN, 2020). Food waste is
plan that may be rectified using an autonomous and trust-
described as a decrease in the quantity and quality of food as
worthy approach like AI and traceability [20]. AI is a
a result of restaurant work, retailer, or customer activities or
mathematical technique that depicts spiritual capacity and
decisions [28]. Food waste could be linked to every market in
brainy solutions to many food business difficulties [21, 22].
the food business, as it occurs along the whole supply chain,
The industry may use a computerised system to an-
from agricultural production to customer consumption.
alyse and guarantee that the most ideal conditions, such as
Transportation, food harvesting procedures, and food that
crop cultivation, precision agriculture, watering, and
end up in bins or merchants by customers are the primary
temperature monitoring, are improved, resulting in ex-
causes of waste [29]. Food waste accounts for a third of all
cellence within food sector goods. AI’s uses are not limited
food produced and are a problem at every level of the supply
to these [23, 24]. This study is focused with the outcomes
chain, most notably during transportation, harvesting, and
and investigation of the created automation technology
by consumers, indicating that there is a chance to save food
leading AI and ML in the food sector [25, 26]. Further-
by collaborating on food waste prevention solutions [30].
more, it emphasises the current automation accessible in
various food processing businesses [27]. Combining au-
tomated technologies with expert machines has several 2.2. Food Scarcity. At the same time as food waste is a major
advantages, including decreased error and greater accu- concern, 2 billion people are expected to be hungry around
racy in judgement, prediction, enhanced efficiency, de- the world (The United Nations, 2020). The problem of
creased time consumed, and lower costs. hunger is referred to as food insecurity in the food industry,
Journal of Food Quality 3

and it is divided into two categories: severe and moderate. it. Intelligent technology, such as robots and intelligent
Severe malnutrition results in starvation, which affects 9.2% drones, can also help to reduce packaging costs [42]. It will
of the world’s population, or 700 million people, while also help with food delivery, work fulfilment in hazardous
moderate malnutrition refers to a lack of regular access to areas, and the provision of high-quality items.
nutritious and sufficient food, which affects 17.2% of the Regardless of whether AI is employed, it is important to
world’s population, or 1.3 billion people [31–35]. discuss the current structure and state of food safety and
Because food insecurity is essentially tied to food, it is a quality data at this stage. Internal and external data on food
problem for which the food sector may have responsibility. safety and quality fall into two groups [43]. External data,
According to projections, if “business-as-usual” investment such as product recalls, food-borne outbreaks, pertinent
patterns continue to develop, food access will not improve at electronic health records, and final product testing, aid in the
all by 2030. Although the geographical distribution varies, formation of a more complete picture and are actively
food insecurity is more prevalent in lower-middle-income collected by a variety of nonprofit and government groups.
countries. Food insecurity is most prevalent in continents The findings of this article will serve to fill up the gaps in
such as Africa and Asia, according to statistics from the the literature stated in the literature review summary of this
International Food Policy Research Institute. It is least paper, as well as advise practitioners about the need for
prevalent in North America and Europe [36, 37]. further crucial measures and changes [44]. This area has not
been explored with objectives directed towards the food
industry, so in order to ensure the reliability of this research,
2.3. Impact on Environment. Finally, present issues in the we will use current research, which includes both empirical
food sector include global food consumption, as well as the and theoretical studies from secondary sources, that has
associated production, use, and waste management, which been raised on a global scale regarding the food industry,
are the primary causes of environmental effects. Food, to- sustainable management, and artificial intelligence, and
gether with housing and transportation, is responsible for analyse those in comparison with the food industry, by
70% of all environmental consequences [38, 39]. The focus in collecting insights on a micro scale [45].
food is meat and dairy. As a result, the food industry’s It should come as no surprise that the food industry is
contribution to environmental effects demonstrates the need the most important segment of the global economy. We
to reverse bad trends and establish long-term food solutions want our food to be fresh, clean, and healthy, and as
for future generations. According to the categories of food in stakeholders, we want to identify efficient outputs for food
the typical food intake in Europe, agriculture, logistics, and manufacturing, food discovery, customer problems, con-
food processing have the greatest environmental impact on sumer preferences, supply chain management, and so on. It
the food supply chain [40]. has no surprise, then, that data science and big data are
Figure 1 shows the challenges faced by the food industry. exploding in numerous fields due to their vast uses. As a
The problem associate with each key point is shown in the result, numerous FoodTech businesses are using machine
figure. The food waste can be minimising by awareness. But learning and artificial intelligence (AI) to solve difficulties.
the waste of food is due to lack of planning in the system and Tools for data analytics can also aid in the improvement of
also due to industrial process. In similar manner, food your marketing activities. You may alter how you promote
scarcity may lead to poverty, malnutrition, and social dis- your brand and discover client pain points that you can
crimination. Due to traditional food industry energy loss is utilise to your advantage by taking a deeper look at audience
present, it also have large carbon foot prints. habits. You may learn what things are selling well and why
customers prefer them over other items on your menu by
3. AI and Ml Role in Food Industry studying sales data. Either you can introduce and promote
new things from there or you can highlight ones that de-
Sustainable work is critical to overcoming present concerns, mand more attention. This approach pairs nicely with AI-
anticipated challenges (The United Nations, 2015), and powered contactless menus, which have grown in popularity
meeting the consumer demand for sustainability in the food since the outbreak began.
business (The United Nations, 2015). The future of food and Food processing is a demanding task. Sorting farm food
agriculture, which argues for the premise in this paper by and raw materials, as well as maintaining machinery and
focusing on how “sustainable food and agriculture systems various forms of equipment, are all part of the job. Finally,
cannot be realised without major additional efforts,” sup- when a product is ready to ship, people evaluate it for quality
ports the demand for sustainability [41]. Because customers and assess whether it is fit for shipment. However, AI is
play such an important part in change, and most sustainable automating this procedure in many food processing com-
solutions will fail without market acceptance, the consumer’s panies. The top five AI applications for food processing
perspective can be seen as a barrier to enterprises in the food companies that have an immediate impact on revenue and
industry pursuing sustainable development. Table 1 shows customer experience are given below.
the area where AI and ML can be implemented in food
industry for enhancing the food quality while keeping in the (1) Sorting products and packages: the first operational
food industry problems. challenge that food processing companies face is the
The uses of AI are not limited to simply these. Food sorting of feedstock. Every potato, tomato, orange,
processing, storage, and transportation can all benefit from and apple is different, demanding careful sorting. To
4 Journal of Food Quality

Energy loss
Awareness

More fresh water

Consumption

Food Industry Environment

Lack of Planning Food Waste
Challenges Impact
Bio-diversity
Loss

Error in Idustrial
Process Incresae carbon
footprint

Food Scarcity

Social
Malnutrition
discrimination

Poverty

Figure 1: Food industry challenges.

be competitive, every food processing company must Table 1: Application of AI and ML in FI.
maintain a certain degree of quality. If not automated
Area AI and ML techniques
with AI and other modern technologies such as IoT,
this method requires a significant amount of human (i) ANN
(ii) Data mining
effort. Food security
(iii) Data analysis
(2) Food safety compliance is a big issue in the food management
(iv) Intelligent optimisation
processing sector. Even the smallest amount of techniques
contamination in food can be lethal. Factories have (i) Genetic algorithm
begun to deploy AI-based cameras to determine Food quality management (ii) Predictive models
whether or not an employee is adequately suited. (iii) Tree decision-making
(i) ANN
(3) Maintaining a clean environment: in food processing (ii) Decision tree
plants, cleanliness is a crucial issue. Many companies Food production
(iii) Gaussian mixture models
claim to be as pure as ice since all of their processes (iv) Data mining
are automated and undisturbed by human (i) ABS techniques
interaction. Food logistics
(ii) Robot programming
(4) Assisting customers with decision-making: artificial (iii) Simulated annealing
(iv) Automated planning
intelligence, like food processing corporations, as-
(i) Bayesian network
sists customers in making more informed pur- (ii) Stochastic simulation
chasing decisions. Kellogg’s introduced Bear Naked Food supply chain
(iii) ANN
Custom, which allowed customers to create their (iv) Fuzzy logic
own granola from a menu of more than 50 ingre- (i) Decision-making data analytics
dients and many more use of AI and ML in food Food processing industry (ii) Predictive models
industry. (iii) Forecasting models of AI and ML

4. Approach toward Sustainable study data were gathered from a variety of sources using
Development in Food Industry using AI precise keywords, titles, and abstracts, as well as a certain
and ML time frame. This information will be compared in order to
discover links and opportunities for growth in the direction
In this research work, to collect data and execute analysis, a of a more sustainable industry. Furthermore, we will make
systematic process is used. In the first phase, data collection recommendations based on the findings of a thorough in-
is done. A pilot search is conducted in the second phase to vestigation, as well as reasonable arguments based on the
better grasp the existing state of affairs in the area. These current state of the food market.
Journal of Food Quality 5

4.1. Data Collection using Different Research Platform. To

understand the present uses of AI and ML in food industry, Taylor & Fransis
we have collected data from the research publication plat-
forms such as IEEE explorer, Elsevier, and Springer, which Elsevier
are taken into consideration. Figure 2 shows the various
publications based on the uses of AI and ML in food industry Springer
topic. The data base platform has more research than shown,
but only those are considered which are related to our re- IEEE
search topic.
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000

4.2. Through Abductive Methodology. This paper’s meth- Based on AI & ML

odology is examined and investigated using abductive re- No. of Publication
search methodology, which is a systematic technique to Figure 2: Research publication on different data bases.
developing new theories based on a combination of diverse
components of the research and data gathering process,
including both theoretical and empirical research. Before % of Digitalization in food industry
performing knowledge for the existing status of the topic, the
abductive approach was used to be able to find general ideas
and principles without making assumptions about where the
article should start.
Furthermore, the method is to examine from several angles,
with a focus on food industry segmentation and artificial in-
telligence, with a selection made by examining the prospective
strategic aim, qualitative data, and theoretical generalisation. To
be clear, the selections are divided into sections in order to
achieve a holistic knowledge as well as to build concepts and
theories. Existing research and theories are compared to how
2010 2018
well they could support the paper’s hypothesis in terms of
2014 2022
adoption. Like in the previous section, we use research article to
collect data, through abductive methodology we yearly digi- Figure 3: Digitalisation in food industry.
talisation data in food industry as shown in Figure 3.
From Figure 3, it is clear that the % of digitalisation in the thus, we are focusing on possible solutions rather than
food industry has been increased. This digitalisation process execution. To be clear, the knowledge that this study pro-
is going to lay a platform for new-generation approach like motes is merely a starting point, but it will pave the way for
AI and ML. further investigation. Furthermore, according to the con-
clusions of the literature analysis, the features of artificial
4.3. Data Mapping. In this research, we used data mapping intelligence that could contribute to the sector include areas
to analyse in which sector of the food industry can be linked from both the managerial and operational viewpoints.
with that technique. By mapping, the exact method can be Through the data collection and analysis, we divide the
link with the need of the food industry as shown in Figure 4. food industry in 4 categories as shown in Figure 5. The first
It shows the different stages in the food industry and which category is smart farming. AI has various major uses in the
technique it can use to get the best results. Like, for the food business, such as soil monitoring, robocropping, and
demand forecasting ANN, moving average can be used as AI predictive analysis.
and ML tool for forecasting category. Smart transportation is the second category. Artificial
All approaches stated in Section 4 are used in Section 5, intelligence is transforming the transportation business. It
and these are used to state the findings of this paper. has already been employed in a number of sectors, including
helping automobiles, trains, ships, and planes, as well as
5. Finding of This Research Paper smoothing traffic patterns. It has the potential to transform
all modes of transportation, as well as the food industry,
The current research revealed that the food business could safer, greener, smarter, and more efficient. Artificial intel-
benefit from artificial intelligence in a variety of ways. As a ligence-assisted autonomous mobility may, for example,
result, this article will raise awareness of how artificial in- help to remove the human mistakes that cause so many
telligence could help food industry practitioners become traffic accidents. These possibilities, however, come with real
more sustainable, without a promise of improvement, but hazards, such as unintended consequences and abuse, such
with qualitative research that can help move the topic closer as cyberattacks and distorted transportation decisions. There
to creation and implementation of solutions. Artificial in- are further employment consequences, as well as ethical
telligence technology consists of possibilities that might questions concerning artificial intelligence’s liability for
maintain a massive technical knowledge base to expand; decisions made in the absence of humans.
6 Journal of Food Quality

Food Industry

FI Demand Forecasting FI Risk Management Quality Control FI Image Processing

SVM Visual Inspection AI CNN

ANN

Moving average ANN X-Ray detection based AI Hyperspectral Imagining

Simple linear regression Decesion Tree MRI PCANet

Multiple linear regression

Figure 4: Mapping of different AI and ML techniques.

farming product in FI. Machine learning (ML) can assist in

FI CATEEGORY: AI & ML
efficiently solving problems such as determining delivery
SMART FARMING routes, supplying raw materials, forecasting demand for
1
specific food items, and logistics planning. Distribution way
problems can be resolved with ML by optimising the place of
the delivery agent in relation to present or upcoming traffic
2 SMART TRANSPORTATION conditions and then notifying them about the best route in a
synchronous manner. There are numerous apps in the food
service industry nowadays that assist in anticipating the
3 SMART PROCESSING amount and kind of food orders, as well as the relevant
inventory. These data can be used to do statistical analyses of
visitor traffic and the food products that will be required over
SMART DISTRIBUTION & CONSUMPTION time. These data are compiled by combining information
4 from previous interactions with consumers, such as their
meal preferences, habits, and complaints, as well as the
supply of essential commodities during that time period.
Figure 5: Categorisation of FI. According to the data collected and analysis, we find out
that the smart farming market is increasing day by day.
The third category includes smart processing. Artificial Investors are investing lots of money to make the farming
intelligence (AI) is attracting the attention of enterprises process more effective. Figure 6 shows the growth predicted
across a wide range of disciplines and industries, including growth of smart farming in next coming years.
food processing and handling (FP and H). AI has a direct In similar manner, Figure 7 shows the other three cat-
and indirect impact on the FP and H business. Indirectly, it egory investments.
aids farmers with weather forecasting, which in turn aids
farmers in producing high-quality raw materials for food 6. Result and Discussion
processing industries, allowing them to save money on
product sorting. AI also assists transportation firms in 6.1. Result of the Research Work. Following a review of the
lowering shipping costs, resulting in lower transportation literature in the food business, it is clear that the food
costs for food processing companies. In either case, it aids FP processing and manufacturing industry requires a large
and H firms in reducing revenue. amount of investment. System-based AI can more easily
The last category of FI is smart distribution and con- diagnose numerous faults in food production than human-
sumption. The name itself indicates the end use of the based systems. It has also been noted that researchers are
Journal of Food Quality 7

Smart Farming Investment Predictions (USD Billion) 100

12 90
80
10
70
8 60
6 50
4 40
30
2
20
0 10
2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
0
Smart Farming Investment Predictions (USD Billion) FI Category 1 FI Category 2 FI Category 3 FI Category 4

Figure 6: Prediction of smart farming investments. Accuracy

Efficiency
Waste
Investment prediction (USD Billions)
Figure 8: AI and ML category-wise possibilities for enhancing the
Smart Distribution & FI.
Consumption

step ahead of the competition has never been more crucial.

Smart Processing The most valuable thing for a food business owner or a food
maker is to define the most prevalent tastes and preferences.
The latest food tech trends, for example, are tied to a slew of
Smart Transportation
healthy lifestyle devotees. Machine learning uses data col-
lection and classification methods to determine that food
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
tech solutions will be the most popular in the near future in
2025 order to detect them.
2023 Every online meal ordering platform has a wealth of data
2022 on customer preferences and ordering habits. Machine
Figure 7: Future investment prediction in FI. learning algorithms can aid in the dispatching of food de-
livery drivers in a more effective, cost-effective, and time-
effective manner. Although data science is still in its infancy
heavily involved in this field. Globalisation presents hurdles in this area, it is already providing businesses with some
in food processing chains, resulting in several impediments viable opportunities to gain market share.
due to a lack of automation, taking health and safety as one
of the primary issues into consideration.
Once sensors are attached to the microcontroller, output 6.2. Discussion. From the reviews and present practices, it is
spikes are produced by the microcontroller, resulting in a clear that global challenges like food waste and environ-
low-cost and user-friendly platform for a range of artificial mental damage are pressuring businesses to take action. On
neural robotics applications. It has the potential to be ex- the contrary, the challenges from a micro perspective show
tremely beneficial in the food industry. In the agro-based that there are some existing barriers preventing local in-
business, AI-based sensors that focus on agricultural pro- dustry from responding to global demand to the extent that
duction, yield forecasting, detection of diseases, and features it should, both in terms of more profitable business solu-
that are available have integrated machine learning and big tions, external stakeholders, and the global socioeconomic
data to give better information for decision-making and and environmental challenges that humanity is confronted
movements. with. Artificial intelligence, as this thesis has already men-
So, categorising the FI according to the category defined tioned, is a technology with a wide range of prospective
in Section 5 and focusing individual using AI and ML in- solutions that could help to meet the current demand in the
tegrated system, the output will increase drastically. Figure 8 local food industry for sustainable development.
shows the accuracy, efficiency, and reduction in waste that Following a thorough examination of the literature, we
can be achieved using AI and ML applications in all four identify a few topics that merit additional investigation. On
categories of FI stated in Section 5. an applicability basis, certain less well-known AI methods
For many sectors, artificial intelligence and machine can be evaluated for enhanced supply chain, safety, clean-
learning technologies offer several opportunities to liness, among other things.
streamline and automate processes, save money, and Furthermore, AI and ML applications have various
eliminate human error. Restaurants, bars, and cafes, as well obstacles, such as lowering the workforce, which results in
as food manufacturers, can profit from AI and machine unemployment. Its execution necessitates both financial
learning. These two divisions offer a lot of frequent appli- commitment and a competent team. There are social
cation cases for AI in the food industry. Because customer problems in BDA, for example, worker implementation and
and market expectations are rapidly evolving, staying one a deficiency of decision support tools. For this study, we
8 Journal of Food Quality

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