EEE 1131-

Basic Electrical Technology

(Lecture-5)

Ms. Shourin Rahman Aura

Lecturer, EEE
AUST
 Lecture 5 Outline
• Generation of alternating voltage and current
• Alternating Current (AC)-Definitions
• Alternating Current (AC)-Phase Relationship
• Average Value, RMS value
Watch Videos:

1. How 3-phase electricity works: https://

youtu.be/4oRT7PoXSS0?si=Mf9-GigYNnSpJ46e

2. Three Phase Electricity Basics and Calculations electrical

engineering: https://youtu.be/qthuFLNSrlg?
si=hCTstA0yPaM3x5Qf
Generation of alternating voltage and
current
May be generated by-
• Rotating a coil at constant angular velocity in uniform
magnetic field
• Rotating a magnetic field at a constant angular velocity
within a stationary coil
The magnitude of generated voltage will
depend upon
Eg = -N(d phi / dt)
• The number of turns of coil
= phi*P*Z*N / 60*A
• The strength of magnetic field
• The speed of rotation

1st method is used for small ac generator

2nd method is used for large ac generator
 Alternating Current (AC)
• Time varying current is known as alternating Current
• Two specification-
1. Periodic
2. Oscillating
• The term alternating indicates between two prescribed
levels in a set time sequence

Sinusoidal
Triangular Square wave
wave
wave
Figure 01
 Alternating Current (AC)
• The pattern of particular interest
is the sinusoidal AC voltage. One
of the important reasons for
concentrating on the sinusoidal
AC voltage is that it is the voltage
generated by utilities throughout
the world.
• Equation:
• 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑣𝑚 sin(𝑤𝑡 + 𝜃)
• Where,
𝑣𝑚
= 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑑
𝜔
= 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛
Figure 02
𝜃 = 𝑝𝑕𝑎𝑠𝑒
 Alternating Current (AC)-Definitions
• Wave form: The path traced by a quantity, such as the voltage in
figure 3 plotted as a function of same variable such as time (as
above), position, degrees, radians, temperature an so on.

Figure 03
 Alternating Current (AC)-Definitions
Instantaneous value: The magnitude of a waveform at any instant
of time; denoted by lowercase letters (e1, e2).
Peak amplitude: The maximum value of a waveform as measured
from its average, or mean, value, denoted by uppercase letters
(such as Em for sources of voltage and Vm for the voltage drop
across a load). For the waveform shown in previous slide, the
average value is zero volts, and Em is as defined by the figure.

Figure 03
 Alternating Current (AC)-Definitions
Peak value: The maximum instantaneous value of a function as
measured from the zero-volt level. For the waveform of Figure
below, the peak amplitude and peak value are the same, since the
average value of the function is zero volts.
Peak-to-peak value: Denoted by Ep-p or Vp-p, the full voltage
between positive and negative peaks of the waveform, that is, the
sum of the magnitude of the positive and negative peaks

Figure 03
 Alternating Current (AC)-Definitions
Periodic waveform: A waveform that continually repeats itself after the
same time interval. The waveform of Figure below is a periodic
waveform.
Period: The time interval between successive repetitions of a periodic
waveform (the period T1 = T2 = T3 in Fig.), as long as successive similar
points of the periodic waveform are used in determining T.
Cycle: The portion of a waveform contained in one period of time. The
cycles within T1, T2, and T3 of Figure 3 may appear different in Figure 4,
but they are all bounded by one period of time and therefore satisfy
the definition of a cycle.

Figure 04
 Alternating Current (AC)-Definitions
Frequency: The number of cycles that occur in 1 s. The frequency of the
1
waveform of Figure 5(a) is 1 cycle per second, and for Figure 5(b), 2
2
cycles per second. If a waveform of similar shape had a period of 0.5 s
[Figure 5(c)], the frequency would be 2 cycles per second.

Figure 05
Unit of measure of frequency is hertz (Hz) where 1 Hz = 1 cycle per
second (cps)
 Alternating Current (AC)-Definitions
Angular Velocity: The velocity with which
the radius vector rotates about the
center, called the angular velocity, can be
determined from the following equation:

Figure 06
rad/s
Watch Video:
https://youtu.be/a_zReGTxdlQ?
si=iZFtH-Pmwk5TQTtd
rad/s 'f' is Linear Frequency

Conversion: 180 degree = pi radian

𝜋
Radians = × 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠
180°
180°
Degrees = × 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
π
Angular Velocity is called as Angular Frequency in case of Alternating Current.
 Alternating Current (AC)-Definitions

Phase: phase of a particular value of an alternating quantity is

the fractional part of time period or cycle through which the
quantity has advanced from the selected zero position.

When two alternating of the frequency have different zero

points, they are said to have phase difference.
 Problem 1
For the sinusoidal waveform
a. What is the peak value?
b. What is the instantaneous value at 0.3 s and 0.6 s?
c. What is the peak-to-peak value of the waveform?
d. What is the period of the waveform?
e. How many cycles are shown?
f. What is the frequency of the waveform?
g. What is the angular frequency?
h. Write down the equation for i(t). Find out the current at t = 0.3 sec.
i(t)

A
 Alternating Current (AC)-Phase
Relationship
If the waveform is shifted to the right or
𝐴 = 𝐴𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 left of 0°, the expression becomes
𝐴 = 𝐴𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 ± 𝜃

where θ is the angle in degrees or

radians that the waveform has been
shifted.
Figure 06
If the waveform passes through the
horizontal axis with a positive going
(increasing with time) slope before 0°, as
shown in Figure 7, the expression is
𝐴 = 𝐴𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃
Figure 07
Alternating Current (AC)-Phase
Relationship
If the waveform passes through the
horizontal axis with a positive-going slope
after 0°, as shown in Figure 8, the
expression is
Figure 08 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜃

Sine and cosine

relation
 Alternating Current (AC)-Leading-
Lagging
The terms leading and lagging are used to indicate the
relationship between two sinusoidal waveforms of the same
frequency plotted on the same set of axes.

Figure 09
a) Here v0 is leading b) Here v1 is leading v0
v1 by θ° by θ°
Or v1 is lagging Or v0 is lagging v1
v0 by θ° by θ°
 Problem 2
What is the phase relationship between the sinusoidal waveforms of
each of the following sets?
 Problem 3

Given that ,𝑖 𝑡 = 141.4 sin 314𝑡

Find-
a. Amplitude
b. Frequency
c. Period
d. Angular velocity
e. Instantaneous value at t=3ms
f. Time taken to reach i=100A
i=100A
i=im Sin (wt)
100=141.4 sin(@)
Or, Sin@=100/141.4
@=sin^(-1)(100/141.4)
@=45deg
Wt=45*pi/180 rad S
Wt=0.7854
t= 0.7854/(2*pi*f)=2.5ms
 Average Value
• Average values are called DC values because that indicate by DC
meter
• Average value of AC wave which has symmetrical +ve and –ve
loops about x axis is zero

• For symmetrical wave

𝑻
𝟏
Average value= 𝑻
𝟐
𝟎
𝑰 𝒅𝒕
𝟐

• For unsymmetrical wave

𝟏 𝑻
Average value= 𝟎
𝑰𝒅𝒕
𝑻
 Average Value-Example
• Determine the average value of the following waveforms

Vavg=4V

Vavg=.5V
 Average Value-Example
• Determine the average value of the following waveforms

Vavg=1V

Iavg=-1.6A
 Average Value-Example
• Determine the average value of the sinusoidal waveform

T/2 T t
 Average Value-Example
• Determine the average value of the sinusoidal waveform

T/2 T t
Vavg=3.18V
 Average Value-Example
• Determine the average value of the waveforms

Vavg=2V Iavg=3.75
mA
 RMS Value
• The effective value of a periodic signal is its root mean
square (rms) value.

• Determine the rms value of a sine wave

 RMS Value
• Determine the rms value of a sine wave
2𝜋
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡
𝑇 𝐴2𝑚 4𝜋 𝑇 𝑇
2
⇒ 𝑥𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡
𝑇 2𝑇 𝑇 4𝜋 0
1 2𝜋
⇒ 𝑥𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝐴2𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐴2𝑚 4𝜋 𝑇
𝑇 𝑇 2
0 ⇒ 𝑥𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑇 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑇 − 0 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛0°
2𝑇 𝑇 4𝜋
𝑇
1 2𝜋
⇒ 2
𝑥𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝐴2𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2
𝐴2𝑚
𝑇 0 𝑇 ⇒ 𝑥𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑇−0
2𝑇
𝑇
2
𝐴2𝑚 2𝜋 𝐴2𝑚
⇒ 𝑥𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2
⇒ 𝑥𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
2𝑇 0 𝑇 2
𝑇
2
𝐴2𝑚 4𝜋 𝐴𝑚
⇒ 𝑥𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ⇒ 𝑥𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
2𝑇 0 𝑇 2
 RMS Value
Form Factor
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝐹. 𝐹 =
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
=
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

𝑴𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
Crest Factor C. 𝑭 =
𝑹𝑴𝑺 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆

Determine the form factor and crest factor of an sinusoidal wave form
What does Form Factor and Crest Factor represent physically?
 RMS Value-Example
Determine the rms value of the current waveform in the following
Figures:

Vrms=2.24V

Vrms=4.9V
 RMS Value-Example
Determine the rms value of the current waveform in the following Fig.

Irms=8.165A