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Computer
 Computer is an electronic machine which process raw
data (input) into meaningful information (output)
and save it for later use.
 A computer is a machine that can be programmed to
automatically carry out sequences of arithmetic or
logical operations (computation).
 Basic purpose of computer is calculation.

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Generations of Computer
 The computer has evolved from a large-sized simple
calculating machine to a smaller but much more
powerful machine.

 The evolution of computer to the current state is

defined in terms of the generations of computer.

 Each generation of computer is designed based on a

new technological development, resulting in better,
cheaper and smaller computers that are more
powerful, faster and efficient than their predecessors.
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Generations of Computer
 Currently, there are five generations of computer. In
the following subsections, we will discuss the
generations of computer in terms of the technology
used by them (hardware and software), computing
characteristics (speed, i.e., number of instructions
executed per second), physical appearance, and their
applications.

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First Generation Computers
(1940-1956)
 The first computers used vacuum tubes(a sealed glass tube containing
a near-vacuum which allows the free passage of electric current.) for
circuitry and magnetic drums for memory.
 They were often enormous and taking up entire room.
 First generation computers relied on machine language.
 They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great
deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of
malfunctions(defect or breakdown).
 The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation
computing devices.

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First Generation Computers
Advantages :
 It was only electronic device
 First device to hold memory

Disadvantages :
 Too bulky i.e large in size
 Vacuum tubes burn frequently
 They were producing heat
 Maintenance problems 6
Second Generation Computers
(1956-1963)
• Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the
second generation of computers.
• Second-generation computers moved from
cryptic binary machine language to symbolic.
• High-level programming languages were also being
developed at this time, such as early versions
of COBOL and FORTRAN.
• These were also the first computers that stored their
instructions in their memory.

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Second Generation Computers
Advantages :
 Size reduced considerably
 The very fast
 Very much reliable

Disadvantages :
 They over heated quickly
 Maintenance problems
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Third Generation Computers
(1964-1971)
 The development of the integrated circuit was the
hallmark of the third generation of computers.
 Transistors were miniaturized and placed
on siliconchips, called semiconductors.
 Instead of punched cards and printouts, users
interacted with third generation computers
through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with
an operating system.
 Allowed the device to run many
different applications at one time.
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Third generation computers
Advantages :
 ICs are very small in size
 Improved performance
 Production cost cheap

Disadvantages :
 ICs are sophisticated

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Fourth Generation Computers
(1971-present)
 The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of
computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were
built onto a single silicon chip.
 The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the
components of the computer.
 From the central processing unit and memory to
input/output controls—on a single chip.
 . Fourth generation computers also saw the
development of GUIs, the mouse and
handheld devices.
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Fourth Generation Computers

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Fifth Generation Computers
(present and beyond)
 Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial
intelligence.
 Are still in development, though there are some
applications, such as voice recognition.
 The use of parallel processing and superconductors is
helping to make artificial intelligence a reality.
 The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop
devices that respond to natural language input and are
capable of learning and self-organization.

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Fifth Generation Computers

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Operating System
 An Operating System (OS) is a collection of software
that manages computer hardware resources and
provides common services for computer programs. The
operating system is the most important type of system
software in a computer system. Examples of Operating
Systems are Windows, Linux, Mac OS, etc.

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Types of Operating System

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 List of Windows
 MS-DOS - Microsoft  Windows 2000 (February
Disk Operating System (1981) 2000)
 Windows 1.0 – 2.0 (1985-1992)  Windows XP (October 2001)
 Windows 3.0 – 3.1 (1990–1994)  Windows Vista (November
2006)
 Windows 95 (August 1995)
 Windows 7 (October, 2009)
 Windows 98 (June 1998)
 Windows 8 (August 1, 2012)
 Windows ME - Millennium
Edition (September 2000)  Windows 10 ( July 29, 2015)
 Windows NT 31. - 4.0 (1993-  Windows 11 (October 5, 2021)
1996)

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