12-07-2024

Summer 2024
United International University

EEE 3205: Power Systems

Lecture#8: Per Unit Calculation

S. M. Lutful Kabir, PhD

Professor, BUET

Components of a Power
System
A power system consists of different components. Some common components are:
• Generator
• Transformer
• Motor etc.
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Equivalent Circuit of a
Generator
• The equivalent circuit for a synchronous generator is represented by that shown in fig. below.
Xs

Ia
+
+ +
Xar - +
Xl - +
Ra -
Ef Vt

-
-

 Ra is usually so much smaller than XS that its omission is not of great consequence.

Synchronous Machine Model

The equivalent circuit for a synchronous motor is identical with that of the generator with
the direction of Ia reversed.
A motor connected with a generator is represented below.

+ +
Xg -
+
Xm - +

Eg Vt Em

- -
Generator Motor
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The Ideal Transformer

i1 i2
+ +
If an impedance Z2 is connected
across winding 2 of the circuit, then N1 N2
v1 v2

Upon substituting for V2 and I2, we

- -
have

Per Unit Computation

◇ Selection of different bases for circuits connected to each other through a

transformer.
◇ The voltage bases for the circuit connected through the transformer must have the
same ratio as the turns ratio of the transformer windings.
◇ In this case, per unit value of an impedance will be same when calculated from any
side of a transformer.
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Three Phase Transformer

◇ Let us say we have three single phase transformer each rated at 25 MVA, 38.1/3.81kV and three
resistors of 0.6 ohms respectively.
0.6 Ω

38.1kV 3.81kV 38.1kV 3.81kV 38.1kV 3.81kV 0.6 Ω

0.6 Ω
25 MVA 25 MVA 25 MVA

 If we want to make three phase transformer out of the three single phase transformer we can
make, wye-wye, wye-delta, delta-wye or delta-delta.
 If the transformer supplies a three phase load made out of the three resistors, they can be
connected either in wye or delta.
 Let us examine three combinations.

Three Phase wye-wye transformer

0.6 Ω

0.6 Ω
66 kV 6.6kV
38.1 kV 3.81 kV 0.6 Ω

◇ Three single phase transformer each rated 25 MVA, 38.1/3.81 kV are used.
◇ If we make Y-Y connection, total rating is 75 MVA, 66/6.6 kV [as √3 x 38.1 kV = 66kV]
◇ Per phase load resistance referred to primary, R=0.6 x (38.1/3.81)2 =60 Ω.
◇ In stead of phase voltage if line voltages are considered, the result would be same. R=0.6 x
(66/6.6)2 =60 Ω.
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Three phase wye-delta

transformer
0.6 Ω
0.6 Ω

66 kV

38.1 kV 0.6 Ω
3.81 kV

• If we make Y-∆ connection, the total rating will be 75 MVA, 66/3.81 kV

• Let us convert delta side into wye, see the next slide

Three phase wye-delta

transformer (contd.)

0.6 Ω
0.6 Ω

66 kV 3.81 kV
38.1 kV 2.2 kV 0.6 Ω

◇ Per phase load impedance referred to primary is R=0.6 x (38.1/2.2)2 = 180 Ω

◇ This would be same if you consider L-L voltage in the ratio.
◇ R=0.6 x (66/3.81)2 = 180 Ω
CONCLUSION: To transfer an impedance from one side to another side of a three phase transformer,
the ratio of L-L voltages can be considered.
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Exercise #2
◇ Three single phase transformers, each rated at 25 MVA, 38.1/3.81 kV are connected Y-∆ as
shown in the previous slide with the balanced load of three 0.6Ω Y-connected resistors.
Choose a base of 75 MVA, 66 kV for the high tension side of the transformer and specify the
base for the low-tension side. Then determine the load resistance referred to the high tension
side and the per-unit value of this resistance on the chosen base.
Solution
◇ The 3-phase rating of the transformer is 75 MVA,66 kV/3.81 kV.
◇ Base impedance on the low tension side = (3.81)2/75=0.1935 Ω.
◇ So, PU impedance on the low tension side, RL=0.6/0.1935=3.1 per-unit
◇ Base impedance on the high tension side is 662/75=58.1 Ω
◇ RL, impedance referred to primary (see the previous slide) = 180 Ω.
◇ Hence on the high tension side, RL=180/58.1=3.1 per-unit

Exercise #1
A ∆-connected resistive load of 8000 kW is connected to the low-tension, ∆-connected side of a Y-∆
transformer rated 10,000 kVA, 138/13.8 kV. Find the load resistance in ohms in phase as measured
from line to neutral on the high tension side of the transformer.
Resistance of the load
(in equivalent Y)
=kVph2x 1000/kW ph
=7.972x1000/(8000/3)=23.8 ohms
138 kV 13.8 kV 8000
kW
Resistance referred from high
tension side=23.8 x
10000 kVA
(79.7/7.97)2=2380 ohms.

OR,
23.8 x (138/13.8)2
138 kV 7.97 13.8 kV =2380 ohms.
79.7
kV kV
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Change in PU Impedance Due to

Change in Base
 Actual impedance of a component remains always same, but its per unit value changes
with the change in Base Value.
 It is evident from the following equation,
PU Z = (Actual Z)/ (Base Z)
• Let us take an example,
• Say, a generator is rated at 13.8 kV, 75 MVA, X=8%, What will be the per unit reactance of
the machine at 15 KV and 100 MVA base?
• Base impedance (old) = 13.82/75
• So, the actual impedance = 0.08 x (13.82/75) ohms,
• Now, Base impedance (new)=152/100 ohms,
• Hence new PU Z = actual impedance / Base impedance (new)
• =[0.08 x (13.82/75)]/(152/100)=0.08 X (13.82/152) X (100/75)
• PU Z new = PU Z old X (Base kVold2/(Base kV new2) X ( Base MVA new / Base MVA old)

Per Unit Conversion

◇ Per unit value of a quantity on a set of base may need to convert to a new set of base.
◇ For any set of base, it is true that Per unit value = Actual Value/ Base Value, or Actual value =
Per unit value x Corresponding base value
◇ If we want to convert a per unit value (let us call it puold) based on a certain base (let us call it
baseold) to a new per unit value (let us call it punew) on a new base (let us call it basenew)
◇ We can write, Actual value = punew x basenew = puold x baseold
◇ punew = (puold x baseold) / basenew
◇ The above formula is valid for any quantity (voltage, current, impedance etc.)
◇ For example, for impedance, we can write,
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Exercise #2
A three phase transformer is rated 400 MVA, 220Y/22∆ kV. The reactance of the transformer measured
from the low tension side is 0.121 Ω. Determine the per unit reactance of the transformer (on its own
base) and the value to be used to represent this transformer to a system whose base on high tension
side of the transformer is 100 MVA, 230 kV.
Solution: On its own base:
Base kV at the LT side =22 kV and Base MVA=400 MVA.
Hence Base Impedance = kV2/MVA=222/400=1.21 Ω.
Hence per unit impedance = actual/base = 0.121/1.21 = 0.1 pu.
PU value is independent of the sides of the transformer. Hence it is also pu value in the HT side.
On the system base: New Base kV = 230 kV , New Base MVA=100 MVA.

Exercise#3
◇ For the network below, following data are given:
◇ Generator – 30 MVA, 13.8 kV, X”=15%
◇ Motor 1 – 20 MVA, 12.5 kV, X” = 20%
◇ Motor 2 – 10 MVA, 12.5 kV, X”=20%
◇ Transformer 1 & 2 – 35 MVA, 13.2 kV /115 kV Y, X=10%,
◇ Line – X=80 ohms,
◇ Draw the single line diagram for the network showing all reactance values in PU,
assume the ratings of the generator as the base for the generator circuit.
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Base in the generator circuit,

Base voltage = 13.8 kV, Base MVA=30 MVA
So, base in the line circuit. Solution
Base voltage = 13.8 x (115/13.2) kV = 120.23 kV,
Base MVA=30 MVA
Similarly base in motor circuit
Xformer-1 Xformer-2
Base voltage = 120.23 X (13.2/115) kV = 13.8 kV, X”=0.0784pu X”=0.0784pu
Base MVA=30 MVA
PU Reactance's G Line
1) Generator=0.15pu X”=0.15pu X”=0.166pu
2) Transformer =0.1 x (13.2/13.8)2 x (30/35) = 0.078 pu Motor-1
3) Line => Base impedance =(Base kV)2/ Base MVA X”=0.25pu
=120.232/ 30 = 481.84 ohms
Line => PU reactance = 80/ 481.84 ohms = 0.166 ohms
Motor-2
4) Motor 1 = 0.2 x (12.5/13.8)2 x (30/20) = 0.25 ohms X”=0.5pu
5) Motor 2 = 0.2 x (12.5/13.8)2 x (30/10) = 0.5 ohms