Scribd
Upload
22 views8 pages

Lecture 5 - Vector Space and Properties

Uploaded by

callmegajala
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
22 views8 pages

Lecture 5 - Vector Space and Properties

Uploaded by

callmegajala
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 8

Vector Spaces

Anushaya Mohapatra

Department of Mathematics
BITS PILANI K K Birla Goa Campus, Goa

January 22, 2024

Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces January 22, 2024 1/8
Overview

1 Real Vector Spaces

Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces January 22, 2024 2/8
Real Vector Spaces:
Definition 1.
A vector space(Over R) is a nonempty set V of objects,
with two operations, called vector addition + and
multiplication . by scalars (real numbers), satisfying the
following axioms for all u, v, and w in V and for all scalars
c and d ∈ R.

Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces January 22, 2024 3/8
Axioms:
1 For any u and v in V, the sum u + v is in V. (Additive Closure)
2 u + v = v + u for all u, v in V (Additive Commutative)
3 u + (v + w) = (u + v) + w (Additive Associative)
4 There is a zero vector 0 in V such that for every u in V, u+0 = u,
this is called the identity element. (Zero)
5 For each u in V, there is a vector −u in V such that u + (−u) = 0 .
This is the additive inverse. (Additive Inverse)
6 The scalar multiple of u by c, denoted by cu, is in V. (Multiplicative
Closure)
7 c(u + v) = cu + cv (Distributive)
8 (c + d)u = cu + du ( Distributive)
9 c(du) = (cd)u (Associative)
10 1u = u (Unity)

Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces January 22, 2024 4/8
Examples of Vector Spaces
Example 2.
n-tuple space Rn :
Addition:(u1 , u2 , · · · , un ) + (v1 , v2 , · · · vn ) =
(u1 + v1 , u2 + v2 , · · · , un + vn )
scalar multiplication:
α(u1 , u2 , · · · , un ) = (αu1 , αu2 , · · · , αun )
More examples:
1 M (R) = set of all n × n real matrices under usual matrix addition
n
and scalar multilication.
2 P (X): polynomials with degree smaller than or equal to n, under
n
polynomial addition and scalar multiplication.
3 Set of solutions of AX = 0, where A is an n × m matrices.

4 Set of continuous functions C(X) from a set X ⊂ R2 to R.

5 C[a, b] = Set of all continuous functions defined on a closed interval

Anushaya [a, b]. (Dept. of Maths)


Mohapatra Vector Spaces January 22, 2024 5/8
Not a vector space

Not a vector space: It is sufficient to find one axiom


which is not satisfied.
Example 1:
The set of all integers is not a vector space as it is not
closed under scalar multiplication
Example 2:
The set of all points (x, y, z) ∈ R3 satisfying x + y + z = 1
is not a vector space as there is no zero vector in the set.

Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces January 22, 2024 6/8
Problems

1 Suppose V = R2 = {(x1 , x2 ) : xi ∈ R and define the


vector addition as
(u1 , u2 ) + (v1 , v2 ) = (u1 + v1 , u2 + v2 ) and scalar
multiplication α(u1 , u2 ) = (αu1 , 0). Prove or disprove
that V is a vector space.
2 Let V be the set of all positive real numbers, with the
operations
Vector addition: u ⊕ v = uv and Scalar Multiplication:
ku = uk . Prove or disprove that V is a vector space.

Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces January 22, 2024 7/8
Properties of Vector Space

Exercise 1: Let V = {(u, v) : u ∈ R, v > 0} with the operations Vector


addition: (u1 , v1 ) + (u2 , v2 ) = (u1 + u2 , v1 v2 ) and Scalar Multiplication:
k(u, v) = (ku, vk ). Prove or disprove that V is a vector space.

Theorem 3.
Suppose V is a vector space, v ∈ V, and let c be any scalar, then following
are ture
1 0v = 0
2 c0 = 0
3 If cv = 0, either c = 0 or v = 0
4 (-1)v = -v
5 if u + v = u + w, then v = w

Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces January 22, 2024 8/8

You might also like