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Math 102 - Complex Numbers (12.1-12.3)

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31 views10 pages

Math 102 - Complex Numbers (12.1-12.3)

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1550935441tarerin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Math 102 Page 1 of 10

Complex Numbers
(Sections 12.1-12.3)

12.1 Basic Definitions

√−𝟏 = 𝒋 and 𝒋𝟐 = −𝟏

We call √−1 = 𝑗 the imaginary unit.

NOTE:
• √−𝑎 = 𝑗√𝑎 (𝑎 > 0)

Exercise 1: Express the following square roots in terms of j:

a. √−121 =

b. − √−49 =

c. − √−0.01 =

d. √−𝜋 4 =

5
e. − √− 9 =

NOTE:
• √𝑎√𝑏 = √𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 always holds for a, b ≥ 0, but NOT for a, b < 0.
• In the case of square roots of negative numbers, one should first express each
negative number in terms of j and then continue evaluating.
Math 102 Page 2 of 10

Exercise 2: Evaluate
2
a. (√−15) =

b. √(−15)2 =

c. √−9√−16 =

d. √(−9)(−16) =

e. – √(−3)(−7)√−21 =

The powers of 𝒋
𝑗1 = 𝑗 𝑗5 =

𝑗 2 = −1 𝑗6 =

𝑗 3 = 𝑗 2 ∙ 𝑗 = −1 ∙ 𝑗 = −𝑗 𝑗7 =

𝑗 4 = 𝑗 2 ∙ 𝑗 2 = −1 ∙ −1 = 1 𝑗8 =

Exercise 3: Evaluate:

a) – 𝑗 22 = b) 𝑗 408 =

c) 2𝑗 5 − 𝑗 32 = d) 𝑗 169 =
Math 102 Page 3 of 10

Rectangular Form of a Complex Number


Definitions
• A complex number is any number that can be written in the form 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑗 where
𝑎 and 𝑏 are real numbers.
• If 𝑎 = 0 and 𝑏 ≠ 0, we have a number in the form 𝑏𝑗, which is a pure
imaginary number.
• If 𝑏 = 0, then 𝑎 is a real number.
• The form 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑗 is known as the rectangular form of a complex number, where
𝑎 is known as the real part and 𝑏 is known as the imaginary part.
• The conjugate of a complex number (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑗) is a number (𝑎 – 𝑏𝑗).

Examples of complex numbers


• 2 + 3𝑗 is a complex number in rectangular form.
• 15𝑗 is a pure imaginary number.
• 4 + 0∙𝑗 = 4 is just a real number.
• 19 – 7𝑗 is a complex number, where 19 is real part and 7 is
imaginary part.
• 98 + 3𝑗, 98 – 3𝑗 are conjugate complex numbers.

Exercise 4: Perform the indicated operations and simplify each complex number to its
rectangular form:
a) −6 + √−64 = b) 5 − 2√25𝑗 2 =

2
c) 𝑗3 − 6 = d) (2√2) − 𝑗 6 =

Exercise 5: Find the conjugate of each complex number.


a) 3 + 2𝑗 = c) −5 + 8𝑗 =

b) −9 − 𝑗 = d) −6𝑗 =

e) 6 =
Math 102 Page 4 of 10

NOTE:

• Two complex numbers are equal if and only if their real parts are equal and their
imaginary parts are equal.
i.e. 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑗 = 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑗 if and only if 𝑎 = 𝑥 and 𝑏 = 𝑦

Exercise 6: Find the values of x and y that satisfy the given equation.

2𝑥 + 3𝑗𝑦 = −6 + 12𝑗

12.2 Basic Operations with Complex Numbers

1. Addition (combine real and imaginary parts)


(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑗) + (𝑐 + 𝑑𝑗) = (𝑎 + 𝑐) + (𝑏 + 𝑑)𝑗

Example:
(3 + 4𝑗) + (2 + 9𝑗) =

2. Subtraction
(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑗) − (𝑐 + 𝑑𝑗) = (𝑎 − 𝑐) + (𝑏 − 𝑑)𝑗

Example:
(3 + 4𝑗) − (2 + 9𝑗) =

3. Multiplication (multiply algebraically, combine like terms, replace j2)


(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑗)(𝑐 + 𝑑𝑗) = (𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏𝑑) + (𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐)𝑗

Example:
(3 + 4𝑗)(2 + 9𝑗) =
Math 102 Page 5 of 10

4. Division (multiply numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the denominator-


like rationalizing radicals)

𝑎 + 𝑏𝑗 (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑗)(𝑐 − 𝑑𝑗) (𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑) + (𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎𝑑)𝑗


= =
𝑐 + 𝑑𝑗 (𝑐 + 𝑑𝑗)(𝑐 − 𝑑𝑗) 𝑐 2 + 𝑑2

Example:
(3 + 4𝑗)
=
2 + 9𝑗

Exercise 7: Perform the indicated operations, expressing all answers in the form 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑗.
a) (−4 − 𝑗) + (−7 − 4𝑗) =

b) (7 − 𝑗) − (4 − 4𝑗) + (6 − 𝑗) =

c) (−2.2𝑗)(1.5𝑗 − 4.0) =

d) (8𝑗 − 5)(7 + 4𝑗) =


Math 102 Page 6 of 10

e) √−6√−12√3 =

f) 𝑗 2 √−7 − √−28 + 8 =

g) (4𝑗 + 5)2 =

h) 𝑗 6 (1 + √−9)(1 − 3𝑗) =
Math 102 Page 7 of 10

0.25
i) =
3−2√−1

6+5𝑗
j) =
3−4𝑗
Math 102 Page 8 of 10

𝑗 5 −𝑗 3
k) =
3+𝑗

3 5
l) + =
2𝑗 6−𝑗
Math 102 Page 9 of 10

12.3 Graphical Representation of Complex Numbers

Complex number can be presented as a point on Complex Plane, where 𝑥 −axis


represents the real part of the complex number, and the 𝑦 −axis represents the
imaginary part of the complex number. Alternatively, it is a vector from the origin to this
point.

Exercise 1: Locate the given numbers in the complex plane.


a) −5 + 𝑗 b) 2 c) −4𝑗

x
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6

-2

-4

Exercise 2: Represent 2 + 3𝑗 and its conjugate graphically as vectors.

x
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6

-2

-4
Math 102 Page 10 of 10

Steps to add two or more Complex Numbers Graphically


1. Find the point corresponding to one of the numbers and draw a line from the
origin to that point.
2. Repeat step 1 for second number (or third…)
3. Complete a parallelogram or triangle to find the resultant which represents the
sum of given complex numbers.

Exercise 3: Perform the indicated operations graphically:


a) (−1 − 2𝑗) + (4 + 3𝑗)

x
-4 -2 2 4 6 8

-2

b) (2𝑗 + 3) − (−4 + 𝑗)
y

x
-4 -2 2 4 6 8

-2

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