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Intro To Philo - Q1 Lesson1 & 2

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11 views5 pages

Intro To Philo - Q1 Lesson1 & 2

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Arthur Manalo
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INTRO TO PHILOSOPHY – Lesson 1

The Three Areas of Philosophy Directly Influence Teaching, Theory, and Practice.
1) Metaphysics -What is real?
2) Epistemology/Logic -How do we know?
3) Axiology(Ethics/Aesthetics/Politics)-What is right?(What should I do?)

Two main Classification of Philosophy


• Cognitive - Provide description of being & knowing.
• Normative - Concerned with the standard of the good.

Branches of Philosophy

Ethics - Addresses Questions about morality, values, and principles of right and wrong.

Aesthetics - Explores questions related to beauty and arts.

Epistemology - Investigates the nature of knowledge, belief, justification, and the limits of human understanding.

Metaphysics – Examines the fundamental nature of reality, including questions of existence, causality, time
space and the nature of being.

Logic – Studies the principles of valid reasoning, argumentation, and inference.

Existentialism – Focuses on questions about individual existence, freedom, choice, and the meaning of life.

Political Philosophy - Examines concepts of justice, authority, rights, and the organization of societies.

Philosophy of Science – Analyzes the methods, assumptions, and limitations of an inquiry.

Philosophy of Mind – Investigates the nature of consciousness, mental states, and the mind-body problem.

Philosophy of Language – Explores the nature of language, meaning, communication and the relationship
between language and thought.

Philosophy of Religion – Discusses questions related to the existence of God, religious experience, problem of
evil and faith.

Philosophical Anthropology – Explores the complexities of human existence, identity, and nature which includes
the philosophy of human person.

The two major traditions of philosophy.


The first is the Western tradition, which is characterized by its rigorous way of doing philosophy and
presupposes an analytic approach.
The second is the Eastern tradition, which is often used interchangeably with religion because it treats
philosophy as a way of life.

WESTERN PHILOSOPHY
Three most renowned Greek philosophers namely, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.
These three prominent names of Western tradition introduced intricate ideas concerning the rational capacities
of man and how these capacities can be used and developed. The recognition that a human person is a thinking
being fundamentally supports the idea that we all have the freedom to explore the world.
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ARTHUR MANALO | Intro to Philo-Q1
PHILOSOPHERS:

• PYTHAGORAS -from Samos, Greece


o Metempsychosis
o Polymath
o Pythagorean theorem (c2 = a2 + b2)
o “Silence is better than unmeaning words”.
• HERACLITUS – from Ephesus, Turkey
o Doctrine of Universal Flux (Change) & Unity of Opposites
o Cosmology- Fire forms the basic material of the world.
o “The Obscure, The weeping philosopher”
o “There is nothing permanent except change”.
• DEMOCRITUS – from Abdera, Greece
o Atomic Theory – all matter consists of particles called atoms.
o Theory of perception
o Value of cheerfulness”
o “The Laughing philosopher”
o “Everything existing in the universe is the fruit of chance and necessity”.
• DIOGENES – from Sinope, Turkey
o Cynic Philosopher
o Simple and Virtuous life - often slept in a large ceramic jar in the marketplace.
o The “Dog”
o “ The foundation of every state is the education of its youth”.
• EPICURUS – from Samos, Greece
o Life of pleasure and tranquility
o Ataraxia—peace and freedom from fear
o Aponia—the absence of pain
o The Garden
o “The art of living well and the art of dying well are one”.
• SOCRATES – from Athens, Greece
o The founder of western philosophy
o The first moral philosopher
o Elenchus
o Ethics and epistemology
o “The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing…”.
• PLATO – from Athens, Greece
o Academy in Athens
o Student of Socrates
o Dialectic
o The “Republic”
o Politics and Metaphysics
o “Opinion is the medium between knowledge and ignorance”.
• ARISTOTLE – from Stagira, Greece
o Student of Plato
o Ideas and views are based on perceptions.
o Deductive reasoning
o Physics, biology, zoology, metaphysics, logic, ethics, aesthetics, poetry, theatre, music, rhetoric,
psychology, linguistics, economics, politics, and government.
o Empiricism
o “Quality is not an act; it is a habit”.

EASTERN PHILOSOPHY
Eastern Philosophies are centered on finding the answers to the question “who and what am I?”

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ARTHUR MANALO | Intro to Philo-Q1
They focus on searching for the meaning of being human. The goal of their respective philosophical enterprises
is not only to understand human nature, but most importantly, to practice how to truly live as a human person.

Confucianism
Personal ethics and morality – Good moral character
Virtues: Humanness(Ren), Righteousness(Yi), Propriety(Li).
Confucius believed that if a leader sets a good example to his constituents, to his family, and people with whom
he would have a relationship, they, in turn, will do the same. “ Golden Rule”
“You are What you Think”.

Buddhism, founded by Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)


• Buddhism is anchored on the idea that human person lives in suffering and that he should overcome this.
• “Karma and Rebirth”
• Buddhism teaches the Four Noble Truths.
o The first noble truth is that human life is pervaded by suffering.
o Second, suffering is a result of craving.
o Third, there is a state of freedom from suffering - called Nirvana - that we can all attain by
realizing that we are not Selves, thus abandoning the craving.
o Fourth, anyone can attain Nirvana by following the Eightfold Path.
“Quiet the mind and the soul will speak”.

Hinduism Indian Philosophy, the oldest major religion


Brahman – God of creation, Vishnu -Preservation and Shiva- destruction
Philosophical traditions: reincarnation, karma, and moksha(liberation)
Indian philosophy responds to the question, "Who am I?"
The manner of living a life is the principal priority in Indian philosophy.
“It is better to live your own destiny imperfect than to live an imitation of somebody else’s life with perfection”.

Taoism “The way”


Lao Tsu -Founder
Balance of human and nature
Immortality -belief in spirit after death
Yin-Yang
“A man with an outward courage dares to die; a man with inner courage dares to live”.

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ARTHUR MANALO | Intro to Philo-Q1
INTRO TO PHILOSOPHY – Lesson 2

• Philosophers are the one who are engaged in doing Philosophy. They are called lovers of wisdom.
• A philosopher is like a child who has an inquisitive mind who never stops asking questions and finding
answers.
• In our daily struggles, one needs to ask questions simple, serious and deep questions that we have to
cope with.
Simple Questions (influenced by curiosity and sense of wonder):
1. What is this?
2. What does this do?
3. Why are trees tall?
4. Why is the sky so far away?

Serious Questions (influenced by our experiences and circumstances):


1. Why do I have to study?
2. What do I need to get better grades?
3. What should I do to achieve my goals in life?
4. What can I do to be better?
5. How do I deal with difficult people?

Deep Questions (influenced to search for meaningful answers):


1. Where can one find true happiness?
2. Why do good people suffer?
3. What can we do to make the world a better place?
4. Why do I have to be a good person?
5. Is love worth giving up everything?

Socratic Method (Socrates), a form of cooperative argumentative dialogue between individuals, based on asking
and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to draw out ideas and underlying assumptions.

Dialectics (Karl Marx), term used to describe a method of philosophical argument that involves some sort of
contradictory
process between opposing sides .
(Example: life imprisonment or death penalty)

In philosophy, logical reasoning is the process of thinking about something in a logical way in order to form a
conclusion or judgement.
Reasoning is the method we use in doing philosophy. All branches of philosophy employ reasoning in explaining
their arguments.

2 types of logical reasoning:


DEDUCTIVE- General/ Universal argument to Specific/Particular argument Conclusion
Example:
Premise 1: All human beings are mortal
Premise 2: But the President of the Philippines is a human being
Conclusion: Therefore, the President of the Philippines is mortal.

INDUCTIVE - Particular/ Specific argument to General/Universal argument Conclusion


Example
Premise: Student A, B, C, D, E, F are wearing School ID
Conclusion: Therefore, all students are wearing ID

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ARTHUR MANALO | Intro to Philo-Q1
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ARTHUR MANALO | Intro to Philo-Q1

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