BITS Pilani

K K Birla Goa Campus

Chapter 2

Analytic Functions
 Function of a complex variable

Let S be a set of complex numbers.

A function f defined on S is a rule that assigns to each z in

S a complex number w.

The number w is called the value of f at z and is denoted

by f (z) i.e. w = f (z).

The set S is called the domain of definition of f.

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 Note:
When the domain of definition is not mentioned,
we agree that the largest possible set is to be taken.

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 Example

1
Let w  , z A
z
where A  {z  : z  1 & z  0}
then find the domain of definition of f .

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 Solution

The domain of definition of f is A

where A  {z  : z  1 & z  0}

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 Example

1
Let w 
z
then find the domain of definition of f .

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 Solution

The domain of definition of f is

z  : z  0

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 Example

z  3i
Let w  2
z 9
then find the domain of definition of f .

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 Solution

The domain of definition of f is

z  : z  3i

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 Let w  f  z 
where z  x  iy, w  u  iv

 u  iv  f ( x  iy )  f  z 

i.e. f  z   u  x, y   i v  x, y 

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 Example

i
Let f  z  
z
then express it in the form
f  z   u  x, y   i v  x , y 

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 Solution

i i i  x  iy  y x
Let f  z     2  2 i 2
z x  iy x  y 2
x y 2
x  y2

 f  z   u  x, y   i v  x , y 
y x
where u  x, y   2 , v  x, y   2
x y 2
x  y2

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 Let w  f  z 
where z  rei , w  u  iv

 u  iv  f (re )  f  z 
i

i.e. f  z   u  r ,    i v  r ,  

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 Example

i
Let f  z  
z
then express it in the form
f  z   u  r ,   i v  r , 

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 Solution

i i i  i
Let f  z    i  e
z re r
i  cos   i sin   sin  cos 
  i
r r r

 f  z   u  r ,   i v  r , 
sin  cos 
where u  r ,    , v  r ,  
r r
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 Complex Polynomial

If n = 0 or positive integer and if a0, a1, a2,…, an are

complex constants with an ≠ 0, the function
P(z) = a0 + a1 z + a2 z2 + … + an zn
is a polynomial of degree n.

For example,
f  z   3  4 z  (5  3i ) z 3

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Rational function

It is defined as ratio of two polynomials

P( z )
f z  , Q( z )  0  z
Q( z )
where P( z ), Q( z ) are polynomials

z2
e.g . f  z   3 is a rational function,
z 5
z2
what about g  z   z ?
e
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 Multiple-valued functions

It is is a rule that assigns more than one value

to a point z in the domain of definition.

For example,
f  z  z 1/2
is a double valued function.

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 Example

f z  z 1/2

i
where z  re

 f z   r e i  /2
, z0
where r  z ,
     is called the principal value of arg z
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 Example

Can we make it single valued f  z   z 1/2

?

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 Solution

Yes, we can make it single valued

f  z  r e i  /2
,
where r  0 and      

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 Limit of a function

lim f  z   w0
z  z0

i.e., for each   0,

there exists a positive number  such that
0  | z  z0 |   f  z   w0  

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 Theorem

When a limit of a function f ( z ) exists at a point z 0 ,

it is unique.

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 Problem

Find the limit, if it exists

z
lim
z 0 z

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 Problem

By using   definition, prove that

iz
if f  z   in z  1,
2
i
then lim f  z  
z 1 2

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 Theorem

Let f ( z )  u ( x, y )  iv( x, y ), ( z  x  iy )
and z0  x0  iy0 , w0  u0  iv0 ,

then lim f ( z )  w0
z  z0

 lim u ( x, y )  u0 and lim v( x, y )  v0 .

( x , y ) ( x0 , y0 ) ( x , y ) ( x0 , y0 )

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 Example

Use last theorem to compute

lim ( z 2  i )
z 1 i

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Solution

Use last theorem to compute: lim ( z  i ) 2

z 1 i

f ( z )  z  i   x  y   i (2 xy  1)
2 2 2

 u ( x, y )  x  y , 2 2
v( x, y )  2 xy  1

lim u ( x, y )  0  u0 and lim v( x, y )  3  v0

( x , y ) (1,1) ( x , y ) (1,1)

lim ( z  i )  u0  iv0  0  3i  3i
2
z 1 i

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 Theorem

Let lim f ( z )  w0 and lim F ( z )  W0 .

z  z0 z  z0

Then
i) lim[ f ( z )  F ( z )  w0  W0 ,
z  z0

ii) lim[ f ( z ) F ( z )]  w0W0 ,

z  z0

f ( z ) w0
iii) lim  , provided if W0  0.
z  z0 F ( z ) W0
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 Example

1) Use last theorem to compute

(3  i ) z 4  z 2  2 z
lim
z i z 1

2) Use last theorem to compute

z  2z  4
2
lim
z i z  1  3 i

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 Answer

(3  i ) z 4  z 2  2 z 4  3i
1) lim 
z i z 1 1 i

z2  2z  4
2) lim 2 3 i
z i z  1  3 i

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Extended complex plane

It is sometimes convenient to consider

the complex plane with the point at infinity,
denoted by 

The complex plane together with this point 

is called the extended complex plane.

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Stereographic Projection and
Riemann Sphere

To visualize the point at infinity,

one can think of the complex plane as
passing through the equator of a unit sphere
centered at the origin.
To each point z in the plane there corresponds
exactly one point P on the surface of the sphere.
The point P is the point where the line through
z and the north pole N intersects the sphere.

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By letting the point N of the sphere
correspond to the point at infinity,
we obtain a one to one correspondence between
the points of the sphere
and the points of the extended complex plane.
The sphere is known as the Riemann sphere, and
the correspondence is called a stereographic projection.

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Find the points on the sphere correspnding to
the points lie on the extended complex plane
i) inside the circle  z  : z  1 i.e.
 z  : z  1
ii) outside the circle  z  : z  1 i.e.  z  : z  1
iii) on the circle  z  : z  1
iii) the origin (0,0)
iv) the point at infinity
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