FLUID FLOW II

TCE 3206

LECTURE : KINEMATICS OF FLUIDS

1. SYSTEM AND CONTROL VOLUMES
2. REYNOLDS TRANPORT SYSTEM (RTT)

07.04..2022
System and Control Volume
Representation
BASIC LAWS

System Method Control Volume Method

Governing Equation Governing Equation

System Formulation Control Volume Formulation

Lagrangian Method Eulerian Method 45

Basic Laws for a System
- Conservation of Mass

Conservation of Mass
Requiring that the mass, M, of the system be constant.
dM 
 0
dt system
Where the mass of the system

M system  M (system) dm  V(system) dV

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Basic Laws for a System
- Newton’s Second Law

Newton’s Second Law

Stating that the sum of all external force acting on the
system is equal to the time rate of change of linear
momentum of the system.
 dP 
F 
dt 
system
Where the linear momentum of the system
  
Psystem  M(system) Vdm  V(system) VdV
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Basic Laws for a System
- The Angular Momentum Principle

The Angular Momentum Principle

Stating that the rate of change of angular momentum is
equal to the sum of all torques acting on the system.
 dH 
T 
dt system
Where the angular momentum of the system
    
H system  M(system) r Vdm  V(system)
r VdV
Torque can be produced by surface and body forces, and
also by shafts that cross the system boundary.
     
T  r  Fs   r  gdm  Tshaft 48
M(system)
Basic Laws for a System
- The First Law of Thermodynamics

The First Law of Thermodynamics (Conservation of

Energy)
Requiring that the energy of system be constant.
  dE 
Q  W  dE QW  
dt system
Where the total energy of the system
Esystem  M (system) edm  V (system) edV
V2
e u  gz u is specific internal energy, V the speed, and z the
height of a particle having mass dm.
2 6
Basic Laws for a System (option)
- The Second Law of Thermodynamics

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

If an amount of heat, δQ , is transferred to a system at
temperature T, the change in entropy, dS, of the system
satisfies
Q dS 

1 
dS  
dt system T
Q
T
Where the total entropy of the system

Ssystem  M(system) sdm  V(system) sdV

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System and Control Volume
Representation
BASIC LAWS

System Method Control Volume Method

Governing Equation Governing Equation

System Formulation Control Volume Formulation

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System Method
A system is defined as a fixed, identifiable quantity of
mass (fluids).
The boundaries separate the system from the surrounding.
The boundaries of the system may be fixed or movable.
No mass crosses the system boundaries.

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System Representation 1/2
A system is a collection of matter of fixed identity, which
may move, flow, and interact with its surroundings.
A system is a specific, identifiable quantity of matter. It
may consist of a relatively large amount of mass, or it may
be an infinitesimal size.
In the study of statics and dynamics, the free-body
diagram concept is used to identify an object and isolate it
from its surroundings, replace its surroundings by the
equivalent actions that they put on the object.

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System Representation 2/2
A mass of air drawn into an air compressor can be
considered as a system. It changes shape and size, its
temperature may change.
It is difficult to identify and keep track of a specific
quantity of matter associated with the original air
drawn into the compressor.

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Control Volume Method
Control volume is an arbitrary volume in space through
which the fluid flows.
The geometric boundary of the control volume (CV) is
called the “Control Surface (CS).”
The CS may be real or imaginary.
The CV may be at rest or in motion.

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Control Volume Representation 1/2
A control volume is a volume in space through which fluid
may flow.
Example: Determining the forces put on a fan, airplane, or
automobile by control volume approach.
Identify a specific volume in space (a volume
associated with the fan, airplane, or automobile) and
analyze the fluid flow within, through, or around that
volume.
The control volume can be a fixed, moving, or
deforming volume.

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Control Volume Representation 2/2
 For case (a), fluid flows through a pipe. The fixed control surface consists of the
inside surface of the pipe, the outlet end at section (2), and a section across the
pipe at (1).
 For case (b), control volume is the rectangular volume surrounding the jet engine.
If the airplane to which the engine is attached is sitting still on the runaway, air
flow through this control volume. At time t=t1, the air was within the engine itself.
At time t=t2, the air has passed through the engine and is outside of the control
volume. At this latter time other air is within the engine.
 For case (c), the deflating balloon provides an example of a deforming control
volume. The control volume (whose surface is the inner surface of the balloon)
decreases in size .

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Analytic Tool
Shift from system representation
to control volume representation
Reynolds Transport Theorem
The Reynolds transport theorem provides the relationship
between the time rate of change of an extensive property
for a system and that for a control volume

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Reynolds Transport Theorem 1/4
All physical laws are stated in termed of various physical
parameters. Velocity, acceleration, mass, temperature, and
momentum are but a few of the more parameters.
Let B represent any one of the system extensive
properties ( mass, linear momentum, angular momentum,
energy, and entropy) and the corresponding intensive
property (extensive property per unit mass ) will be
designated by b. B  mb

BSYS  lim  b i i Vi    sys bdV

V0 59
Reynolds Transport Theorem 2/4

B  mb
 If B=m (Mass), b=1.
 If B=mV2/2 (Kinematic energy of the mass), b= V2/2 .
 If B=mV (Momentum of the mass), b=V.

dBsys d

 sys bdV 
dt dt

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Reynolds Transport Theorem 3/4

Most of the laws governing fluid motion involve the time

rate of change of an extensive property B of a fluid
system – the rate at which the momentum of a system
changes with time, the rate at which the mass of a system
changes with time, and so on.

dBsys d

 bdV
sys 
dt dt

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Reynolds Transport Theorem 4/4

To formulate the law into a control volume, we must

obtain an expression for the time rate of change of an
extensive property within a control volume, Bcv, not
within a system.
 
The Reynolds transport theorem

dB cv d  cv bdV
provides the relationship between the


time rate of change of an extensive
property for a system and that for a
dt dt control volume

dBsys dBcv
 ?????
dt dt 19