 Flavors of the Internet of Things:

o Train-Schedule Alarm Clock: Monitors train schedules and adjusts wake-up time based on real-
time information.
o Vitality GlowCap: Alerts and notifies users to take medications and informs doctors or family if
they forget.
o Weather-Forecasting Umbrella: Uses weather reports to predict rain and alerts the user via a
lighted handle.
o Nike + Health App: Tracks running stats and syncs data with accounts to compare calorie
consumption.
o Transport for London: Provides updated bus arrival times based on GPS tracking.
o Wheredial: Indicates location changes on a mantelpiece ornament.

 Equation of the “Internet” of “Things”:

Physical Object + Controllers, Sensors, and Actuators + Internet = Internet of Things.

The purpose of IoT is to connect everyday objects to the internet, enabling them to collect and share data to
improve efficiency, automation, and provide new insights.

 Technology of the Internet of Things: The major technologies and protocols in IoT include RFID,
NFC, Bluetooth, WiFi, LTE, and low-energy wireless. These enable devices to connect and communicate
over networks.

 History of Technology and IoT: IoT fits with the history of technology by leveraging advancements in
sensors, connectivity, and computing power. For instance, early telephones and radios laid the groundwork
for connected devices, and advancements in microchips and processors have allowed devices to become
smaller and more efficient.

 Enchanted Objects: Enchanted objects are everyday items with enhanced functionalities, often
incorporating technology that feels magical. Examples include:

o Protection: Technology for safety, such as smart helmets or armor with sensors.
o Health: Devices like fitness trackers that monitor physical health metrics.
o Connection: Telephones and social media platforms to maintain human connections.
o Creative Expression: Tools like digital art software and music synthesisers.

 Who is Making the Internet of Things: A variety of professionals are involved in making IoT,
including artists, designers, engineers, hackers, and developers. Each contributes their skills and expertise
to bring IoT projects to life.

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 Calm and Ambient Technology:

o Calm technology refers to technology that operates in the background without requiring active user
attention. It’s subtle and unobtrusive, blending into the environment without demanding focus.
o Ambient technology is a similar concept, but it emphasizes a more integrated presence that
seamlessly interacts with its surroundings.
o Example: Live Wire, as mentioned earlier, is an example of calm technology. It detects network
activity and moves a string based on the traffic load. When network activity is light, the string
 twitches occasionally; when activity is heavy, it whirls rapidly. This serves as a non-intrusive way
of alerting the user to network status without actively engaging their attention.

 Magic as Metaphor:

o “Magic as metaphor” refers to introducing new technologies in a way that relates them to the
mystical or extraordinary, helping users understand their potential in a familiar context.
o Manufactured Normalcy Field: This concept describes how people gradually accept and adapt to
new technologies, treating them as if they have always been a part of everyday life.
o Examples:

 Magic as Metaphor: The WhereDial concept, inspired by Harry Potter’s enchanted clock,
helps users understand the capabilities of technology by relating it to fantasy. It provides a
tangible, intuitive way to track family members.
 Manufactured Normalcy Field: Mobile phones transitioning from being merely portable
phones to multifunctional devices that offer internet browsing, multimedia, and gaming
services illustrate this concept.

 Keeping Secrets:

o Keeping secrets refers to ensuring the privacy of data collected by connected devices and protecting
sensitive information from unauthorized access or exposure.
o Example: The instrumented car park used sensors to detect parking space occupancy. The data
collected included license plate information. However, insecure practices allowed developers to
inadvertently expose additional sensitive data, such as IP addresses and parking duration. This
situation prompted the need for stronger privacy protections and securing data.

 Define and explain:

 a. Web Thinking for Connected Devices: This principle focuses on designing connected devices
to be part of the web infrastructure, ensuring they communicate over standard web protocols and
integrate seamlessly with web-based services.
o Example: Using web APIs and protocols to allow devices to connect, communicate, and
interact as seamlessly as web applications, ensuring compatibility with existing web
infrastructure.
 b. Small Pieces, Loosely Joined: This design philosophy involves creating individual components
or modules that function independently, allowing them to connect with other systems easily. It
promotes flexibility, scalability, and reuse of components across various applications.
o Example: Building a modular sensor network system that can work independently of other
systems and integrate with various platforms.
 c. First-Class Citizens on the Internet: This refers to connected devices or components being fully
integrated into the internet ecosystem, using established protocols and conventions to ensure
compatibility and seamless interaction.
o Example: Devices utilizing the IP protocol to communicate over the internet, ensuring they
can integrate and work with other connected devices and web applications.

 Graceful Degradation:

o Graceful degradation is a design strategy where systems or applications can continue to function
effectively, albeit with reduced capabilities, when encountering less capable or outdated systems.
o Example: A web application that relies heavily on JavaScript and advanced HTML5 features but
degrades gracefully when run on older browsers by offering simpler HTML forms and basic
functionality.

 Affordance:
 o Affordance in technology refers to the clues or hints that a design provides to users, indicating the
appropriate use or interaction.
o Example: A physical button on a device implies the ability to press or activate it. A knob suggests
the action of turning to adjust a setting.
o In the context of digital technology, designing a device or interface with clear and intuitive elements
ensures users understand its purpose and operation without requiring extensive instructions.

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question:

1. Describe the use of the following protocols: IP, TCP, and UDP.
o IP (Internet Protocol): IP is responsible for routing datagrams (packets of data) across
networks, ensuring that they reach their destination. It provides addressing to identify the
source and destination addresses in a network. IP addresses are used to route packets from a
sender to a receiver, using routers to guide data packets along the most efficient path.
o TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): TCP ensures reliable communication between
systems by managing data packet flow, segmentation, and error-checking. It guarantees that
data arrives in the correct order and without corruption, making it ideal for applications
where data accuracy and consistency are crucial, such as web browsing or file downloads.
o UDP (User Datagram Protocol): UDP provides fast communication without guaranteeing
the order or error-checking of packets. It’s suitable for applications where speed and low
latency are more important than reliable delivery, such as online gaming or video streaming.
2. Write a note on DNS.
o DNS (Domain Name System) translates domain names into IP addresses, making it easier
for users to access websites without having to remember complex IP addresses. It acts as a
directory that matches domain names to their corresponding IP addresses, facilitating
network communication. When a user enters a web address, DNS servers quickly resolve the
IP address, ensuring seamless web access.
3. Compare static and dynamic IP address assignment.
o Static IP Address Assignment: Fixed IP addresses are manually assigned to a device and
remain constant over time. Useful for servers, network devices, and services that need a
stable and known IP address.
o Dynamic IP Address Assignment: IP addresses are assigned automatically by a DHCP
server for a temporary period. When a device disconnects from the network, the IP address
may be reassigned to another device. Common for devices that do not require a static
address, such as smartphones or computers connecting to Wi-Fi networks.
4. Differentiate between TCP and UDP protocols.
o TCP:
 Provides reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of data.
 Guarantees the correct order of packets and retransmits lost packets.
 Ideal for applications needing accuracy, such as web browsing or file downloads.
o UDP:
 Provides faster, simpler communication without guaranteed order or error-checking.
 Minimizes latency and is efficient for real-time applications like online gaming and
video streaming.
 More suitable for applications requiring speed over reliability.
5. What are the benefits of using IPv6 in IoT?
o Expanded Address Space: IPv6 provides a vast number of unique addresses, essential for
connecting billions of IoT devices globally.
o Improved Routing: IPv6 simplifies routing with streamlined address formats, enhancing
network efficiency.
o Better Security: Integrated IPsec support offers built-in encryption and authentication.
 oSimplified Configuration: Stateless address auto-configuration reduces the complexity of
network setup.
o Scalability: Facilitates the seamless integration of an increasing number of IoT devices.
6. Write a note on the MAC address.
o A MAC (Media Access Control) address is a unique identifier assigned to network interface
cards (NICs) in hardware. It serves as a network’s physical address, allowing devices to be
recognized within a network segment. MAC addresses are used in Ethernet networks and
Wi-Fi connections to determine the source or destination device of a network frame.
7. Explain the use of TCP and UDP ports. Give an example.
o Use of TCP and UDP Ports: Ports act as endpoints for network communication. They
allow multiple applications to use the same network connection, distinguishing between
different data streams. TCP and UDP ports range from 0 to 65535.
o Example:
 Web Server Communication: When using a web browser, port 80 for HTTP or port
443 for HTTPS will be used. These ports ensure the web browser and web server
communicate using the appropriate protocols.

These concise and informative responses address each question comprehensively, providing a solid
understanding of the discussed protocols and concepts.

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 Explain the benefits of prototyping:

 Prototyping offers a cost-effective way to experiment with design concepts, helping to identify
potential issues and make adjustments before full-scale production. It allows for iterative
development and modification, ensuring that the final product meets the desired specifications and
functionality.

 Differentiate between open source and closed source:

 Open source software and hardware allow users to access and modify the source code, fostering
collaboration and community-driven innovation. Closed source software and hardware, on the other
hand, restrict access to the source code, offering proprietary ownership and protection of intellectual
property.

 What are the advantages of open source software?

 Advantages of open source software include community support and bug fixes, free and open
access, and competitive advantage by fostering innovation and collaboration. Additionally, it
provides faster time to market and cost-free exploration of options.

 Why should you mix open and closed source for the Internet of Things?

 Mixing open and closed source approaches can offer flexibility and adaptability. Open source
solutions can foster community collaboration, while closed source can provide protection for
intellectual property and ongoing technical support. This hybrid approach can enhance innovation
and offer a more tailored solution to specific project needs.

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1. Differentiate between Arduino Due and Raspberry Pi Model B:

o Microcontroller vs. Single-Board Computer:
  Arduino Due is a microcontroller-based platform, optimized for real-time, dedicated
tasks. It runs programs written in C++ or similar languages, suitable for simple data
acquisition and control projects.
 Raspberry Pi Model B, on the other hand, is a single-board computer that runs a full
operating system (such as Raspbian Linux). It can multitask and perform complex
computations and networking tasks, suitable for more advanced and multifunctional
projects.
o Processing Power and Performance:
 Arduino Due offers a 32-bit ARM Cortex M3 microcontroller with limited
computational power.
 Raspberry Pi Model B features a 700 MHz ARM1176JZFS CPU, offering
significantly more processing power and the ability to execute complex algorithms
and run multiple applications.
o Connectivity:
 Arduino Due provides limited networking capabilities, typically requiring shields for
additional functions.
 Raspberry Pi Model B offers integrated wired (Ethernet) and wireless networking
options, including WiFi and Bluetooth, for broader communication possibilities.
2. Which parameters are important for changing embedded platform?
o Processing Power: Determines the ability to perform complex computations and real-time
operations.
o Memory: RAM size and types affect multitasking and overall performance.
o Networking Options: Wired or wireless communication capabilities.
o Power Consumption: Important for battery-operated IoT devices.
o Compatibility with Sensors and Actuators: Number and type of input/output interfaces.
o Operating System Support: Compatibility with desired OS for software development.
3. What are the things need to consider while developing Arduino project?
o Code Optimization: Writing efficient code to ensure resource management and smooth
performance.
o Component Compatibility: Ensuring sensors, actuators, and shields are compatible with
the Arduino platform.
o Power Supply: Appropriate power source to support the Arduino and connected
components.
o Debugging and Testing: Iterative process to identify and fix issues during development.
o Security Concerns: Addressing privacy and security considerations, especially in IoT
applications.
4. Compare between Python and C++ as development language for Internet of Things:
o Syntax and Ease of Use:
 Python has a simpler syntax, making it beginner-friendly and faster to write code.
 C++ has a more complex syntax, requiring a deeper understanding of programming
concepts.
o Performance:
 C++ generally offers faster execution speeds and is more suitable for resource-
demanding applications.
 Python is slower but suitable for many IoT applications due to its flexibility and ease
of use.
o Library Support:
 Python boasts extensive libraries, making it easier to integrate IoT components.
 C++ also has libraries, but they are more complex to use.
o Resource Management:
 Python relies on dynamic memory management, which may not be suitable for low-
power, embedded systems.
 C++ allows for more precise control over memory allocation, suitable for resource-
constrained IoT devices.
 5. Write short note on microcontrollers and system-on-chips:
o Microcontrollers:
 Small computing devices optimized for dedicated, real-time tasks.
 They include processing units, memory, and GPIO interfaces, often with limited
computational power.
 Commonly used in simple IoT projects for data acquisition, control, and automation.
 Examples: Arduino, PIC, ESP8266.
o System-on-Chips (SoCs):
 Integrated circuits that combine processing units, memory, and other system
components on a single chip.
 They offer higher computational power and multi-functionality compared to
microcontrollers.
 Suitable for complex IoT applications with advanced data processing, networking,
and communication capabilities.
 Examples: Raspberry Pi, NVIDIA Jetson Nano.
6. Explain hardware of Raspberry Pi:
o Processor: ARM Cortex-A processor running at up to 1.5 GHz, with multi-core options for
enhanced performance.
o RAM: 4GB to 8GB LPDDR4 memory for efficient processing.
o Connectivity: Integrated wired (Ethernet) and wireless (WiFi and Bluetooth) options for
networking.
o USB Ports: Multiple USB ports for connecting peripherals and devices.
o GPIO Pins: General-purpose input/output pins for interfacing with sensors and actuators.
o Storage: MicroSD card slot for bootable storage and data storage.
o Video Output: HDMI port for connecting to monitors or televisions.
o Audio Output: 3.5mm audio jack for sound output.
o Power Supply: Micro-USB connector for external power input.

These details collectively enable the Raspberry Pi to function as a versatile, powerful, and feature-rich
platform for IoT development.

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 Laser Cutting & the Criteria for Selecting the Laser Cutter: Laser cutting is a precise and efficient
manufacturing process that uses a high-powered laser to cut and shape materials like wood, metal, acrylic,
and textiles. The laser generates a focused beam of light that melts, burns, or vaporizes the material along
the desired cut line.

Criteria for selecting the Laser Cutter:

 Material Compatibility: Choose a laser cutter that can handle the materials you intend to work
with. Different laser cutters have different powers and frequencies that make them suitable for
specific materials.
 Cutting Speed and Power: Higher power laser cutters are more capable of cutting thicker or
denser materials quickly. The cutting speed should match your needs and workflow.
 Precision: Accuracy is essential for fine detailing and intricate cuts. Select a laser cutter that offers
precise control over the cutting path.
 Bed Size and Working Area: Ensure the laser cutter’s bed size matches the dimensions of the
workpieces you plan to create.
 Cooling System: A robust cooling system helps maintain consistent laser performance and extends
the cutter’s lifespan.

 List all Non-Digital Methods for Prototyping. Explain any 3 methods:

  Modelling Clay: This versatile material allows for quick experimentation with forms and shapes.
It’s soft and moldable, allowing designers to visualize ideas and refine them before moving to a
more durable material.
 Epoxy Putty: This is a durable, flexible material useful for creating sturdy models and finishing
them to look polished. It’s ideal for mock-ups and prototypes that require a strong structure.
 Sugru: A moldable silicone rubber that remains pliable after curing. It is excellent for creating grips
and soft surfaces in user interfaces, enhancing the tactile experience.

 What are Hinges & Joints? Explain any two:

 Hinges: Hinges are mechanical devices used to connect two parts, allowing them to rotate relative
to each other. They provide flexibility and support in moving parts, such as doors or lids.
o Butt Hinge: A butt hinge is commonly used in furniture and doors. It consists of two metal
plates connected by a pin, allowing the two pieces to rotate relative to each other.
 Joints: Joints are structures that connect parts or elements in a product, enabling movement or
flexibility.
o Knuckle Joint: This type of joint uses pins and rotating parts to create a pivot connection
between two parts, often found in machinery.
o Ball-and-Socket Joint: This joint allows for multidirectional movement and rotation, often
found in the human body (e.g., the hip joint) and mechanical arms.

 Software Used for 3D Printing:

 Cura: An open-source slicing software widely used for 3D printing. It prepares 3D models for
printing by converting them into G-code, which instructs the 3D printer on how to lay down the
material. Cura offers a variety of settings for adjusting the layer height, infill density, and support
structures.
 PrusaSlicer: Another powerful slicing software, PrusaSlicer, offers advanced customization and
supports a wide range of printers and filament types. It helps optimize print quality, speed, and
material use.

 What is 3D Printing? State its Types: 3D printing is an additive manufacturing process that creates
physical objects from a digital model. It builds up layers of material to form a three-dimensional object,
layer by layer. This process allows for complex shapes and intricate designs that traditional manufacturing
methods may struggle to achieve.

Types of 3D Printing include:

 Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF): The most common 3D printing process, FFF, involves heating
and extruding thermoplastic filament through a nozzle to create layers. It’s used for various
materials, including PLA, ABS, and PETG.
 Stereolithography (SLA): This resin-based 3D printing process uses UV light to cure liquid resin
into a solid object. SLA printers can achieve high-resolution prints and are commonly used for
intricate models and prototypes.
 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS): This process uses a laser to sinter powdered materials (e.g.,
nylon) into a solid structure. SLS printers can create functional parts with complex geometries and
high durability.

 Explain CNC Milling: CNC (Computer Numerical Control) milling is a subtractive manufacturing
process that uses computer-controlled machines to remove material from a workpiece. The process involves
a rotating cutter that moves along different axes, cutting away unwanted material to create the desired
shape.

CNC milling offers high precision and the ability to create intricate and complex parts. It’s widely used in
industries such as automotive, aerospace, and electronics for producing custom parts, prototypes, and tools.
The versatility of CNC milling machines allows them to work with various materials, including metals,
plastics, and wood.

 Explain Repurposing: Repurposing refers to the practice of using existing materials, objects, or
components for a different purpose than originally intended. This approach is often employed in
prototyping to save time and resources.

For example, repurposing old mechanical parts, electronic components, or even entire machines can result
in cost-effective and functional prototypes. It not only reduces waste but also allows for creative and
innovative solutions to material shortages or budget constraints.

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1. Explain Mashing of API:

o Detailed Explanation: Mashing up APIs involves combining functionalities or data from
different APIs to create a cohesive, new application or service. This technique allows
developers to leverage the best aspects of multiple APIs to deliver a richer, more feature-
packed experience to users. Mashing of APIs often leads to innovative solutions that might
not have been achievable with a single API.
o Example: Consider an application that integrates a mapping API to show locations of
various points of interest (POIs) and an external weather API to provide real-time weather
conditions at those locations. The end result would be a dynamic, interactive map showing
weather forecasts or conditions for various POIs, offering an enhanced user experience.
2. Explain Clockodillo:
o Detailed Explanation: Clockodillo is a web-based API solution for kitchen timers, enabling
users to control and monitor timers remotely. The API provides endpoints for starting,
stopping, and adjusting timers and fetching historical usage data. This approach offers a
streamlined, efficient, and accessible way to manage kitchen timers through an online
interface.
o Example: A user can send an API request to start a timer, modify the duration, or receive
status updates through webhooks. This API allows seamless integration with other platforms
and devices, enhancing kitchen automation and overall convenience.
3. Explain Polling:
o Detailed Explanation: Polling, as a communication method, involves a client sending
regular requests to a server at specified intervals to check for new information. The server
responds with the latest data only when it’s available, resulting in a less real-time experience
compared to other methods like Comet.
o Example: A weather application might use polling to check for weather updates every 10
minutes. If there’s a change in weather conditions, the server will respond with the new data,
ensuring the application displays the latest information.
4. Explain Comet:
o Detailed Explanation: Comet is a web communication technique that facilitates real-time
data transfer between the server and the client. It reduces latency by enabling the server to
push data to the client, eliminating the need for continuous polling. This results in more
responsive web applications, such as live chat platforms and online gaming.
o Example: A live chat application using Comet technology can instantly notify users when a
new message arrives without any polling, providing real-time interaction among
participants.
5. Explain MQ Telemetry Transport (MQTT):
o Detailed Explanation: MQTT is a lightweight messaging protocol designed for the IoT
environment. It operates on a publish/subscribe model, where devices publish messages to a
broker, and other subscribed devices receive the relevant messages. MQTT is efficient,
scalable, and suitable for devices with limited processing power and bandwidth.
 Example: In a smart home scenario, a temperature sensor sends data to a broker using
o
MQTT. Other subscribed devices, like air conditioners or smart displays, can receive and
respond to the temperature data, adjusting settings based on the readings.
6. Explain Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP):
o Detailed Explanation: CoAP is a specialized protocol tailored for IoT devices with
constraints on power, memory, and bandwidth. It offers efficient communication using a
simplified request-response model similar to HTTP. CoAP can be utilized on UDP,
minimizing the overhead associated with TCP connections, making it perfect for constrained
networks.
o Example: An IoT temperature sensor sends data to a server using the CoAP protocol. The
server processes the data and stores it, providing a real-time response in low-bandwidth
conditions.
7. Explain Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP):
o Detailed Explanation: XMPP is a versatile protocol primarily used for instant messaging
and real-time communication. It supports various multimedia exchanges, presence updates,
and robust extensions for chat, presence, and collaboration. XMPP uses XML-based
structures, ensuring extensibility and compatibility with diverse communication platforms.
o Example: A chat application leveraging XMPP allows users to send messages, manage their
presence status, and share multimedia files, facilitating seamless communication among
participants.
8. Explain Scraping with examples:
o Detailed Explanation: Screen scraping is a technique used to extract data from web
interfaces when a website doesn’t offer a direct API. This method enables data collection for
various purposes, including market analysis, price monitoring, and content aggregation.
o Examples:
 Market Analysis: Screen scraping tools can be used to extract stock prices from
financial websites to monitor market trends and perform analysis.
 Data Aggregation: A news aggregator might use screen scraping to collect
headlines and articles from various news websites and present them on a single
platform.
 Social Media Metrics: Screen scraping is utilized to gather information from social
media profiles, like follower counts or post interactions, and analyze engagement
metrics.

These explanations provide a comprehensive and nuanced understanding of each topic, covering various
use cases and the technical details behind them.

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 Question: Stores or retains data after power off is called:

 a. Volatile storage
 b. Non-volatile storage
 c. Sequential storage
 d. Direct storage
 Answer: b. Non-volatile storage

 Question: A permanent memory, which requires data and instruction for start-up the computer and does
not erase data after power off:

 a. Network interface card

 b. HDD
 c. RAM
 d. ROM
 Answer: d. ROM
 Question: The Chips where information is stored as hard-coded are called as:

 a. RAM
 b. ROM
 c. Flash
 d. Cache
 Answer: b. ROM

 Question: In which of the following data structures, the first thing to be removed is the last item that
was placed onto it?

 a. heap
 b. Queue
 c. Stack
 d. Linked List
 Answer: c. Stack

 Question: When a program starts execution, which type of variables are allocated first on the stack?

 a. local
 b. global
 c. static
 d. Constant
 Answer: a. local

 Question: The maximum memory usage on the stack depends on which of the following criteria?

 a. No. of local variables that code has

 b. No. of instructions written in your code
 c. No. of static variables that code has
 d. The execution path that code can take through your code
 Answer: a. No. of local variables that code has

 Question: Debugging is:

 a. Creating program code?

 b. Finding and correcting errors in the program code
 c. Identifying the task to be computerized
 d. Creating the algorithm
 Answer: b. Finding and correcting errors in the program code

 Question: EPROM stands for:

 a. Electrically Erasable Programmable Memory

 b. Electrically Erased Programmable Memory
 c. Electrically Erasing Programmable Memory
 d. Electrically Erase Programmable Memory
 Answer: a. Electrically Erasable Programmable Memory

 Question: Memory available in heap memory are in:

 a. Chunks
 b. Fragments
 c. Bundles
 d. Isolation
  Answer: a. Chunks

 Question: One of the most prominent reasons an IoT device goes on frequent rebooting is:

 a. Self-maintenance
 b. Low Memory
 c. Memory Defragmentation
 d. Process Automation
 Answer: c. Memory Defragmentation

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Q.1 What are the main success criteria for business?

a. Loss
b. Profit
c. Failure
d. Quality
Correct Answer: b. Profit

Q.2 Who said this: “It is no exaggeration to suggest that the invention laid the foundations for an
information culture which is currently exemplified by the Internet and the World Wide Web.”
a. Kevin James
b. Gutenberg
c. Bill Gates
d. Alexander
Correct Answer: b. Gutenberg

Q.3 Ethic of mass production resulted in new business models which pioneered both “self-service
shopping” and the sale of a whole range of products under one roof. Example is:
a. Supermarkets
b. Fast-food franchising
c. Hypermarket
d. Wholesale
Correct Answer: a. Supermarkets

Q.4 Who wrote the popular templates for working on a business model is the Business Model Canvas?
a. Alexander Osterwalder
b. Gutenberg
c. Eric Anderson
d. Matthew Henry
Correct Answer: a. Alexander Osterwalder

Q.5 What are the ways of reaching the customer segments in the Business Model Canvas?
a. Reference
b. Bridges
c. Channels
d. Invitation
Correct Answer: c. Channels

Q.6 _______is a Creative Commons–licensed single-page planner.

a. Template
b. Design
c. Boxes
d. Canvas
Correct Answer: d. Canvas
Q.7 A _______ model might be appropriate, allowing you to recoup model costs and possibly make
ongoing profit by charging fees for your service.
a. Publication
b. Advertisement
c. Distribution
d. Subscription
Correct Answer: d. Subscription

Q.8 In the _______ model, a smaller or larger part of your product is free, while the users are also
encouraged to pay a premium to get additional features or remove limits.
a. Subscription
b. Freemium
c. Free
d. Advertisement
Correct Answer: b. Freemium

Q.9 _______ are the people you plan to deliver the product to.
a. Customer Segments
b. People
c. Client
d. Customer relationship
Correct Answer: a. Customer Segments

Q.10 _______is the practice of funding a project or venture by raising small amounts of money from a
large number of people, typically via the Internet.
a. Government funding
b. Kickstarter
c. Lean start-ups
d. Crowdfunding
Correct Answer: d. Crowdfunding

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1. Designing Kits: Designing kits are comprehensive collections of components, software, and
documentation for users to create their own custom electronics projects. These kits often include
printed circuit boards (PCBs), sensors, microcontrollers, and other components required for the
project. Additionally, they might contain software and libraries to simplify development and testing.
Designing kits can be used by hobbyists, students, or professionals to prototype new designs and
learn about electronic design and development.
2. Designing Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs): Designing a printed circuit board involves several key
steps:
o Schematic Design: The first step involves creating a circuit diagram that outlines the
electrical connections between components using software tools like EAGLE, KiCad, or
Altium Designer.
o Component Selection: Choose components, such as resistors, capacitors, and
microcontrollers, based on the circuit requirements and constraints.
o Layout and Routing: Position and route the components on the PCB. This step involves
ensuring the optimal path for signal integrity and minimizing noise interference.
o Design Rule Checking (DRC): Run automated checks to validate the design, ensuring that
all connections are correct, and spacing requirements are met.
o Gerber File Generation: Generate Gerber files, which contain detailed instructions on the
PCB layers, silkscreen, and drill file. These files guide the manufacturing process.
o Simulation: Before proceeding to manufacturing, a simulation can be conducted to validate
the circuit’s performance under different conditions.
3. Software Choices When Designing Printed Circuit Boards: Popular PCB design software tools
include:
o EAGLE: A user-friendly and versatile tool, suitable for beginners and professionals alike,
with various features to simplify the design process.
o KiCad: An open-source and comprehensive PCB design tool that provides a wide range of
features for circuit design and board layout.
o Altium Designer: A powerful and advanced tool with advanced routing capabilities, 3D
visualization, and detailed simulation features.
o Cadence Allegro: Suitable for high-speed and complex designs, often used in industrial and
automotive applications.
o Autodesk Fusion 360: A CAD tool that integrates PCB design within broader product
development capabilities.
4. Design Process for Printed Circuit Boards: The design process typically includes:
o Conceptualization: Define the circuit’s functionality and requirements, such as power
consumption, performance, and size constraints.
o Schematic Capture: Create a detailed circuit diagram that includes components,
connections, and logical elements.
o Component Selection: Choose components that meet the design criteria.
o PCB Layout: Arrange and route components on the PCB using the chosen software.
o Design Rule Checking (DRC): Validate the design to ensure it meets electrical and
physical criteria.
o Simulation: Test the circuit to ensure it performs as intended under various conditions.
o Gerber File Creation: Generate detailed files for manufacturing.
o Testing and Validation: Conduct testing to confirm that the board meets quality and
performance standards.
5. Manufacturing Methods for Printed Circuit Boards: Various manufacturing methods include:
o Single-Sided PCBs: Consist of one conductive layer on one side.
o Double-Sided PCBs: Have conductive layers on both sides, connected by plated-through
holes.
o Multilayer PCBs: Consist of multiple conductive layers separated by insulating layers,
often used for complex designs.
o Rigid PCBs: Made from a solid, inflexible substrate.
o Flexible PCBs: Made from flexible materials, allowing the board to bend and conform to
curved surfaces.
o Rigid-Flex PCBs: Combine rigid and flexible PCB sections in a single assembly.
6. Testing Process for Printed Circuit Boards: The testing process for PCBs typically involves:
o In-Circuit Testing (ICT): Use specialized testing equipment to test components and
connections on the board.
o Functional Testing: Apply power to the board and assess its performance based on
predefined operational criteria.
o Automated Optical Inspection (AOI): Employ high-resolution cameras to detect
component placement accuracy and solder joint quality.
o Boundary Scan Testing: Utilize boundary scan technology to test interconnections between
components without physical probes.
o Burn-In Testing: Power the board under extreme conditions to test its reliability.
7. Issues Faced During Custom Casing or Subassemblies: Issues during custom casing or
subassemblies can include:
o Material Selection: Choosing appropriate materials for durability and cost-effectiveness.
o Complexity: Designing subassemblies that accommodate multiple components and
connections.
o Tolerance Requirements: Ensuring all parts fit together seamlessly.
o Manufacturing Limitations: Addressing production constraints, including tooling costs
and manufacturing techniques.
o Heat Dissipation: Managing heat generated by components within the casing.
 Example: In a custom casing for a computer cooling system, ensuring sufficient air circulation and
heat dissipation could be a challenge. The casing design must provide optimal ventilation while
maintaining structural integrity and ease of access for maintenance.

8. Certifications and Tests for Internet of Things (IoT) Products: Certifications and tests required
for IoT products can include:
o CE Certification (Europe): Confirms that the product meets European safety, health, and
environmental standards.
o FCC Certification (USA): Certifies that the product meets Federal Communications
Commission regulations regarding electromagnetic interference.
o UL Certification (USA): Ensures the product meets safety standards set by Underwriters
Laboratories.
o RoHS Compliance: Restricts the use of hazardous materials in electronics, ensuring the
product meets environmental and health standards.
o EMC Testing: Electromagnetic compatibility testing to ensure the product does not emit
excessive electromagnetic interference.
o Environmental Testing: Assessing the product’s performance under extreme temperature,
humidity, and shock conditions.
9. Polishing Software Scaling Factors: When scaling up software, several considerations are crucial:
o Code Efficiency: Optimize code for speed and resource management to handle increased
traffic and workload.
o Load Balancing: Distribute user traffic across multiple servers to prevent overloading a
single server.
o Security: Implement advanced security measures to protect against cyber threats and
breaches.
o Scalable Architecture: Design software with scalability in mind to add new features and
accommodate future growth.
o Monitoring and Analytics: Use monitoring tools to assess performance and identify
bottlenecks, ensuring continuous improvement.
o User Experience: Maintain a seamless user experience even with increased demand.

These detailed answers offer a comprehensive understanding of each aspect, from designing kits and
printed circuit boards to certifications and software scaling factors.

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1. Why is privacy important for Internet of Things?

Privacy is crucial for the Internet of Things (IoT) because it protects individuals from
unauthorized access and misuse of their personal data. IoT devices often collect a significant
amount of data about users, such as their behavior, location, and habits. If privacy is not
safeguarded, this data could be exploited by third parties, including corporations,
governments, or malicious actors, leading to potential misuse, identity theft, or
discrimination. By ensuring privacy, individuals maintain control over their personal
information, fostering trust and responsible use of IoT technologies.

2. What are the reasons for giving up some control for IoT devices data?

Some control over IoT device data might be necessary for several reasons:

 Efficiency and Optimization: Allowing access to certain data can enable businesses and
organizations to analyze usage patterns, optimize operations, and enhance the performance
of IoT devices.
  Collaboration and Community: Public and community-led IoT projects might require
sharing data to create sensor networks that benefit the community or broader society.
 Innovation: Sharing data can stimulate innovation by providing researchers and developers
with insights and trends that can be utilized to create new applications or devices.
 Public Interest and Transparency: In cases where data pertains to public spaces or
environmental concerns, making data available can foster transparency and accountability.

3. Explain disrupting control and crowdsourcing with suitable examples.

 Disrupting Control: This concept involves shifting power away from centralized control to
empower individuals or community networks. For instance, in the case of smart grids, disrupting
control would mean allowing consumers to have more influence over their energy consumption
and production. Instead of relying on a single utility provider to manage electricity, consumers
can participate in energy-sharing or community-based initiatives to collectively manage energy
resources.
 Crowdsourcing: Crowdsourcing in IoT involves gathering data or solutions from a large,
diverse group of individuals rather than relying solely on experts. An example would be using
crowd-sourced environmental monitoring systems where individuals install IoT sensors in
public spaces to monitor air quality. This data can then be aggregated and analyzed to offer a
comprehensive view of environmental conditions.

4. What is “sensor commons” project? What are the critical requirements for a sensor commons
project?

A “sensor commons” project involves collective ownership and shared access to IoT sensor data by
a community or public. These projects aim to democratize data collection and management,
ensuring that information is available and useful to everyone, not just private entities.

 Critical Requirements for Sensor Commons:

o Community Involvement: Active participation of the community in setting up and
managing the sensors.
o Interoperability: Ensuring sensors can communicate and share data across different
platforms and systems.
o Transparency: Clear guidelines and mechanisms to ensure transparency in data
collection and governance.
o Privacy Protection: Safeguards to protect the privacy of individuals and data
subjects.
o Technical Infrastructure: Robust technical infrastructure for data aggregation,
processing, and analysis.

5. What are the environmental concerns about producing and running an IoT device?

Several environmental concerns arise from the production and operation of IoT devices:

 Resource Extraction: The production of IoT devices requires mining raw materials, such as
rare metals and minerals, which can have significant environmental impacts, including
deforestation and habitat destruction.
 Energy Consumption: Running IoT devices, particularly those with sensors and active data
communication, can consume a considerable amount of energy, contributing to the carbon
footprint.
 E-Waste: The rapid turnover of IoT devices leads to electronic waste, which often contains
hazardous materials that require careful disposal and recycling to avoid environmental
contamination.

6. How can Internet of Things be a part of the Solution to Reduce Environmental Waste?
 IoT technology can play a pivotal role in reducing environmental waste in several ways:

 Smart Manufacturing: By monitoring production lines and efficiency in real-time,

manufacturers can minimize waste and optimize resources.
 Smart Buildings and Homes: IoT devices can optimize energy consumption and water
usage, reducing waste from excessive use or energy loss.
 Environmental Monitoring: IoT sensors can provide real-time data on environmental
conditions, enabling better management of waste disposal and recycling efforts.
 Supply Chain Optimization: Tracking and optimizing logistics can lead to reduced
transportation emissions and improved waste management practices.

7. Write a short note on cautious optimism as a solution for IoT.

Cautious optimism in the context of IoT refers to adopting a balanced approach that appreciates the
potential benefits of IoT technologies while being aware of and addressing the ethical and
environmental concerns associated with their deployment. This approach encourages careful and
thoughtful implementation, ensuring that the technology is used responsibly and sustainably. For
instance, cautious optimism might involve leveraging IoT to enhance energy efficiency in buildings
while also addressing privacy concerns by implementing robust data protection measures.

8. What is “Open Internet of Things Definition”? What are the main goals of the definition?

The “Open Internet of Things Definition” is a document created during the Open IoT Assembly in
2011, aiming to establish principles and guidelines for the responsible and ethical use of IoT
technology. The definition seeks to codify the goals and values surrounding IoT technologies,
ensuring they bring value, meaning, insight, and fun to society.

 Main Goals of the Definition:

o Accessibility of Data: Ensuring open access to data feeds with free APIs that aren’t
restricted by proprietary technologies.
o Preservation of Privacy: Providing individuals control over their data and
protecting their privacy.
o Transparency of Process: Clearly outlining data rights and governance, especially
in public spaces, to empower community participation and decision-making.

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