Q-Series : Mathematics For Class 11 QM Khan Wazir 92

EXERCISE 2.4
1. Solve the following system of equations by matrix inversion method.
(i) 4 x  3 y  z  11 (ii) x  y  z  1
2 x  y  4 z  1 x  y  2z  3
x  2 y  2z  1 2x  y  z  2
Solution:
(i) We have to solve the system of equations given by;
4 x  3 y  z  11 

2 x  y  4 z  1
x  2 y  2 z  1 
In matrix notation, the above system is written as;
 4 3 1   x  11 
 2 1 4   y    1
    
1 2 2   z   1 
 4 3 1   x 11 
 AX  B  1 where, A   2 1 4  , X   y  and B   1
   
1 2 2   z   1 
First we find A .
4 3 1
A 2 1 4
1 2 2
1 4 3 1 3 1
4 2 1  Expanding by C1 
2 2 2 2 1 4
 a b 
 4  2  8   2  6  2   112  1   ad  bc 
 c d 
 4  6   2  4   111
 24  8  11
 27
Since A  27  0 , so A is a non-singular matrix and hence, A1 exists.
Pre-multiplying Eq 1 by A1 , we have
A1  AX   A1 B
  A A X  A
1 1
B  By associative property 
Chapter#02: Matrices and Determinants Exercise-2.4 93
 IX  A1 B  A 1
A I
 X  A1 B   2   I is the multiplicative identity 
Now, we find A1 which is given by the formula

t
 A11 A12 A13 
where, adjA   A21 A23 
1
A1  adjA   3 A22
A
 A31 A32 A33 
1 4
Here, A11   1   1  2  8   1 6   6
11 2

2 2
1 2 2 4
A12   1   1  4  4   1 0   0
3

1 2
1 3 2 1
A13   1   1  4  1  1 3  3
4

1 2
2 1 3 1
A21   1   1  6  2   1 4   4
3

2 2
2 2 4 1
A22   1   1  8  1  1 9   9
4

1 2
23 4 3
A23   1   1  8  3  111  11
5

1 2
31 3 1
A31   1   1 12  1  111  11
4

1 4
3 2 4 1
A32   1   1  16  2   1 18   18
5

2 4
3 3 4 3
A33   1   1  4  6   110   10
6

2 1
3  6 4 11
t
6 0
 adjA   4 9 11  0 9 18 

 11 18 10   3 11 10 
Putting the values in Eq  2  , we have
6 4 11
1 
1
A  0 9 18
27 
 3 11 10 
Q-Series : Mathematics For Class 11 QM Khan Wazir 94
Next, putting the values in Eq 1 , we have
 x  6 4 11 11 
 y  1 
0 9 18  1
  27 
 z   3 11 10   1 
 x  6  11   4    1  11 1 
 y  1  
    0  11   9    1  18  1 
27
 z  3  11   11   1  10  1
 x  66  4  11 
  y  1 
0  9  18 
  27 
 z  33  11  10 
 x  81  81 27   3 
  y  1   
27    27 27    1 
  27 
 z   54   54 27   2 
 x  3 , y  1 and z  2  By equality of matrices 
Thus,  x, y, z    3, 1, 2  is the required solution of the given system of equations.
(ii) We have to solve the system of equations given by;
x  y  z  1

x  y  2z  3 
2 x  y  z  2 
In matrix notation, the above system is written as;
1 1 1   x  1 
1 1 2   y    3 
    
 2 1 1   z   2 
1 1 1   x 1 
 AX  B  1 where, A  1 1 2  , X   y  and B   3 
   
 2 1 1   z   2 
First we find A .
1 1 1
A  1 1 2
2 1 1
Chapter#02: Matrices and Determinants Exercise-2.4 95
1 2 1 2 1 1
1 1 1  Expanding by R1 
1 1 2 1 2 1
 a b 
 11  2   11  4   11  2    ad  bc 
 c d 
 1 3  1 5   1 1
 3  5 1
 3
Since A  3  0 , so A is a non-singular matrix and hence, A1 exists.
Pre-multiplying Eq 1 by A1 , we have
A1  AX   A1 B
  A A X  A
1 1
B  By associative property 
 IX  A1 B  A 1
A I
 X  A1 B   2   I is the multiplicative identity 
Now, we find A1 which is given by the formula

t
 A11 A12 A13 
where, adjA   A21 A23 
1
A1  adjA   3 A22
A
 A31 A32 A33 
1 2
Here, A11   1   1 1  2   1 3  3
11 2

1 1
1 2 1 2
A12   1   1 1  4   1 5   5
3

2 1
1 3 1 1
A13   1   1 1  2   1 1  1
4

2 1
2 1 1 1
A21   1   1 1  1  1 0   0
3

1 1
2 2 1 1
A22   1   1 1  2   1 1  1
4

2 1
23 1 1
A23   1   1 1  2   1 1  1
5

2 1
31 1 1
A31   1   1  2  1  1 3  3
4

1 2
Q-Series : Mathematics For Class 11 QM Khan Wazir 96
1 1
A32   1   1  2  1  1 3  3
3 2 5

1 2
3 3 1 1
A33   1   1 1  1  1 0   0
6

1 1
 3 5 1  3 0 3
t

 adjA   0 1 1    5 1 3 
 3 3 0   1 1 0 
Putting the values in Eq  2  , we have
 3 0 3  3 0 3 
1 
5 1 3    5 1 3

1 1
A  
3 3
 1 1 0   1 1 0 
Next, putting the values in Eq 1 , we have
 x  3 0 3   1 
 y   1  5 1 3  3 
  3  
 z   1 1 0   2 
 x  3  1  0  3  3  2 
 y    5  1  1  3  3  2 
1
   3   
 z  1 1   1  3  0  2 
 x  3  0  6 
  y    5  3  6 
  1
3
 z   1  3  0 
 x 3 33  1 
  y    2    2 3    2 3 
  1  
3
 z   2   2 3  2 3
2 2
 x  1 , y  and z    By equality of matrices 
3 3
 2 2
Thus,  x, y, z   1, ,   is the required solution of the given system of equations.
 3 3
2. Solve the following system of equations by the Gauss elimination
method and Gauss-Jordan method.
(i) x  y  4z  4 (ii) 2 x  4 y  z  0
2x  2 y  z  2 x  2 y  2z  2
Chapter#02: Matrices and Determinants Exercise-2.4 97
3 x  2 y  3 z  3 5 x  8 y  3 z   2
Solution:
(i) We have to solve the system of equations given by;
x  y  4z  4 

2x  2 y  z  2 
3 x  2 y  3 z  3
In matrix notation, the above system is written as;
1 1 4   x   4 
 2 2 1  y    2 
    
 3 2 3   z   3
1 1 4   x 4
 AX  B where, A   2 2 1 , X   y  and B   2 
   
 3 2 3   z   3
(a) Gauss Elimination Method:
The augmented matrix  A B  of the given system of equations is;
 1 1 4 4
 
 A B    2 2 1 2 
 3 2 3 3
 1 1 4 4 
R 0 4 9 6  By R   2  R
   2 1
0 1 9 15 By R 3   3 R 1
 1 1 4 4 
R 0 1 9 15 By R  R

   2 3
0 4 9 6 
 1 1 4 4 
R 0 1 9 15
  
0 0 27 54  By R 3   4  R 2
The last obtained matrix is equivalent to the following system of equations;
x  y  4 z  4   1 

y  9 z  15    2 

27 z  54    3 
Q-Series : Mathematics For Class 11 QM Khan Wazir 98
From Eq  3 , we have
27 z  54  z2
Putting z  2 in Eq  2  , we have
y  9  2   15
 y  18  15  y3
Putting y  3 and z  2 in Eq 1 , we have
x  3  4  2  4
 x 38  4
 x  5  4  x  1
Thus, x  1 , y  3 and z  2 .
Hence,  x, y, z    1, 3, 2  is the required solution of the given system by the Gauss
elimination method.
(b) Gauss-Jordan Method:
In Part-(a), we have found that
 1 1 4 4 
 
 A B   0 1 9 15
R
0 0 27 54 
1 0 5 11 By R 1  R 2
R 0 1 9 15
  
0 0 1 2  By 1 27  R 3
1 0 0 1 By R 1  5R 3
R 0 1 0 3  By R  9R
   2 3
0 0 1 2 
The last obtained matrix is equivalent to the following system of equations;
x  1 , y  3 and z  2
Thus,  x, y, z    1, 3, 2  is the required solution of the given system by the Gauss-
Jordan method.
(ii) We have to solve the system of equations given by;
2x  4 y  z  0 

x  2 y  2z  2 
5 x  8 y  3 z  2 
In matrix notation, the above system is written as;
Chapter#02: Matrices and Determinants Exercise-2.4 99
 2 4 1  x   0 
 1 2 2   y    2 
    
 5 8 3   z   2 
 2 4 1  x 0
 AX  B where, A   1 2 2  , X   y  and B   2 
   
 5 8 3   z   2 
(a) Gauss Elimination Method:
The augmented matrix  A B  of the given system of equations is;
 2 4 1 0 
 
 A B    1 2 2 2 
 5 8 3 2 
 1 2  2 2 
R  2 4 1 0  By R  R
   2 1
 5 8 3 2 
 1 2  2 2 
R 0 8 
3 4  By R 2   2  R 1
 
0 18 7 8  By R 3  5R 1
 1 2  2 2 
R 0 8 3 4 

 
0 2 1 0  By R 3  2R 2
 1 2 2 2 
R 0 2 1 0  By R  R
   2 3
0 8 3 4 
 1 2  2 2 
R 0 2 1 
0  By  1 R 2
 
0 0 1 4  By R 3  4R 2
The last obtained matrix is equivalent to the following system of equations;
x  2 y  2 z  2   1 

2 y  z  0    2 

 z  4    3 
Q-Series : Mathematics For Class 11 QM Khan Wazir 100

From Eq  3 , we have
 z  4  z  4
Putting z  4 in Eq  2  , we have
2y  4  0
 2 y  4  y  2
Putting y  2 and z  4 in Eq 1 , we have
x  2  2   2  4   2
 x  48  2
 x4 2  x 6
Thus, x  6 , y  2 and z  4
Hence,  x, y, z    6,  2, 4  is the required solution of the given system by the
Gauss elimination method.
(b) Gauss-Jordan Method:
In Part-(a), we have found that
 1 2  2 2 
 
 A B  R  0 2 1 0
0 0 1 4 
1 0 1 2  By R 1  R 2
R 0 2 1 0 
  
0 0 1 4  By  1 R 3
1 0 1 6  By R 1  R 3
 
R 0 2 0 4 By R   1 R
   2 3
0 0 1 4 
1 0 1 6 
R 0 1 0 2  By 1 2  R
   2
0 0 1 4 
The last obtained matrix is equivalent to the following system of equations;
x  6 , y  2 and z  4
Thus,  x, y, z    6,  2, 4  is the required solution of the given system by the Gauss-
Jordan method.
Chapter#02: Matrices and Determinants Exercise-2.4 101

3. Use Cramer’s to solve the following system of equations.

(i) x  2 y  4 (ii) x  y  2 z  10
3 x  y  5 2 x  y  2 z  4
2 x  z  1 3x  y  z  7
Solution:
(i) The given system of equations is;
x  2 y  4  x  2 y  0 z  4 
 
3 x  y  5   3 x  y  0 z   5 
2 x  z  1  2 x  0 y  z  1
In matrix notation, the above system is written as;
1 2 0   x   4
 3 1 0   y    5
    
 2 0 1   z   1
1 2 0   x  4 
 AX  B where, A   3 1 0  , X   y  and B   5
   
 2 0 1   z   1
First we find A .
1 2 0
A 3 1 0
2 0 1
1 2
1  Expanding by C3 
3 1
 a b 
 11  6   7   ad  bc 
 c d 
As A  7  0 , so the given system of equations has a unique solution.
 k1 a12 a13   4 2 0   a11 k1 a12   1 4 0 
Let Ax   k2 a22 a23    5 1 0  , Ay   a21
   k2 a23    3 5 0 
 k3 a32 a33   1 0 1   a31 k3 a33   2 1 1 
 a11 a12 k1   1 2 4 
and Az   a21 a22 k2    3 1 5
 a31 a32 k3   2 0 1
Q-Series : Mathematics For Class 11 QM Khan Wazir 102

4 2 0
Now, Ax  5 1 0
1 0 1
4  2
1  Expanding by C3 
5 1
 a b 
 1 4  10   14   ad  bc 
 c d 
1 4 0
Ay  3 5 0
2 1 1
1 4
1  Expanding by C3 
3 5
 a b 
 1 5  12   7   ad  bc 
 c d 
1 2 4
and Az  3 1 5
2 0 1
2 4 1 4 1 2
2 0 1  Expanding by R 3 
1 5 3 5 3 1
 a b 
 2 10  4   0  11  6    ad  bc 
 c d 
 2 14   1 7   28  7  21
Using Cramer’s rule, we have
A 14 Ay 7 Az 21
x x   2 , y   1 and z  3
A 7 A 7 A 7
Thus,  x, y, z    2, 1, 3 is the required solution of the given system of equations
by the Cramer’s rule.
(ii) The given system of equations is;
x  y  2 z  10 

2 x  y  2 z  4 
3 x  y  z  7 
In matrix notation, the above system is written as;
Chapter#02: Matrices and Determinants Exercise-2.4 103

1 1 2   x  10 
 2 1 2   y   4 
   
 3 1 1   z   7 
1 1 2   x 10 
 AX  B where, A   2 1 2  , X   y  and B   4 
   
 3 1 1   z   7 
First we find A .
1 1 2
A 2 1 2
3 1 1
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 3  Expanding by C1 
1 1 1 1 1 2
 a b 
 11  2   2  1  2   3  2  2    ad  bc 
 c d 
 1 3  2  3  3  0 
 3 6 0  9
As A  9  0 , so the given system of equations has a unique solution.
 k1 a12 a13  10 1 2  a11 k1 a12   1 10 2 
Let Ax   k2 a22 a23    4 1 2  , Ay   a21
 k2 a23    2 4 2 
 k3 a32 a33   7 1 1   a31 k3 a33   3 7 1 
 a11 a12 k1   1 1 10 
and Az   a21 a22 k2    2 1 4 
 a31 a32 k3   3 1 7 
10 1 2
Now, Ax  4 1 2
7 1 1
1 2 4  2 4 1
 10 1 2  Expanding by R1 
1 1 7 1 7 1
 a b 
 10 1  2   1 4  14   2  4  7    ad  bc 
 c d 
 10  3  110   2  11
Q-Series : Mathematics For Class 11 QM Khan Wazir 104
 30  10  22  18
1 10 2
Ay  2 4 2
3 7 1
4  2 2 2 2 4
1  10 2  Expanding by R1 
7 1 3 1 3 7
 a b 
 1 4  14   10  2  6   2 14  12    ad  bc 
 c d 
 110   10  8   2  26 
 10  80  52  18
1 1 10
and Az  2 1 4
3 1 7
1 4 2 4 2 1
1 1  10  Expanding by R1 
1 7 3 7 3 1
 a b 
 1 7  4   114  12   10  2  3   ad  bc 
 c d 
 111  1 26   10  1
 11  26  10  27
Using Cramer’s rule, we have
A 18 Ay 18 Az 27
x  x   2, y   2 and z  3
A 9 A 9 A 9
Thus,  x, y, z    2,  2, 3 is the required solution of the given system of equations
by the Cramer’s rule.
4. Solve the following system of homogeneous equations.
(i) x1  x2  x3  0 (ii) x1  x2  2 x3  0
x1  2 x2  x3  0 2 x1  x2  x3  0
2 x1  x2  3 x3  0  x1  5 x2  4 x3  0
Solution:
(i) The given system of homogeneous linear equations is;
x1  x2  x3  0 

x1  2 x2  x3  0 
2 x1  x2  3 x3  0 
Chapter#02: Matrices and Determinants Exercise-2.4 105
In matrix notation, the above system is written as;
1 1 1   x1   0 
1 2 1  x    0 
  2  
 2 1 3   x3   0 
1 1 1   x1  0
 AX  O  1 where, A  1 2 1 , X   x2  and O  0 
   
 2 1 3   x3  0 
First we find A .
1 1 1
A 1 2 1
2 1 3
2 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 2  Expanding by C1 
1 3 1 3 2 1
 a b 
 1 6  1  1 3  1  2 1  2    ad  bc 
 c d 
 1 7   1 4   2  1
 742
9
As A  9  0 , so A1 exists and hence, the given homogeneous system has a trivial
solution. Pre-multiplying Eq 1 by A1 , we have
A1  AX   A1O
 By associative property 
  A A X  O
1
 
 and O is a null matrix 
 IX  O  A1 A  I 
 X O  I is the multiplicative identity 
 x1   0 
i.e.  x2    0   x1  x2  x3  0  By equality of matrices 
 x3   0 
Thus, the given homogeneous system has only the trivial solution,
i.e.  x1 , x2 , x3    0, 0, 0 
Q-Series : Mathematics For Class 11 QM Khan Wazir 106
(ii) The given system of homogeneous linear equations is;
x1  x2  2 x3  0 

2 x1  x2  x3  0 
 x1  5 x2  4 x3  0 
In matrix notation, the above system is written as;
 1 1 2   x1   0 
 2 1 1  x    0 
  2  
 1 5 4   x3   0 
1 1 2  x1  0
 AX  O  1 where, A   2 1 1 , X   x2  and O  0 
   

 1 5 4   x3  0 
First we find A .
1 1 2
A  2 1 1
1 5 4
1 1 2 1 2 1
1 1 2  Expanding by R1 
5 4 1 4 1 5
 a b 
 1 4  5   1 8  1  2  10  1   ad  bc 
 c d 
 1 9   1 9   2  9 
 9  9  18
0
As A  0 , so A1 does not exists and hence, the given homogeneous system has non-
trivial solutions.
The augmented matrix  A O  of the given homogeneous system of equation is,
1 1 2 0
 
 A O    2 1 1 0 
 1 5 4 0 
1 1 2 0
R 0 
3 0  By R 2  2R 1
  3
0 6 6 0  By R 3  R 1
Chapter#02: Matrices and Determinants Exercise-2.4 107

1 1 2 0
 
R
 0 1 1 0 By 1 3 R 2
0 0 0 0  By R 3   2  R 2
1 0 1 0  By R 1   1 R 2
R  
 0 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 
The last obtained matrix is equivalent to the following homogeneous system of linear
equations;
x1  x3  0  1 

x2  x3  0    2  
Let, x3  t   , then Eq 1  x1  t  0  x1  t
and Eq  2   x2  t  0  x2  t
Thus,  x1 , x2 , x3    t ,  t , t  where t   , are infinite many solutions of the given
homogeneous system of linear equations.
5. For what value of  , the following system of homogeneous
equations has a non-trivial solution. Solve the system.
x1  5 x2  3 x3  0
5 x1  x2   x3  0
x1  2 x2   x3  0
Solution:
(i) The given system of homogeneous linear equations is;
x1  5 x2  3 x3  0 

5 x1  x2   x3  0 
x1  2 x2   x3  0 
In matrix notation, the above system is written as;
1 5 3   x1   0 
5 1    x    0 
  2  
1 2    x3   0 
1 5 3   x1  0
Or AX  O where, A  5 1   , X   x2  and O  0 
   
1 2    x3  0 
Q-Series : Mathematics For Class 11 QM Khan Wazir 108

The augmented matrix  A O  of the given homogeneous system of equation is,

1 5 3 0 
 
 A O   5 1  0   1
1 2  0 
Let the given system of homogeneous equations has non-trivial solution, then we must
have
A 0
1 5 3
 5 1   0
1 2 
1  5  5 1
 1 5 3 0  Expanding by R1 
2  1  1 2
 a b 
 1   2   5  5     3 10  1  0   ad  bc 
 c d 
 1 3   5  6   3  9   0
 3  30  27  0
 27  27  0
   1  0
  1
Thus, the given system of homogeneous equations has a non-trivial solution for   1 .
Putting   1 in Eq 1 , we have
1 5 0 3
 
 A O   5 1 1 0 
1 2 1 0 
1 5 3 0
R 0 24 16

0  By R 2   5  R 1
 
0 3 2 0  By R 3   1 R 1
1 5 03
R 0 
0 0 0  By R 2   8  R 3
 
0 1 2 3 0  By  1 3 R 3
Chapter#02: Matrices and Determinants Exercise-2.4 109

1 5 3 0 
 
0 1 2 3 0  By R 2  R 3
R

0 0 0 0 
1 0 1 3 0  By R 1   5  R 2
R  
 0 1 2 3 0 
0 0 0 0 
The last obtained matrix is equivalent to the following homogeneous system of linear
equations;
1 
x1  x3  0  1 

3 

2
x2  x3  0   2 

3 
1
Let, x3  3t , where t   , then Eq 1  x1   3t   0  x1  t
3
2
and Eq  2   x2   3t   0  x2  2t
3
Thus,  x1 , x2 , x3    t ,  2t , 3t  , where t   , are infinite many solutions of the given
homogeneous system of linear equations.
1 2
Note: If we let x3  t   , then x1  t and x2   t which is the same answer as
3 3
in the text-book. The choice of letting x3 does not change the solution set, so one may
take x3  t or x3  3t . The answer will be considered true in both cases.