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13 views16 pages

PDF Document 2

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fredgilberts520
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Separation Processes : Introduction

LECTURE ONE
Miss N Tshuma
[email protected]
OFFICE SD71
Objectives
• Understand bio-separation processes
Introduction to Bio-separations
• Bio-products are products extracted from plants, animals, and
microorganisms to sustain life and promote health, support
agriculture and chemical enterprises, and diagnose and remedy
disease.
• From the bread, beer, and wine produced by ancient civilizations
using fermented yeast, the separation and purification of biological
products (bio-products) have grown in commercial significance
• Include process-scale recovery of antibiotics from mold, which began
in the 1940s, and isolation of recombinant DNA and proteins from
transformed bacteria in biotechnology protocols initiated in the
1970s.
Continuation…
• To identify features that allow selection and specification of
processes to separate bio-products from other biological species 1 of
a host cell.
• It is useful to classify biological species by their complexity and size
as small molecules, biopolymers, and cellular particulates
Products of bio-separation
Biological species Classification Types of Species Examples
Gases,organic alcohols, H2,CO2,ethanol(biofuels,
Small Molecules ketones beverages),isopropanol
Acetic acid (vinegar), lactic acid,
Primary Metabolites Organic acids propionic acid,citric acid
Amino acids Lysine, phenylalanine,glycine
Aldehydes, D-glucose, D-ribose;
Monosacharrides Ketones
Disaccharides Sucrose, lactose,maltose
Fat soluble A, E, and C (Ascorbic
acid); Water soluble; B, D niacin,
Vitamins folic acid
Secondary Metabolites Antibiotics Penicilin, streptomycin, gentamycin
Cholesterol, cortisone, estrogen
Steroids derivatives
Hormones Insulin
Phytochemicals Resveratrol anti-aging agent
Cytotoxins Taxol (Anti- cancer)
BIOPOLYMERS

Biopolymers

Trypsin, ribonuclease, polymerase, cellulase,


Proteins Enzymes whey protein, soy protein

Hormones Insulin, growth hormone, cytokines


Transport hemoglobin
Clotting Tissue plasminoge activator
Immune agents Hepatitis b vaccine
Antibodies
Polysaccharides Dextrans(thickeners), alginate, gellan

Nucleic acids Gene vectors, RNA, ribozymes

Lipids Glycerol(sweetener) prostaglandins


Retrovirus, adenovirus, adeno-associated
Virus virus, vaccines
Cellular Particulates
Cellular Particulates
Cells Eubacteria Bacillus thuringensis (insecticide)

Saccharomyces cerevisia (bakers yeast),


Eukaryotes diatoms

Methanogens (watertreatment)
Archae acidophiles

Yeast extract, soy extract, animal tissue


Cell extracts extract

Liposomes, hormone granules,


Cell components ribosomes
Uses of Bio-products
Bio-products are sold for their solvent activity
• methanol for its solvent activity
• Ethanol for its neurological activity (or as a fuel)
• Penicilin for its antibacterial activity
• Streptokinase (an enzyme) for its blood clot dissolving activity
• Hexose isomerase for its sugar converting activity
• The choice of separation method depends on the nature of the
product, as well as the purity, yield and most importantly activity
requirements.
• Bio-products have unique qualities
• For bio-separation purposes important properties include thermal
stability, solubility, diffusivity, charge, pH among others
• A considerable amount of process planning is based on the
susceptibility to change of most bio-products. Temperature pH and
concentration must be maintained within specific ranges to assure
product bioactivity…BEER MAKING PROCESS…MASHING..HOP
ADDITION
• Purification of bioproducts by a bioseparation process typically
involves a long sequence of steps, each step requires the use of one
or more unit operations, such as filtration, extraction,
chromatography and drying.
Developing a sequence for bioseparation
• The development of a flowsheet for the recovery and purification of a
biological product is a creative process that draws on the engineers
experience and imagination. Most engineers rely heavily on certain rules of
thumb. A few such examples include:
• Remove the most plentiful impurities first
• Remove the easiest to – remove impurities
• Make the most expensive and expensive separations last WHY????
• Select processes that make use of the greatest difference between the
properties of the product and those of its impurities
• Select and sequence processes that exploit different separation driving
forces.
• The primary recovery stages are mainly concerned with separating
the product from cells or cell debris; these stages follow the rule of
removing the most plentiful impurities first
• The intermediate recovery stages concentrate the product by an
operation. (e.g., ultrafiltration, evaporation, reverse osmosis, etc.)
that depends on the nature of the product
• The final purification stages follow the rule of doing the most difficult
and expensive separations last; these stages sometimes require the
use of separation driving forces that are different from each other
(e.g.charge difference, size difference, or solubility difference) to
attain the required purity.
• Selection and sequencing of unit operations is based on the
properties of the product, the properties of the impurities, and the
properties of the producing micro-organisms, cells, or tissues.
Continuation….
•

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