CISCO NETWORKING EXAM 2024/2025 WITH 100% ACCURATE SOLUTIONS

CISCO NETWORKING EXAM 2024/2025

WITH 100% ACCURATE SOLUTIONS

What does the application layer provide? - Precise Answer ✔✔the

interface between the applications we use to communicate and the
underlying network over which our messages are transmitted

What are the three elements of communication? - Precise Answer

✔✔Sender, Receiver, Chanel

What are the five aspects of the information network we will focus on in
this course? - Precise Answer ✔✔Devices that make up the network
Media that connect the devices
Messages that are carried across the network
Rules and processes that govern network communications
Tools and commands for constructing and maintaining networks

What is the definition of the term network for this course? - Precise
Answer ✔✔data or information networks capable of carrying many
different types of communications, including traditional computer data,
interactive voice, video, and entertainment products.

What would happen to the network if a message was sent as one massive
continuous stream of bits? - Precise Answer ✔✔no other device would
be able to send or receive messages on the same network while this data
transfer was in progress

Define segmentation of messages - Precise Answer ✔✔division of the

data stream into smaller pieces

What are the 2 advantages of segmentation? - Precise Answer ✔✔many

different conversations can be interleaved on the network
segmentation can increase the reliability of network communications

What is multiplexing? - Precise Answer ✔✔process used to interleave

the pieces of separate conversations together on the network

What is hardware on a network? - Precise Answer ✔✔the visible

components of the network platform

the visible components of the network platform - Precise Answer

✔✔Computers (work stations, laptops, file servers, web servers)
Network printers
VoIP phones
Security cameras
Mobile handheld devices (such as wireless barcode scanners, PDAs)
What is the definition of a host? - Precise Answer ✔✔either the source
or destination of a message transmitted over the network

What is the definition of a server? - Precise Answer ✔✔hosts that have

software installed that enables them to provide information and services

What is the definition of a client? - Precise Answer ✔✔hosts that have

software installed that enables them to request and display the
information obtained from the server

List examples of intermediary devices. - Precise Answer ✔✔Network

Access Devices (Hubs, switches, and wireless access points)
Internetworking Devices (routers)
Communication Servers and Modems
Security Devices (firewalls)

List examples of process that intermediary devices perform.Regenerate

and retransmit data signals - Precise Answer ✔✔Regenerate and
retransmit data signals
Maintain information about what pathways exist through the network
and internetwork
Notify other devices of errors and communication failures
Direct data along alternate pathways when there is a link failure
Classify and direct messages according to QoS priorities
Permit or deny the flow of data, based on security settings
What are the 3 primary types of media used in modern networks? -
Precise Answer ✔✔Metallic wires within cables
Glass or plastic fibers (fiber optic cable)
Wireless transmission

What criteria should be used to select network media? - Precise Answer

✔✔The distance the media can successfully carry a signal.
The environment in which the media is to be installed.
The amount of data and the speed at which it must be transmitted.
The cost of the media and installation

What are the ways in which network infrastructure can vary? - Precise
Answer ✔✔The size of the area covered
The number of users connected
The number and types of services available

What is the definition of a LAN? - Precise Answer ✔✔individual

network usually spans a single geographical area, providing services and
applications to people within a common organizational structure

What is the definition of a WAN? - Precise Answer ✔✔networks that

connect LANs in geographically separated locations
What is an internetwork? - Precise Answer ✔✔A global mesh of
interconnected networks (internetworks) meets these human
communication needs.

What is an intranetwork? - Precise Answer ✔✔a private connection of

LANs and WANs that belongs to an organization, and is designed to be
accessible only by the organization's members, employees, or others
with authorization

Define a NIC - Precise Answer ✔✔provides the physical connection to

the network at the PC or other host device.

Define a physical port - Precise Answer ✔✔A connector or outlet on a

networking device where the media is connected to a host or other
networking device.

Define an interface - Precise Answer ✔✔Specialized ports on an

internetworking device that connect to individual networks.

What are the 3 layers of protocols described? - Precise Answer

✔✔Content Layer, Rules Layer, Physical Layer

What process do networking layer protocol suites describe? - Precise

Answer ✔✔The format or structure of the message
The process by which networking devices share information about
pathways with other networks
How and when error and system messages are passed between devices
The setup and termination of data transfer sessions

What is proprietary? - Precise Answer ✔✔one company or vendor

controls the definition of the protocol and how it functions

What does the use of standards and protocols provide? - Precise Answer
✔✔products from different manufacturers can work together for
efficient communications

What is an application protocol? - Precise Answer ✔✔defines the

content and formatting of the requests and responses exchanged between
the client and server

What is a Transport Protocol? - Precise Answer ✔✔manages the

individual conversations between web servers and web clients

What is the Internetwork Protocol - Precise Answer ✔✔responsible for

taking the formatted segments from TCP, encapsulating them into
packets, assigning the appropriate addresses, and selecting the best path
to the destination host.

What is the Network Access Protocol? - Precise Answer ✔✔Network

access protocols describe two primary functions, data link management
and the physical transmission of data on the media.
What do networking protocols describe? - Precise Answer ✔✔the
functions that occur during network communications

What are the benefits of using a layered model to describe networking? -

Precise Answer ✔✔Assists in protocol design, because protocols that
operate at a specific layer have defined information that they act upon
and a defined interface to the layers above and below.
Fosters competition because products from different vendors can work
together.
Prevents technology or capability changes in one layer from affecting
other layers above and below.
Provides a common language to describe networking functions and
capabilities.

What are the two basic types of networking models? - Precise Answer
✔✔protocol models and reference models

What are the two primary models used when describing networking? -
Precise Answer ✔✔TCP/IP and OSI

What is done at the Application Layer? - Precise Answer ✔✔Represents

the data to the user plus encoding and dialog control

What is done at the Transport Layer? - Precise Answer ✔✔Supports

communication between diverse devices across diverse neworks
What is done at the Internet Layer? - Precise Answer ✔✔Determines the
best path through the network

What is done at the Network Access Layer? - Precise Answer

✔✔Controls the hardware devices and media that make up the network

What are the seven steps in a complete communication process? -

Precise Answer ✔✔1. Creation of data at the application layer of the
originating source end device

2. Segmentation and encapsulation of data as it passes down the protocol

stack in the source end device

3. Generation of the data onto the media at the network access layer of
the stack

4. Transportation of the data through the internetwork, which consists of

media and any intermediary devices

5. Reception of the data at the network access layer of the destination

end device

6. Decapsulation and reassembly of the data as it passes up the stack in

the destination device
7. Passing this data to the destination application at the Application layer
of the destination end device

What is the PDU for the application layer? - Precise Answer ✔✔Data

What is the Transport Layer PDU? - Precise Answer ✔✔Segment

What is the PDU for the Internet Layer? - Precise Answer ✔✔Packet

What is the PDU for the Network Access Layer? - Precise Answer
✔✔Frame

What PDU is used when physically transporting the information over the
medium? - Precise Answer ✔✔Bits

How is the protocol stack processed when sending information? -

Precise Answer ✔✔Top to bottom

What is the process use at the receiving end called? - Precise Answer
✔✔Decapsulation

What are the seven layers of the OSI Model? - Precise Answer
✔✔Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link,
Physical
Which Layers of the OSI Model parallel with the TCP/IP Model? -
Precise Answer ✔✔Application, Presentation, Session-Application
Transport-Transport
Internet-Network
Data Link, Physical-Network Access

What does the physical layer do? - Precise Answer ✔✔Timing and
synchronization of bits

What addresses does the data link layer use? - Precise Answer
✔✔Destination and source physical address

What address does the network layer use? - Precise Answer

✔✔Destination and source logical address

What does the transport layer use? - Precise Answer ✔✔Destination and
source process number (ports)

What do the upper layers use? - Precise Answer ✔✔Encoded application

data

What is the PDU for Layer 2 called - Precise Answer ✔✔Frame

What is the layer 2 address called? - Precise Answer ✔✔MAC address

What happens after the frame has reached its' destination? - Precise
Answer ✔✔the Layer 2 address information is removed as the data is
decapsulated and moved up the protocol stack to Layer 3

What are layer 3 devices primarily designed for? - Precise Answer ✔✔to
move data from one local network to another local network within an
internetwork

What address is used at Layer 3? - Precise Answer ✔✔IP address

What is the PDU of the Layer 3 information? - Precise Answer

✔✔Packet

Which device decapsulates the frame at the edge of a network? - Precise

Answer ✔✔Router

What does a router do? - Precise Answer ✔✔use the network identifier
portion of this address to determine which path to use to reach the
destination host

What happens when the frame reaches the end device? - Precise Answer
✔✔the frame and packet headers are removed and the data moved up to
Layer 4
What does the information in the frame provide at Layer 4? - Precise
Answer ✔✔identifies the specific process or service running on the
destination host device that will act on the data being delivered

How is each application or service represented at Layer 4? - Precise

Answer ✔✔Port number

What are application layer protocols used for? - Precise Answer ✔✔to
exchange data between programs running on the source and destination
hosts

What are the three primary functions of the Presentation Layer? - Precise
Answer ✔✔Coding and conversion of Application layer data to ensure
that data from the source device can be interpreted by the appropriate
application on the destination device.
Compression of the data in a manner that can be decompressed by the
destination device.
Encryption of the data for transmission and the decryption of data upon
receipt by the destination.

What is the main function of the session layer? - Precise Answer

✔✔create and maintain dialogs between source and destination
applications
What do the Application Layer protocols of the TCP/IP protocol
specify? - Precise Answer ✔✔the format and control information
necessary for many of the common Internet communication functions

What are the two forms of software programs or process that provide
network access in the Application Layer - Precise Answer
✔✔applications and services

What do protocols provide? - Precise Answer ✔✔the rules and formats

that govern how data is treated

What is the difference between an application and a service? - Precise

Answer ✔✔Applications interact with the user and services prepare data
for the network

What do application layer protocols do? - Precise Answer ✔✔Protocols

provide the rules and formats that govern how data is treated.

What 6 things do protocols define? - Precise Answer ✔✔1. processes on

either end of the communication
2. types of messages
3. syntax of messages
4. meaning of any informational fields
5. how messages are sent and the expected response
6. interaction with the nextlower layer
What is the difference between a client and a server? - Precise Answer
✔✔the device requesting the information is called a client and the
device responding to the request is called a server

In general networking sense what is a server? - Precise Answer ✔✔any

device that responds to requests from client applications is functioning
as a server

Describe the 2 processes a daemon uses (listening and hears)? - Precise

Answer ✔✔"listening" for a request from a client, because they are
programmed to respond whenever the server receives a request for the
service provided by the daemon
"hears" a request from a client, it exchanges appropriate messages with
the client, as required by its protocol, and proceeds to send the requested
data to the client in the proper format

What is a peer-to-peer network? - Precise Answer ✔✔two or more

computers are connected via a network and can share resources (such as
printers and files) without having a dedicated server

Are peer-to-peer networks easy to secure? - Precise Answer ✔✔No

What are peer-to-peer applications? - Precise Answer ✔✔allows a

device to act as both a client and a server within the same
communication
What do port numbers identify? - Precise Answer ✔✔applications and
Application layer services that are the source and destination of data

What does the DNS protocol do? - Precise Answer ✔✔defines an

automated service that matches resource names with the required
numeric network address.

What does the nslookup utility allow you to do? - Precise Answer
✔✔allows the user to manually query the name servers to resolve a
given host name

What does the command ipconfig /displaydns show? - Precise Answer

✔✔Displays all of the cached DNS entries on a Windows XP or 2000
computer system

What happens if a DNS server does not have a name in its stored
records? - Precise Answer ✔✔It passes the request on to another DNS
server

If the same request is made again where does the DNS server look? -
Precise Answer ✔✔In its cache

When is a server declared to be an authoritative server? - Precise

Answer ✔✔When the resource is directly held on that server
Define the three parts of a url as listed on the page? - Precise Answer
✔✔http:- protocol
www.cisco.com- name of server
web-server.htm- name of file or page

What type of request is sent to the server when retrieving a web page? -
Precise Answer ✔✔GET

What does the POST command do? - Precise Answer ✔✔Sends

information to the web server

What does the PUT command do? - Precise Answer ✔✔Sends resources
or content to the web server

What protocol is used for secure transmission across the web? - Precise
Answer ✔✔HTTPS:

What 2 Application Layer protocols are used in sending and receiving

email? - Precise Answer ✔✔POP (Post Office Protocol) and SMTP
(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

What is another name for an email application? - Precise Answer

✔✔MUA Mail User Agent
What are the two processes that email servers perform? - Precise Answer
✔✔MTA Mail Transfer Agent
MDA Mail Delivery Agent

What happens to emails in many companies once the email reaches the
internal server? - Precise Answer ✔✔Converted to a proprietary
protocol for mail delivery

List and describe some of the commands used by the SMTP protocol. -
Precise Answer ✔✔HELO - identifies the SMTP client process to the
SMTP server process
EHLO - Is a newer version of HELO, which includes services
extensions
MAIL FROM - Identifies the sender
RCPT TO - Identifies the recipient
DATA - Identifies the body of the message

What is File Transfer Protocol (FTP)? - Precise Answer ✔✔developed

to allow for file transfers between a client and a server

What are the 2 ports used and their purpose in FTP? - Precise Answer
✔✔21- Used for control
20- Used for actual file transfer
What does Dynamic Host Confirmation Protocol (DHCP) do for a
network? - Precise Answer ✔✔allows a host to obtain an IP address
dynamically when it connects to the network

What are the 4 types of messages sent and received in DHCP? - Precise
Answer ✔✔DHCP Discover
DHCP Offer
DHCP Request
DHCP Acknowledge

What is SMB (Server Message Block)? - Precise Answer ✔✔the

structure of shared network resources, such as directories, files, printers,
and serial ports

What are the 3 message types of SMB messages? - Precise Answer

✔✔Start, authenticate, and terminate sessions
Control file and printer access
Allow an application to send or receive messages to or from another
device

What does the Telenet application provide? - Precise Answer

✔✔provides a standard method of emulating text-based terminal devices
over the data network.
What protocol is recommended alternative to Telnet when security is a
concern? - Precise Answer ✔✔SSH Secure Shell protocol