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​ RADE 10 | SCIENCE

Unit 4
The Atomic Theory
Answer Key

Lesson 2.1: The Concept of Atom in Ancient Times

Check Your Understanding
A.
1. atomism
2. Plato
3. atomos
4. void
5. Plato

B.
1. T 6. T
2. Plato’s nature theory 7. Plato
3. Plato 8. T
4. philosophy 9. religious philosophers
5. impenetrable 10. T

Challenge Yourself
1. According to atomism, atoms are indestructible, ​penetrable​, and
unchangeable. They are homogeneous without internal structure.
2. Void is similar to our idea of space. Void may also strictly mean vacuum.
3. People are so attached to religion and nature as gift or blessing from God.
4. The answer may vary, but some examples are the internal structure of the
atom and their stability.
5. Answers may vary.

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Lesson 2.2: Discovery of the Subatomic Particles
Check Your Understanding
A.
1. F 6. F
2. T 7. T
3. F 8. F
4. F 9. F
5. F 10. F

B.

Hard Sphere Plum Pudding

Criteria Nuclear Model
Model Model

Who discovered John Dalton JJ Thomson Ernest

the atomic Rutherford
model?

What is the Atoms are Atoms contain Atoms contain a

unique feature of represented as negatively small positive
the model? hard spheres. charged core with
electrons electrons
dispersed in a somewhere
positively around it.
charged media.

What subatomic none electrons protons

particle was
discovered that
led to the
establishment of
such models?

What none cathode ray tube gold foil

experimental experiment experiment
setups were
used in
establishing the
atomic model?

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Challenge Yourself
1. First discovered was the electron, followed by proton and lastly by the
neutrons. Since during Rutherford’s time, neutrons were not yet discovered,
the nucleus was not known to contain protons and neutrons. They just know
that the nucleus of an atom is positively charged.
2. Electrons are the smallest subatomic particle. This also makes them more
mobile.
3. Space is where electromagnetic waves travel. Atoms (and in a larger scale,
cells) use these spaces for communication.
4. The discovery of the neutron answered the question of how protons clump
together in the nucleus. They serve as buffer particles.
5. A lot of experiments that contributed to our understanding of the structure
of the atom (i.e. cathode ray tube experiment, gold foil experiment) highly
depended on rays and principles of radioactivity.

Lesson 2.3: Bohr Model of the Atom

Check Your Understanding
A.
1. F 6. F
2. F 7. T
3. T 8. F
4. T 9. T
5. F 10. T

B.
1. He added the concept of orbit in Rutherford’s nuclear model, explaining
electrons stay on specific distances from the nucleus.
2. An energy level is an imaginary circular orbit where electrons stay and
revolve.
3. The ground state is where the electron’s energy is at a minimum; putting
energy in the electron can transfer it to highly energetic excited states.
4. Since the ground state is where the electron’s energy is at a minimum, it is
the most comfortable state of the electron. It will always go back to the
ground state.

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 5. Quantization allowed scientists to explain spectral lines. By assuming fixed
energy orbits, they were able to mathematically determine the values of the
spectral lines which are in accordance to experimental results.

Challenge Yourself
1. Spectral lines are quite a mystery during Bohr’s time because light and
electromagnetic waves when refracted in a prism, produces a continuum or
overlapping bands of light.
2. Elements have unique orbits where electrons stay. They have unique
excitation and relaxation patterns which produce their characteristic color
when heated.
3. As long as an electron remains in its given orbit, its energy is constant and no
energy is emitted. This allows them to stay in their position while revolving
around the nucleus.
4. If you will observe the Balmer equation, the ​n value of the first fraction is
equivalent to 2. This final energy level is only applicable to the visible region.
Changing the value to 1 will allow one to calculate wavelengths at the
ultraviolet region while changing the value to 3 will allow one to calculate
wavelengths at the infrared region.
5. Some energy is used or lost during excitation, making discrepancies on the
energy that are being released during relaxation.

Lesson 2.4: Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom

Check Your Understanding

A.
1. Erwin Schrodinger
2. atomic orbitals
3. magnetic spin quantum number
4. uncertainty principle
5. Louis de Broglie
B.
1. T
2. F
3. T
4. F
5. T

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C.
Principal Azimuthal Magnetic
Spin quantum
quantum quantum quantum
number
number number number

1 0 0

2 0 0

3 1 +1, ​0,​ -1

Challenge Yourself
1. Three. The principal, azimuthal and magnetic quantum numbers are enough
to describe the size, shape, and configuration of an orbital. However, the
electron can have positive or negative spin. Hence, an electron is described
by four quantum numbers (the whole set).
2. Bohr’s orbit is fixed and two dimensional, while Schrodinger’s orbitals are
spatial and three dimensional.
3. Electrons have 50-50 percent chance of having positive and negative spins.
4. Answers may vary.
5. Answers may vary.

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