LOYOLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

[Affiliated to Anna University]

Palanchur,Chennai–600123

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

CS3491 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND

MACHINE LEARNING.

LABORATORY

IV – SEMESTER

1
 LOYOLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Palanchur,Chennai– 600123

UNIVERSITY REGISTER NO:

CERTIFICATE

Certified to bonafide record of work done by

of IV Semester BTech (InformationTechnology) in theCS3491-

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING
during the Academic Year 2022–2023.Submitted for the University
Practical Examination held on

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT STAFF-IN-CHARGE

EXTERNAL EXAMINER INTERNAL EXAMINER

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 CONTENTS

DATE EX.NO LIST OF EXPERIMENTS PAGE SIGN

NO

3
 CONTENTS

DATE EX.NO LIST OF EXPERIMENTS PAGE SIGN

NO

4
EX.NO:1 IMPLEMENTATION OF UNINFORMED SEARCH
Date: ALGORITHMS (BFS, DFS)
AIM:

Implementation of Uninformed search algorithms (BFS, DFS)

ALGORITHM(BFS):

Step 1: SET STATUS = 1 (ready state) for each node in G

Step 2: Enqueue the starting node A and set its STATUS = 2 (waiting state)

Step 3: Repeat Steps 4 and 5 until QUEUE is empty

Step 4: Dequeue a node N. Process it and set its STATUS = 3 (processed state).

Step 5: Enqueue all the neighbours of N that are in the ready state (whose STATUS = 1) and set
their STATUS = 2 (waiting state) [END OF LOOP]

Step 6: EXIT

ALGORITHM(DFS):

Step 1: SET STATUS = 1 (ready state) for each node in G

Step 2: Push the starting node A on the stack and set its STATUS = 2 (waiting state)

Step 3: Repeat Steps 4 and 5 until STACK is empty

Step 4: Pop the top node N. Process it and set its STATUS = 3 (processed state)

Step 5: Push on the stack all the neighbors of N that are in the ready state (whose STATUS = 1)
and set their STATUS = 2 (waiting state) [END OF LOOP]

Step 6: EXIT

PROGRAM(BFS):

from collections import defaultdict

class Graph:
def init (self):
self.graph =
defaultdict(list)
def addEdge(self,u,v):
self.graph[u].append
(v)
def BFS(self, s):
visited = [False] *
(len(self.graph))
queue = []
queue.append(
s)
visited[s] =
5
 True
while queue:
s=
queue.pop(0)
print (s, end = "
")
for i in
self.graph[s]:

if visited[i] ==
False:
queue.append(i)
visited[i] = True
g = Graph()
g.addEdge(0, 1)
g.addEdge(0, 2)
g.addEdge(1, 2)
g.addEdge(2, 0)
g.addEdge(2, 3)
g.addEdge(3, 3)
g.BFS(2)
print ("Following is Breadth First Traversal" " (starting from vertex 2)")
g.BFS(2)

OUTPUT(BFS):

Following is Breadth First Traversal (starting from vertex 2)

2031

PROGRAM(DFS):

from collections import defaultdict

class Graph:
def init (self):
self.graph = defaultdict(list)
def addEdge(self, u, v):
self.graph[u].append(v)
def DFSUtil(self, v, visited):
visited.add(v)
print(v, end=' ')
for neighbour in self.graph[v]:
if neighbour not in visited:
self.DFSUtil(neighbour, visited)
def DFS(self, v):
visited = set()
self.DFSUtil(v, visited)
if name == " main ":g
6
 = Graph()
g.addEdge(0, 1)
g.addEdge(0, 2)
g.addEdge(1, 2)
g.addEdge(2, 0)
g.addEdge(2, 3)
g.addEdge(3, 3)
print("Following is DFS from (starting from vertex 2)")
g.DFS(2)

OUTPUT(DFS):

Following is Depth First Traversal (starting from vertex 2)

2013

RESULT:
Thus the uninformed search algorithms such as BFS and DFS have been executed
successfully and the output got verified

7
 EX.NO:2 IMPLEMENTATION OF INFORMED SEARCH
Date: ALGORITHM (A*)

AIM:

To implement the informed search algorithm A*.

ALGORITHM(A*):

1. Initialize the open list

2. Initialize the closed list
put the starting node on the open
list (you can leave its f at zero)
3. while the open list is not empty
a) find the node with the least f on
the open list, call it "q"
b) pop q off the open list
c) generate q's 8 successors and set their
parents to q
d) for each successor
i) if successor is the goal, stop search
ii) else, compute both g and h for successor
successor.g = q.g + distance between successor and q
successor.h = distance from goal to successor (This can be done using many ways, we
will discuss three heuristics-Manhattan, Diagonal and Euclidean Heuristics)
successor.f = successor.g + successor.h
iii) if a node with the same position as
successor is in the OPEN list which has a
lower f than successor, skip this successor
iv) if a node with the same position as
successor is in the CLOSED list which
has
a lower f than successor, skip this success
or otherwise, add the node to the open list
end (for loop)
e) push q on the closed list
end (while loop)

PROGRAM(A*):

def aStarAlgo(start_node, stop_node):

open_set = set(start_node)
closed_set = set()
g = {}
parents = {}
g[start_node] = 0
parents[start_node] = start_node
while len(open_set) > 0:
n = None
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 for v in open_set:
if n == None or g[v] + heuristic(v) < g[n] +
heuristic(n):n = v
if n == stop_node or Graph_nodes[n] ==
None:pass
else:
for (m, weight) in get_neighbors(n):
if m not in open_set and m not in closed_set:
open_set.add(m)
parents[m] = n
g[m] = g[n] +
weightelse:
if g[m] > g[n] +
weight: g[m] = g[n]
+ weight parents[m]
=n
if m in closed_set:
closed_set.remove(m)
open_set.add(m)
if n == None:
print('Path does not exist!')
return None
if n ==
stop_node:path
= []
while parents[n] !=
n:path.append(n)
n = parents[n]
path.append(start_node)
path.reverse()
print('Path found:
{}'.format(path))return path
open_set.remove(n)
closed_set.add(n)
print('Path does not exist!')
return None
def get_neighbors(v):
if v in
Graph_nodes:
return Graph_nodes[v]
else:
return None
def heuristic(n):
H_dist =
{'A':
11,
'B': 6,
'C': 5,
'D': 7,
'E': 3,
'F': 6,
9
 'G': 5,
'H': 3,
'I': 1,
'J': 0
}
return
H_dist[n]
Graph_nodes = {
'A': [('B', 6), ('F', 3)],
'B': [('A', 6), ('C', 3), ('D', 2)],
'C': [('B', 3), ('D', 1), ('E', 5)],
'D': [('B', 2), ('C', 1), ('E', 8)],
'E': [('C', 5), ('D', 8), ('I', 5), ('J', 5)],
'F': [('A', 3), ('G', 1), ('H', 7)],
'G': [('F', 1), ('I', 3)],
'H': [('F', 7), ('I', 2)],
'I': [('E', 5), ('G', 3), ('H', 2), ('J', 3)],
}

aStarAlgo('A', 'J')

OUTPUT(A*):

Path found: ['A', 'F', 'G', 'I', 'J']

RESULT:
Thus the program to implement informed search algorithm have been executedsuccessfully and
output got verified.

10
EX.NO:3 IMPLEMENT NAÏVE BAYES MODELS.
Date:

AIM:
To diagnose heart patients and predict disease using heart disease dataset with
Naïve Bayes Classifier Algorithm.

ALGORITHM:

Steps in Naïve Bayes Classifier Algorithm:

1. Read the training dataset T;

2. Calculate the mean and standard deviation of the predictor variables in each
class;
3. Repeat Calculate the probability of fi using the gauss density equation in each
class; Until the probability of all predictor variables (f1, f2, f3, .. , fn) has been
calculated.
4. Calculate the likelihood for each class;
5. Get the greatest likelihood;

PROGRAM:

NB_from_scratch.py

import csv
import numpy as np
from sklearn.metrics import confusion_matrix, f1_score, roc_curve, auc
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from itertools import cycle
from scipy import interp
import warnings
import random
import math

# convert txt file to csv

with open('heartdisease.txt', 'r') as in_file:
stripped = (line.strip() for line in in_file)
lines = (line.split(",") for line in stripped if line)
with open('heartdisease.csv', 'w', newline='') as out_file:
writer = csv.writer(out_file)
writer.writerow(('age', 'sex', 'cp', 'restbp', 'chol', 'fbs', 'restecg',
'thalach', 'exang', 'oldpeak', 'slope', 'ca', 'thal', 'num'))
writer.writerows(lines)

warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
# Example of Naive Bayes implemented from Scratch in Python

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def mean(columnvalues):
s=0
n = float(len(columnvalues))
for i in range(len(columnvalues)):
s = s + float(columnvalues[i])
return s / n

# calculating standard deviation of column values belonging to one class

def stdev(columnvalues):
avg = mean(columnvalues)
s = 0.0
num = len(columnvalues)
for i in range(num):
s = s + pow(float(columnvalues[i]) - avg,
2)variance = s / (float(num - 1))
return math.sqrt(variance)

# Reading CSV file

filename = 'heartdisease.csv'
lines = csv.reader(open(filename, "r"))
dataset = list(lines)
for i in range(len(dataset) - 1):
dataset[i] = [float(x) for x in dataset[i + 1]]

for z in range(5):
print("\n\n\nTest Train Split no. ", z + 1, "\n\n\n")
trainsize = int(len(dataset) * 0.75)
trainset = []
testset = list(dataset) for
i in range(trainsize):
index = random.randrange(len(testset))
trainset.append(testset.pop(index))

# separate list according to class

classlist = {}
for i in range(len(dataset)):
class_num = float(dataset[i][-1])
row = dataset[i]
if (class_num not in
classlist):
classlist[class_num] = []
classlist[class_num].append(row)
# preparing data class wise
class_data = {}
for class_num, row in classlist.items():
class_datarow = [(mean(columnvalues), stdev(columnvalues)) for columnvalues in
zip(*row)]
class_datrow = class_datarow[0:13]

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 class_data[class_num] = class_datarow

# Getting test vector

y_test = []
for j in range(len(testset)):
y_test.append(testset[j][-1])

# Getting prediction vector

y_pred = []
for i in range(len(testset)):
class_probability = {}
for class_num, row in class_data.items():
class_probability[class_num] = 1
for j in range(len(row)):
calculated_mean, calculated_dev = row[j]
x = float(testset[i][j])
if (calculated_dev != 0):
power = math.exp(-(math.pow(x - calculated_mean, 2) / (2 *
math.pow(calculated_dev, 2))))
probability = (1 / (math.sqrt(2 * math.pi) * calculated_dev)) * power
class_probability[class_num] *= probability

resultant_class, max_prob = -1, -1

for class_num, probability in class_probability.items():
if resultant_class == -1 or probability > max_prob:
max_prob = probability
resultant_class = class_num

y_pred.append(resultant_class)

# Getting Accuracy
count = 0
for i in range(len(testset)):
if testset[i][-1] ==
y_pred[i]:count += 1
accuracy = (count / float(len(testset))) * 100.0
print("\n\n Accuracy: ", accuracy, "%")

y1 = [float(k) for k in y_test]

y_pred1 = [float(k) for k in y_pred]
print("\n\n\n\nConfusion Matrix")
cf_matrix = confusion_matrix(y1,
y_pred1)print(cf_matrix)

print("\n\n\n\nF1 Score")
f_score = f1_score(y1, y_pred1, average='weighted')
print(f_score)

# Matrix from 1D array

y2 = np.zeros(shape=(len(y1), 5))

13
y3 = np.zeros(shape=(len(y_pred1), 5))
for i in range(len(y1)):
y2[i][int(y1[i])] = 1

for i in range(len(y_pred1)):
y3[i][int(y_pred1[i])] = 1

# ROC Curve
generationn_classes = 5

fpr =
dict()tpr =
dict()
roc_auc = dict()
for i in range(n_classes):
fpr[i], tpr[i], _ = roc_curve(y2[:, i], y3[:,
i])roc_auc[i] = auc(fpr[i], tpr[i])

# Compute micro-average ROC curve and ROC area

fpr["micro"], tpr["micro"], _ = roc_curve(y2.ravel(),
y3.ravel())
roc_auc["micro"] = auc(fpr["micro"], tpr["micro"])

# Compute macro-average ROC curve and ROC

areaprint("\n\n\n\nROC Curve")
# First aggregate all false positive rates
lw = 2
all_fpr = np.unique(np.concatenate([fpr[i] for i in range(n_classes)]))

# Then interpolate all ROC curves at this

pointsmean_tpr = np.zeros_like(all_fpr)
for i in range(n_classes):
mean_tpr += interp(all_fpr, fpr[i], tpr[i])

# Finally average it and compute

AUCmean_tpr /= n_classes

fpr["macro"] = all_fpr
tpr["macro"] = mean_tpr

14
 roc_auc["macro"] = auc(fpr["macro"], tpr["macro"])

# Plot all ROC

curvesplt.figure()
plt.plot(fpr["micro"], tpr["micro"],
label='micro-average (area =
{0:0.2f})'
''.format(roc_auc["micro"]),
color='deeppink', linestyle=':', linewidth=4)

plt.plot(fpr["macro"], tpr["macro"],
label='macro-average (area =
{0:0.2f})'
''.format(roc_auc["macro"]),
color='navy', linestyle=':',
linewidth=4)

colors = cycle(['aqua', 'darkorange', 'cornflowerblue', 'red', 'black'])

for i, color in zip(range(n_classes), colors):
plt.plot(fpr[i], tpr[i], color=color, lw=lw,
label='ROC of class {0} (area = {1:0.2f})'
''.format(i, roc_auc[i]))

plt.plot([0, 1], [0, 1], 'k--', lw=lw)

plt.xlim([0.0, 1.0])
plt.ylim([0.0, 1.05])
plt.xlabel('False Positive
Rate')plt.ylabel('True Positive
Rate')
plt.title('Receiver operating characteristic for multi-class')
plt.legend(loc="lower right")
plt.savefig('Exp-
8')plt.show()

NB_from_Gaussian_Sklearn.py

import csv
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
from sklearn.naive_bayes import GaussianNB
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn import metrics
from sklearn.metrics import confusion_matrix, f1_score, roc_curve, auc
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from itertools import cycle
from scipy import interp

# converting txt file to csv file

with open('heartdisease.txt', 'r') as in_file:
stripped = (line.strip() for line in in_file)
lines = (line.split(",") for line in stripped if line)
15
 with open('heartdisease.csv', 'w') as out_file:
writer = csv.writer(out_file)
writer.writerow(('age', 'sex', 'cp', 'restbp', 'chol', 'fbs', 'restecg',
'thalach', 'exang', 'oldpeak', 'slope', 'ca', 'thal', 'num'))
writer.writerows(lines)

# reading CSV using Pandas and storing in dataframe

df = pd.read_csv('heartdisease.csv', header=None)

training_x = df.iloc[1:df.shape[0],
0:13]# print(training_set)

training_y = df.iloc[1:df.shape[0],
13:14]# print(testing_set)

# converting dataframe into arrays

x = np.array(training_x)
y = np.array(training_y)

for z in range(5):
print("\n\n\nTest Train Split no. ", z + 1, "\n\n\n")
x_train, x_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(x, y, test_size=0.25, random_state=None)#
Gaussian function of sklearn
gnb = GaussianNB()
gnb.fit(x_train, y_train.ravel())
y_pred = gnb.predict(x_test)

print("\n\nGaussian Naive Bayes model accuracy(in %):", metrics.accuracy_score(y_test,

y_pred) * 100)

# convert 2D array to 1D array

y1 = y_test.ravel()
y_pred1 = y_pred.ravel()

print("\n\n\n\nConfusion Matrix")
cf_matrix = confusion_matrix(y1,
y_pred1)print(cf_matrix)

print("\n\n\n\nF1 Score")
f_score = f1_score(y1, y_pred1, average='weighted')
print(f_score)

# Matrix from 1D array

y2 = np.zeros(shape=(len(y1), 5))
y3 = np.zeros(shape=(len(y_pred1), 5))
for i in range(len(y1)):

16
 y2[i][int(y1[i])] = 1

for i in range(len(y_pred1)):
y3[i][int(y_pred1[i])] = 1

# ROC Curve
generationn_classes = 5

fpr =
dict()tpr =
dict()
roc_auc = dict()
for i in range(n_classes):
fpr[i], tpr[i], _ = roc_curve(y2[:, i], y3[:,
i])roc_auc[i] = auc(fpr[i], tpr[i])

# Compute micro-average ROC curve and ROC area

fpr["micro"], tpr["micro"], _ = roc_curve(y2.ravel(),
y3.ravel())
roc_auc["micro"] = auc(fpr["micro"], tpr["micro"])

# Compute macro-average ROC curve and ROC

areaprint("\n\n\n\nROC Curve")
# First aggregate all false positive rates
lw = 2
all_fpr = np.unique(np.concatenate([fpr[i] for i in range(n_classes)]))

# Then interpolate all ROC curves at this

pointsmean_tpr = np.zeros_like(all_fpr)
for i in range(n_classes):
mean_tpr += interp(all_fpr, fpr[i], tpr[i])

# Finally average it and compute

AUCmean_tpr /= n_classes

fpr["macro"] = all_fpr
tpr["macro"] = mean_tpr
roc_auc["macro"] = auc(fpr["macro"], tpr["macro"])

# Plot all ROC

curvesplt.figure()
plt.plot(fpr["micro"], tpr["micro"],
label='micro-average (area =
{0:0.2f})'
''.format(roc_auc["micro"]),
color='deeppink', linestyle=':', linewidth=4)

plt.plot(fpr["macro"], tpr["macro"],
label='macro-average (area =
{0:0.2f})'''.format(roc_auc["macro"]),

17
 color='navy', linestyle=':', linewidth=4)

colors = cycle(['aqua', 'darkorange', 'cornflowerblue', 'red', 'black'])

for i, color in zip(range(n_classes), colors):
plt.plot(fpr[i], tpr[i], color=color, lw=lw,
label='ROC of class {0} (area = {1:0.2f})'
''.format(i, roc_auc[i]))

plt.plot([0, 1], [0, 1], 'k--', lw=lw)

plt.xlim([0.0, 1.0])
plt.ylim([0.0, 1.05])
plt.xlabel('False Positive Rate')
plt.ylabel('True Positive Rate')
plt.title('Receiver operating characteristic for multi-class')
plt.legend(loc="lower right")
plt.show()

OUTPUT:

18
 RESULT:
Thus the program to diagnose heart patients and predict disease using heart diseasedataset with
Naïve Bayes Classifier Algorithm have been executed successfully and output got verified.

19
EX.NO:4 IMPLEMENT BAYESIAN NETWORKS
Date:

AIM:
To construct a Bayesian network, to demonstrate the diagnosis of heart patients
using standard Heart Disease Data Set.

ALGORITHM:

1. Read the training dataset T;

2. Calculate the mean and standard deviation of the predictor variables in each
class;
3. Repeat Calculate the probability of fi using the gauss density equation in each
class; Until the probability of all predictor variables (f1, f2, f3, .. , fn) has
been calculated.
4. Calculate the likelihood for each class;
5. Get the greatest likelihood;

PROGRAM:

import bayespy as bp
import numpy as np
import csv
from colorama import init
from colorama import Fore, Back,
Styleinit()

ageEnum = {'SuperSeniorCitizen':0, 'SeniorCitizen':1, 'MiddleAged':2, 'Youth':3,

'Teen':4}genderEnum = {'Male':0, 'Female':1}
familyHistoryEnum = {'Yes':0, 'No':1}
dietEnum = {'High':0, 'Medium':1,
'Low':2}
lifeStyleEnum = {'Athlete':0, 'Active':1, 'Moderate':2,
'Sedetary':3}cholesterolEnum = {'High':0, 'BorderLine':1,
'Normal':2} heartDiseaseEnum = {'Yes':0, 'No':1}

with open('heart_disease_data.csv') as csvfile:

lines = csv.reader(csvfile)
dataset = list(lines)
data = []
for x in dataset:
data.append([ageEnum[x[0]],genderEnum[x[1]],familyHistoryEnum[x[2]],dietEnum[
x[3]],lifeStyleEnum[x[4]],cholesterolEnum[x[5]],heartDiseaseEnum[x[6]]])
data = np.array(data)
N = len(data)

p_age = bp.nodes.Dirichlet(1.0*np.ones(5))
age = bp.nodes.Categorical(p_age, plates=(N,))
20
age.observe(data[:,0])
p_gender = bp.nodes.Dirichlet(1.0*np.ones(2)) gender
= bp.nodes.Categorical(p_gender, plates=(N,))
gender.observe(data[:,1])

p_familyhistory = bp.nodes.Dirichlet(1.0*np.ones(2))
familyhistory = bp.nodes.Categorical(p_familyhistory,
plates=(N,))familyhistory.observe(data[:,2])

p_diet = bp.nodes.Dirichlet(1.0*np.ones(3))
diet = bp.nodes.Categorical(p_diet, plates=(N,))
diet.observe(data[:,3])

p_lifestyle = bp.nodes.Dirichlet(1.0*np.ones(4))
lifestyle = bp.nodes.Categorical(p_lifestyle,
plates=(N,))lifestyle.observe(data[:,4])

p_cholesterol = bp.nodes.Dirichlet(1.0*np.ones(3)) cholesterol

= bp.nodes.Categorical(p_cholesterol, plates=(N,))
cholesterol.observe(data[:,5])

p_heartdisease = bp.nodes.Dirichlet(np.ones(2), plates=(5, 2, 2, 3, 4, 3))

heartdisease = bp.nodes.MultiMixture([age, gender, familyhistory, diet, lifestyle,
cholesterol], bp.nodes.Categorical, p_heartdisease)
heartdisease.observe(data[:,6])
p_heartdisease.update()

m=0
while m ==
0:
print("\n")
res = bp.nodes.MultiMixture([int(input('Enter Age: ' + str(ageEnum))), int(input('Enter
Gender: ' + str(genderEnum))), int(input('Enter FamilyHistory: ' +
str(familyHistoryEnum))), int(input('Enter dietEnum: ' + str(dietEnum))),
int(input('Enter LifeStyle: ' + str(lifeStyleEnum))), int(input('Enter Cholesterol: '
+str(cholesterolEnum)))], bp.nodes.Categorical,
p_heartdisease).get_moments()[0][heartDiseaseEnum['Yes']]
print("Probability(HeartDisease) = " + str(res))
m = int(input("Enter for Continue:0, Exit :1 "))

OUTPUT:

21
Enter Age: {'SuperSeniorCitizen': 0, 'SeniorCitizen': 1, 'MiddleAged': 2, 'Youth': 3, 'Teen': 4}1
Enter Gender: {'Male': 0, 'Female': 1}0
Enter FamilyHistory: {'Yes': 0, 'No': 1}
Enter dietEnum: {'High': 0, 'Medium': 1, 'Low': 2}2
Enter LifeStyle: {'Athlete': 0, 'Active': 1, 'Moderate': 2, 'Sedetary': 3}2
Enter Cholesterol: {'High': 0, 'BorderLine': 1, 'Normal': 2}1

Probability(HeartDisease) = 0.5
Enter for Continue:0, Exit :1 1

RESULT:
Thus the program to implement a bayesian networks in the given heart diseasedataset have
been executed successfully and the output got verified.

22
 EX.NO:5 BUILD REGRESSION MODELS
Date:
AIM:
To build regression models such as locally weighted linear regression and plot
thenecessary graphs.

ALGORITHM:
1. Read the Given data Sample to X and the curve (linear or non-linear) to Y
2. Set the value for Smoothening parameter or Free parameter say τ
3. Set the bias /Point of interest set x0 which is a subset of X
4. Determine the weight matrix using :

5. Determine the value of model term parameter β using :

6. Prediction = x0*β.

PROGRAM:

from math import ceil

import numpy as np
from scipy import linalg

def lowess(x, y, f, iterations):

n = len(x)
r = int(ceil(f * n))
h = [np.sort(np.abs(x - x[i]))[r] for i in range(n)]
w = np.clip(np.abs((x[:, None] - x[None, :]) / h), 0.0, 1.0)
w = (1 - w ** 3) ** 3
yest = np.zeros(n)
delta = np.ones(n)
for iteration in range(iterations):
for i in range(n):
weights = delta * w[:, i]
b = np.array([np.sum(weights * y), np.sum(weights * y * x)])
A = np.array([[np.sum(weights), np.sum(weights * x)],[np.sum(weights * x),
np.sum(weights * x * x)]])
beta = linalg.solve(A, b)
yest[i] = beta[0] + beta[1] * x[i]

residuals = y - yest
s = np.median(np.abs(residuals))

23
 delta = np.clip(residuals / (6.0 * s), -1, 1)
delta = (1 - delta ** 2) ** 2

return yest

import mathn =
100
x = np.linspace(0, 2 * math.pi, n)
y = np.sin(x) + 0.3 * np.random.randn(n)f
=0.25
iterations=3
yest = lowess(x, y, f, iterations)

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

plt.plot(x,y,"r.")
plt.plot(x,yest,"b-")

OUTPUT:

RESULT:
Thus the program to implement non-parametric Locally Weighted Regression algorithm in
order to fit data points with a graph visualization have been executedsuccessfully.

24
 EX.NO:6 BUILD DECISION TREES AND
Date: RANDOM FORESTS
AIM:
To implement the concept of decision trees with suitable dataset from real world
problems using CART algorithm.

ALGORITHM:
STEPS IN CART ALGORITHM:
1. It begins with the original set S as the root node.
2. On each iteration of the algorithm, it iterates through the very unused
attribute ofthe set S and calculates Gini index of this attribute.
3. Gini Index works with the categorical target variable “Success” or
“Failure”. Itperforms only Binary splits.
4. The set S is then split by the selected attribute to produce a subset of the data.
5. The algorithm continues to recur on each subset, considering only attributes
neverselected before.

PROGRAM:

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import pandas as pd

data =
pd.read_csv('/Users/ganesh/PycharmProjects/DecisionTree/Social_Network_Ads.csv')
data.head()

feature_cols = ['Age', 'EstimatedSalary']

x = data.iloc[:, [2, 3]].values
y = data.iloc[:, 4].values

from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

x_train, x_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(x, y, test_size=0.25, random_state=0)

from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler

sc_x = StandardScaler()
x_train = sc_x.fit_transform(x_train)
x_test = sc_x.transform(x_test)

from sklearn.tree import DecisionTreeClassifier

classifier = DecisionTreeClassifier()
classifier = classifier.fit(x_train, y_train)

y_pred = classifier.predict(x_test)

25
from sklearn import metrics
print('Accuracy Score:', metrics.accuracy_score(y_test, y_pred))

from sklearn.metrics import confusion_matrix

cm = confusion_matrix(y_test, y_pred)
print(cm)

from matplotlib.colors import ListedColormap

x_set, y_set = x_test, y_test

x1, x2 = np.meshgrid(np.arange(start=x_set[:, 0].min()-1, stop=x_set[:, 0].max()+1,

step=0.01), np.arange(start=x_set[:, 1].min()-1, stop=x_set[:, 1].max()+1, step=0.01))
plt.contourf(x1,x2, classifier.predict(np.array([x1.ravel(), x2.ravel()]).T).reshape(x1.shape),
alpha=0.75, cmap=ListedColormap(("red", "green")))
plt.xlim(x1.min(), x1.max())
plt.ylim(x2.min(), x2.max())
for i, j in enumerate(np.unique(y_set)):
plt.scatter(x_set[y_set == j, 0], x_set[y_set == j, 1], c=ListedColormap(("red", "green"))(i),
label=j)

plt.title("Decision Tree(Test set)")

plt.xlabel("Age")
plt.ylabel("Estimated Salary")
plt.legend()
plt.show()

from sklearn.tree import export_graphviz

from six import StringIO
from IPython.display import Image
import pydotplus

dot_data = StringIO()
export_graphviz(classifier, out_file=dot_data, filled=True, rounded=True,
special_characters=True, feature_names=feature_cols, class_names=['0', '1'])
graph = pydotplus.graph_from_dot_data(dot_data.getvalue())
Image(graph.write_png('decisiontree.png'))

classifier = DecisionTreeClassifier(criterion="gini", max_depth=3)

classifier = classifier.fit(x_train, y_train)
y_pred = classifier.predict(x_test)
print("Accuracy:", metrics.accuracy_score(y_test, y_pred))

dot_data = StringIO()
export_graphviz(classifier, out_file=dot_data, filled=True, rounded=True,
special_characters=True, feature_names=feature_cols, class_names=['0', '1'])
graph = pydotplus.graph_from_dot_data(dot_data.getvalue())
26
Image(graph.write_png('opt_decisiontree_gini.png'))

OUTPUT OF DECISION TREE WITHOUT PRUNING:

27
Optimized output of decision tree using Gini Index (CART):

RESULT:
Thus the program to implement the concept of decision trees with suitable datasetfrom real
world problems using CART algorithm have been executed successfully.

28
 EX.NO:7 BUILD SVM MODELS
Date:

AIM:
To create a machine learning model which classifies the Spam and Ham E-Mails froma given
dataset using Support Vector Machine algorithm.

ALGORITHM:

1. Import all the necessary libraries.

2. Read the given csv file which contains the emails which are both
spam andham.
3. Gather all the words given in that dataset and Identify the stop words
with amean distribution.
4. Create an ML model using the Support Vector Classifier after
splitting thedataset into training and test set.
5. Display the accuracy and f1 score and print the confusion
matrix for theclassification of spam and ham.

PROGRAM:

import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns
import string
from nltk.corpus import stopwords
import os
from wordcloud import WordCloud, STOPWORDS,
ImageColorGeneratorfrom PIL import Image
from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.metrics import classification_report, confusion_matrix
from sklearn.naive_bayes import MultinomialNB
from sklearn.metrics import roc_curve, auc
from sklearn import metrics
from sklearn import model_selection
from sklearn import svm
from nltk import word_tokenize
from sklearn.metrics import roc_auc_score
from matplotlib import pyplot
from sklearn.metrics import plot_confusion_matrix

class data_read_write(object):
def init (self):
pass
def init (self, file_link):
self.data_frame = pd.read_csv(file_link)

29
 def read_csv_file(self,
file_link):return
self.data_frame
def write_to_csvfile(self, file_link):
self.data_frame.to_csv(file_link, encoding='utf-8', index=False, header=True)
return

class generate_word_cloud(data_read_write):
def init (self):
pass
def variance_column(self, data):
return np.variance(data)
def word_cloud(self, data_frame_column, output_image_file):
text = " ".join(review for review in data_frame_column)
stopwords = set(STOPWORDS)
stopwords.update(["subject"])
wordcloud = WordCloud(width = 1200, height = 800, stopwords=stopwords,
max_font_size = 50, margin=0,
background_color = "white").generate(text)
plt.imshow(wordcloud, interpolation='bilinear')
plt.axis("off")
plt.savefig("Distribution.png")
plt.show()
wordcloud.to_file(output_image_file)
return

class data_cleaning(data_read_write):
def init (self):
pass
def message_cleaning(self, message):
Test_punc_removed = [char for char in message if char not in string.punctuation]
Test_punc_removed_join = ''.join(Test_punc_removed)
Test_punc_removed_join_clean = [word for word in Test_punc_removed_join.split()
if word.lower() not in stopwords.words('english')]
final_join = ' '.join(Test_punc_removed_join_clean)
return final_join

def apply_to_column(self, data_column_text):

data_processed = data_column_text.apply(self.message_cleaning)
return data_processed

class apply_embeddding_and_model(data_read_write):
def init (self):
pass

def apply_count_vector(self, v_data_column):

30
 vectorizer = CountVectorizer(min_df=2, analyzer="word",
tokenizer=None,preprocessor=None, stop_words=None)
return vectorizer.fit_transform(v_data_column)

def apply_svm(self, X, y):

X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y,
test_size=0.2)params = {'kernel': 'linear', 'C': 2, 'gamma': 1}
svm_cv = svm.SVC(C=params['C'], kernel=params['kernel'],
gamma=params['gamma'],probability=True)
svm_cv.fit(X_train, y_train)
y_predict_test = svm_cv.predict(X_test)
cm = confusion_matrix(y_test, y_predict_test)
sns.heatmap(cm, annot=True)
print(classification_report(y_test, y_predict_test))
print("test set")

print("\nAccuracy Score: " + str(metrics.accuracy_score(y_test, y_predict_test)))

print("F1 Score: " + str(metrics.f1_score(y_test, y_predict_test)))
print("Recall: " + str(metrics.recall_score(y_test, y_predict_test)))
print("Precision: " + str(metrics.precision_score(y_test, y_predict_test)))

class_names = ['ham', 'spam']

titles_options = [("Confusion matrix, without normalization", None),
("Normalized confusion matrix", 'true')]
for title, normalize in titles_options:
disp = plot_confusion_matrix(svm_cv, X_test, y_test,
display_labels=class_names,
cmap=plt.cm.Blues,
normalize=normalize)
disp.ax_.set_title(title)
print(title)
print(disp.confusion_matrix)
plt.savefig("SVM.png"
)plt.show()

ns_probs = [0 for _ in range(len(y_test))]

lr_probs = svm_cv.predict_proba(X_test)
lr_probs = lr_probs[:, 1]
ns_auc = roc_auc_score(y_test, ns_probs)
lr_auc = roc_auc_score(y_test, lr_probs)
print('No Skill: ROC AUC=%.3f' %
(ns_auc))print('SVM: ROC AUC=%.3f' %
(lr_auc))
ns_fpr, ns_tpr, _ = roc_curve(y_test, ns_probs)
lr_fpr, lr_tpr, _ = roc_curve(y_test, lr_probs)
pyplot.plot(ns_fpr, ns_tpr, linestyle='--', label='No Skill')

31
 pyplot.plot(lr_fpr, lr_tpr, marker='.',
label='SVM')pyplot.xlabel('False Positive Rate')
pyplot.ylabel('True Positive Rate')
pyplot.legend()
pyplot.savefig("SVMMat.png"
)pyplot.show()
return

data_obj = data_read_write("emails.csv")

data_frame = data_obj.read_csv_file("processed.csv")
data_frame.head()
data_frame.tail()
data_frame.describe()
data_frame.info()

data_frame.head()

data_frame.groupby('spam').describe()

data_frame['length'] = data_frame['text'].apply(len)
data_frame['length'].max()

sns.set(rc={'figure.figsize':(11.7,8.27)})
ham_messages_length = data_frame[data_frame['spam']==0]
spam_messages_length = data_frame[data_frame['spam']==1]

ham_messages_length['length'].plot(bins=100, kind='hist',label = 'Ham')

spam_messages_length['length'].plot(bins=100, kind='hist',label = 'Spam')
plt.title('Distribution of Length of Email Text')
plt.xlabel('Length of Email
Text')plt.legend()

data_frame[data_frame['spam']==0].text.values

ham_words_length = [len(word_tokenize(title)) for title in

data_frame[data_frame['spam']==0].text.values]
spam_words_length = [len(word_tokenize(title)) for title in
data_frame[data_frame['spam']==1].text.values]
print(max(ham_words_length))
print(max(spam_words_length))

sns.set(rc={'figure.figsize':(11.7,8.27)})
ax = sns.distplot(ham_words_length, norm_hist = True, bins = 30, label = 'Ham')
ax = sns.distplot(spam_words_length, norm_hist = True, bins = 30, label = 'Spam')
plt.title('Distribution of Number of Words')
plt.xlabel('Number of Words')

32
plt.legend()
plt.savefig("SVMGraph.png"
)plt.show()

def mean_word_length(x):
word_lengths = np.array([])
for word in word_tokenize(x):
word_lengths = np.append(word_lengths, len(word))
return word_lengths.mean()

ham_meanword_length =
data_frame[data_frame['spam']==0].text.apply(mean_word_length)
spam_meanword_length =
data_frame[data_frame['spam']==1].text.apply(mean_word_length)

sns.distplot(ham_meanword_length, norm_hist = True, bins = 30, label = 'Ham')

sns.distplot(spam_meanword_length , norm_hist = True, bins = 30, label = 'Spam')
plt.title('Distribution of Mean Word Length')
plt.xlabel('Mean Word Length')
plt.legend()
plt.savefig("Graph.png")
plt.show()

from nltk.corpus import stopwords

stop_words = set(stopwords.words('english'))

def stop_words_ratio(x):
num_total_words = 0
num_stop_words = 0
for word in word_tokenize(x):
if word in stop_words:
num_stop_words += 1
num_total_words += 1
return num_stop_words / num_total_words

ham_stopwords = data_frame[data_frame['spam'] == 0].text.apply(stop_words_ratio)

spam_stopwords = data_frame[data_frame['spam'] == 1].text.apply(stop_words_ratio)

sns.distplot(ham_stopwords, norm_hist=True, label='Ham')

sns.distplot(spam_stopwords, label='Spam')

print('Ham Mean: {:.3f}'.format(ham_stopwords.values.mean()))

print('Spam Mean: {:.3f}'.format(spam_stopwords.values.mean()))
plt.title('Distribution of Stop-word Ratio')
33
plt.xlabel('Stop Word Ratio')
plt.legend()

ham = data_frame[data_frame['spam']==0]
spam = data_frame[data_frame['spam']==1]
spam['length'].plot(bins=60, kind='hist')
ham['length'].plot(bins=60, kind='hist')
data_frame['Ham(0) and Spam(1)'] = data_frame['spam']
print( 'Spam percentage =', (len(spam) / len(data_frame) )*100,"%")
print( 'Ham percentage =', (len(ham) / len(data_frame) )*100,"%")
sns.countplot(data_frame['Ham(0) and Spam(1)'], label = "Count")

data_clean_obj = data_cleaning()
data_frame['clean_text'] = data_clean_obj.apply_to_column(data_frame['text'])

data_frame.head()

data_obj.data_frame.head()

data_obj.write_to_csvfile("processed_file.csv")

cv_object = apply_embeddding_and_model()
spamham_countvectorizer = cv_object.apply_count_vector(data_frame['clean_text'])
X = spamham_countvectorizer
label = data_frame['spam'].values
y = label
cv_object.apply_svm(X,y)

OUTPUT:

precision recall f1-score support

0 0.99 0.99 0.99 877

1 0.98 0.97 0.98 269

accuracy 0.99 1146

macro avg 0.99 0.98 0.99 1146
weighted avg 0.99 0.99 0.99 1146

test set
Accuracy Score: 0.9895287958115183
F1 Score: 0.9776119402985075
Recall: 0.9739776951672863
Precision: 0.9812734082397003

Normalized confusion matrix

[[0.99429875 0.00570125]
[0.0260223 0.9739777 ]]

34
35
 RESULT:
Thus the program to create a machine learning model which classifies the Spam andHam E-
Mails from a given dataset using Support Vector Machine algorithm have been successfully
executed.

36
 EX.NO:8 IMPLEMENT ENSEMBLING
Date: TECHNIQUES.
AIM:
To implement the ensembling technique of Blending with the given Alcohol QCM
Dataset.

ALGORITHM:
1. Split the training dataset into train, test and validation dataset.
2. Fit all the base models using train dataset.
3. Make predictions on validation and test dataset.
4. These predictions are used as features to build a second level model
5. This model is used to make predictions on test and meta-features.
PROGRAM:

import pandas as pd
from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error
from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestRegressor
import xgboost as xgb
from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
df = pd.read_csv("train_data.csv")
target = df["target"]
train = df.drop("target")
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(train, target, test_size=0.20)
train_ratio = 0.70
validation_ratio = 0.20
test_ratio = 0.10
x_train, x_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(
train, target, test_size=1 - train_ratio)
x_val, x_test, y_val, y_test = train_test_split(
x_test, y_test, test_size=test_ratio/(test_ratio + validation_ratio))
model_1 = LinearRegression()
model_2 = xgb.XGBRegressor()
model_3 = RandomForestRegressor()
model_1.fit(x_train, y_train)
val_pred_1 = model_1.predict(x_val)
test_pred_1 = model_1.predict(x_test)
val_pred_1 = pd.DataFrame(val_pred_1)
test_pred_1 = pd.DataFrame(test_pred_1)
model_2.fit(x_train, y_train)
val_pred_2 = model_2.predict(x_val)
test_pred_2 = model_2.predict(x_test)
val_pred_2 = pd.DataFrame(val_pred_2)
test_pred_2 = pd.DataFrame(test_pred_2)

37
 model_3.fit(x_train, y_train) val_pred_3
= model_1.predict(x_val) test_pred_3 =
model_1.predict(x_test)
val_pred_3 = pd.DataFrame(val_pred_3)
test_pred_3 = pd.DataFrame(test_pred_3)
df_val = pd.concat([x_val, val_pred_1, val_pred_2, val_pred_3], axis=1) df_test
= pd.concat([x_test, test_pred_1, test_pred_2, test_pred_3], axis=1)final_model
= LinearRegression()
final_model.fit(df_val, y_val)
final_pred = final_model.predict(df_test)
print(mean_squared_error(y_test, pred_final))

OUTPUT:
4790

RESULT:
Thus the program to implement ensembling technique of Blending with the given Alcohol
QCM Dataset have been executed successfully and the output got verfied.

38
 EX.NO:8 IMPLEMENT CLUSTERING
Date: ALGORITHMS

AIM:
To implment k-Nearest Neighbour algorithm to classify the Iris Dataset.
ALGORITHM:
Step-1: Select the number K of the neighbors
Step-2: Calculate the Euclidean distance of K number of neighbors
Step-3: Take the K nearest neighbors as per the calculated Euclidean distance.
Step-4: Among these k neighbors, count the number of the data points in each
category.
Step-5: Assign the new data points to that category for which the number of the
neighbor is maximum.
Step-6: Our model is ready.
PROGRAM:

from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

from sklearn.neighbors import KNeighborsClassifier
from sklearn.metrics import classification_report
from sklearn.metrics import confusion_matrix

import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
from sklearn import datasets

iris=datasets.load_iris()
iris_data=iris.data
iris_labels=iris.target

x_train, x_test, y_train, y_test=(train_test_split(iris_data, iris_labels, test_size=0.20))

classifier=KNeighborsClassifier(n_neighbors=6)
classifier.fit(x_train, y_train)
y_pred=classifier.predict(x_test)

print("accuracy is")
print(classification_report(y_test, y_pred))

39
 OUTPUT:
accuracy is
precision recall f1-score support

0 1.00 1.00 1.00 9

1 1.00 0.93 0.96 14
2 0.88 1.00 0.93 7

accuracy 0.97 30
macro avg 0.96 0.98 0.97 30
weighted avg 0.97 0.97 0.97 30

RESULT:
Thus the program to implement k-Nearest Neighbour Algorithm for clustering Irisdataset
have been executed successfully and output got verified.

40
EX.NO:10 IMPLEMENT EM FOR BAYESIAN
Date: NETWORKS
AIM:
To implement the EM algorithm for clustering networks using the given dataset.
ALGORITHM:
Initialize θ randomly Repeat until convergence:
E-step:
Compute q(h) = P(H = h | E = e; θ) for each h (probabilistic
inference)Create fully-observed weighted examples: (h, e) with
weight q(h)
M-step:
Maximum likelihood (count and normalize) on weighted examples to get θ
PROGRAM:
from sklearn.cluster import KMeans
from sklearn import preprocessing
from sklearn.mixture import GaussianMixture
from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
import sklearn.metrics as sm
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

dataset=load_iris()
# print(dataset)

X=pd.DataFrame(dataset.data)
X.columns=['Sepal_Length','Sepal_Width','Petal_Length','Petal_Width']
y=pd.DataFrame(dataset.target)
y.columns=['Targets']
# print(X)

plt.figure(figsize=(14,7))
colormap=np.array(['red','lime','black'])

# REAL PLOT
plt.subplot(1,3,1)
plt.scatter(X.Petal_Length,X.Petal_Width,c=colormap[y.Targets],s=40
)plt.title('Real')

# K-PLOT
plt.subplot(1,3,2)
model=KMeans(n_clusters=3
)model.fit(X)

41
 predY=np.choose(model.labels_,[0,1,2]).astype(np.int64)
plt.scatter(X.Petal_Length,X.Petal_Width,c=colormap[predY],s=40)
plt.title('KMeans')

# GMM PLOT
scaler=preprocessing.StandardScaler()
scaler.fit(X)
xsa=scaler.transform(X)
xs=pd.DataFrame(xsa,columns=X.columns)
gmm=GaussianMixture(n_components=3)
gmm.fit(xs) y_cluster_gmm=gmm.predict(xs)
plt.subplot(1,3,3)
plt.scatter(X.Petal_Length,X.Petal_Width,c=colormap[y_cluster_gmm],s=40)
plt.title('GMM Classification')

OUTPUT:

RESULT:
Thus the program to implement EM Algorithm for clustering networks using the
given dataset have been executed successfully and the output got verified.

42
EX.NO:11 BUILD SIMPLE NN MODELS
Date:
AIM:

To implement the neural network model for the given dataset.

ALGORITHM:
1. Image Acquisition: The first step is to acquire images of paper documents
with the help of optical scanners. This way, an original image can be
captured and stored.
2. Pre-processing: The noise level on an image should be optimized and areas
outsidethe text removed. Pre-processing is especially vital for recognizing
handwritten documents that are more sensitive to noise.
3. Segmentation: The process of segmentation is aimed at grouping
characters into meaningful chunks. There can be predefined classes for
characters. So, images can be scanned for patterns that match the classes.
4. Feature Extraction: This step means splitting the input data into a set of
features, that is, to find essential characteristics that make one or another
patternrecognizable.
5. Training an MLP neural network using the following steps:
1. Starting with the input layer, propagate data forward to the output layer.This step
is the forward propagation.
2. Based on the output, calculate the error (the difference between the
predicted and known outcome). The error needs to be minimized.
3. Backpropagate the error. Find its derivative with respect to each weightin the
network, and update the model.
6. Post processing: This stage is the process of refinement as an OCR
model can require some corrections. However, it isn’t possible to
achieve 100% recognitionaccuracy. The identification of characters
heavily depends on the context.

PROGRAM:
from future import print_function import
numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf
from keras.models import Sequential
from keras.layers.core import Dense, Dropout, Activation from
keras.layers import Conv2D, MaxPooling2D, Flatten from
keras.optimizers import RMSprop, SGD
from keras.optimizers import Adam
from keras.utils import np_utils from
emnist import list_datasets
from emnist import extract_training_samplesfrom
emnist import extract_test_samples import
matplotlib
matplotlib.use('TkAgg')

43
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
np.random.seed(1671) # for reproducibility#
network and training
NB_EPOCH = 30
BATCH_SIZE = 256
VERBOSE = 2
NB_CLASSES = 256 # number of outputs = number of classes
OPTIMIZER = Adam()
N_HIDDEN = 512
VALIDATION_SPLIT=0.2 # how much TRAIN is reserved for
VALIDATIONDROPOUT = 0.20
print(list_datasets())
X_train, y_train = extract_training_samples('byclass')
print("train shape: ", X_train.shape)
print("train labels: ",y_train.shape)
X_test, y_test = extract_test_samples('byclass')
print("test shape: ",X_test.shape)
print("test labels: ",y_test.shape)#for
indexing from 0
y_train = y_train-1
y_test = y_test-1
RESHAPED = len(X_train[0])*len(X_train[1]) X_train
= X_train.reshape(len(X_train), RESHAPED)X_test =
X_test.reshape(len(X_test), RESHAPED) X_train =
X_train.astype('float32')
X_test = X_test.astype('float32')#
normalize
X_train /= 255
X_test /= 255
print(X_train.shape[0], 'train samples')
print(X_test.shape[0], 'test samples')
# convert class vectors to binary class matrices
Y_train = np_utils.to_categorical(y_train, NB_CLASSES)
Y_test = np_utils.to_categorical(y_test, NB_CLASSES)#
M_HIDDEN hidden layers
# 35 outputs
# final stage is softmax
model = Sequential()
model.add(Dense(N_HIDDEN, input_shape=(RESHAPED,)))
model.add(Activation('relu')) model.add(Dropout(DROPOUT))
model.add(Dense(256))
model.add(Activation('relu'))
model.add(Dropout(DROPOUT))
model.add(Dense(256))
model.add(Activation('relu'))
model.add(Dropout(DROPOUT))

44
model.add(Dense(256))
model.add(Activation('relu'))
model.add(Dropout(DROPOUT))
model.add(Dense(NB_CLASSES))
model.add(Activation('softmax'))
model.summary()

model.compile(loss='categorical_crossentropy',
optimizer=OPTIMIZER,
metrics=['accuracy'])

history = model.fit(X_train, Y_train,

batch_size=BATCH_SIZE, epochs=NB_EPOCH,
verbose=VERBOSE, validation_split=VALIDATION_SPLIT)
score = model.evaluate(X_test, Y_test, verbose=VERBOSE)
print("\nTest score:", score[0])
print('Test accuracy:', score[1])

# list all data in history

print(history.history.keys())
# summarize history for accuracy
plt.plot(history.history['accuracy'])
plt.plot(history.history['val_accuracy'])
plt.title('model accuracy')
plt.ylabel('accuracy') plt.xlabel('epoch')
plt.legend(['train', 'test'], loc='upper left')
plt.show()
# summarize history for loss
plt.plot(history.history['loss'])
plt.plot(history.history['val_loss'])
plt.title('model loss') plt.ylabel('loss')
plt.xlabel('epoch')
plt.legend(['train', 'test'], loc='upper left')
plt.show()

OUTPUT:
['balanced', 'byclass', 'bymerge', 'digits', 'letters', 'mnist']train
shape: (697932, 28, 28)
train labels: (697932,)
test shape: (116323, 28, 28)
test labels: (116323,)
697932 train samples
116323 test samples
Model: "sequential"

Layer (type) Output Shape Param #

=================================================================
dense (Dense) (None, 512) 401920
activation (Activation) (None, 512) 0
dropout (Dropout) (None, 512) 0
dense_1 (Dense) (None, 256) 131328
activation_1 (Activation) (None, 256) 0
dropout_1 (Dropout) (None, 256) 0
dense_2 (Dense) (None, 256) 65792

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activation_2 (Activation) (None, 256) 0
dropout_2 (Dropout) (None, 256) 0
dense_3 (Dense) (None, 256) 65792
activation_3 (Activation) (None, 256) 0
dropout_3 (Dropout) (None, 256) 0
dense_4 (Dense) (None, 256) 65792
activation_4 (Activation) (None, 256) 0
=================================================================
Total params: 730,624
Trainable params: 730,624
Non-trainable params: 0

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RESULT:

Thus the program to implement the neural network model for the given dataset

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 EX.NO:12 BUILD DEEP LEARNING NN
Date: MODELS
AIM:
To implement and build a Convolutional neural network model which predicts theage and
gender of a person using the given pre-trained models.

ALGORITHM:
STEPS IN CNN ALGORITHM:
Step-1: Choose the Dataset.
Step-2: Prepare the Dataset for training.
Step-3: Create training Data.
Step-4: Shuffle the Dataset.
Step-5: Assigning Labels and Features.
Step-6: Normalising X and converting labels to categorical data.Step-
7: Split X and Y for use in CNN.
Step-8: Define, compile and train the CNN Model.
Step-9: Accuracy and Score of the model.

PROGRAM:

import cv2 as cv
import math
import time
from google.colab.patches import cv2_imshow

def getFaceBox(net, frame, conf_threshold=0.7):

frameOpencvDnn = frame.copy()
frameHeight = frameOpencvDnn.shape[0]
frameWidth = frameOpencvDnn.shape[1]
blob = cv.dnn.blobFromImage(frameOpencvDnn, 1.0, (300, 300), [104, 117, 123], True, False)
net.setInput(blob)
detections = net.forward()
bboxes = []
for i in range(detections.shape[2]):
confidence = detections[0, 0, i, 2] if
confidence > conf_threshold:
x1 = int(detections[0, 0, i, 3] * frameWidth) y1
= int(detections[0, 0, i, 4] * frameHeight) x2 =
int(detections[0, 0, i, 5] * frameWidth) y2 =
int(detections[0, 0, i, 6] * frameHeight)
bboxes.append([x1, y1, x2, y2])
cv.rectangle(frameOpencvDnn, (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (0, 255, 0),
int(round(frameHeight/150)), 8) return
frameOpencvDnn, bboxes

faceProto = "/content/opencv_face_detector.pbtxt" faceModel

= "/content/opencv_face_detector_uint8.pb"ageProto =
"/content/age_deploy.prototxt"
ageModel = "/content/age_net.caffemodel" genderProto =
"/content/gender_deploy.prototxt" genderModel =
"/content/gender_net.caffemodel"

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 MODEL_MEAN_VALUES = (78.4263377603, 87.7689143744, 114.895847746)
ageList = ['(0-2)', '(4-6)', '(8-12)', '(15-20)', '(25-32)', '(38-43)', '(48-53)', '(60-100)']
genderList = ['Male', 'Female']

ageNet = cv.dnn.readNet(ageModel, ageProto) genderNet =

cv.dnn.readNet(genderModel, genderProto)faceNet =
cv.dnn.readNet(faceModel, faceProto)

def age_gender_detector(frame):
# Read frame t
= time.time()
frameFace, bboxes = getFaceBox(faceNet, frame)for
bbox in bboxes:
# print(bbox)
face = frame[max(0,bbox[1]-padding):min(bbox[3]+padding,frame.shape[0]-
1),max(0,bbox[0]-padding):min(bbox[2]+padding, frame.shape[1]-1)]blob =
cv.dnn.blobFromImage(face, 1.0, (227, 227), MODEL_MEAN_VALUES, swapRB=False)
genderNet.setInput(blob)
genderPreds = genderNet.forward()
gender = genderList[genderPreds[0].argmax()]
# print("Gender Output : {}".format(genderPreds))
print("Gender : {}, conf = {:.3f}".format(gender,
genderPreds[0].max()))ageNet.setInput(blob) agePreds
= ageNet.forward()
age = ageList[agePreds[0].argmax()]
print("Age Output : {}".format(agePreds))
print("Age : {}, conf = {:.3f}".format(age, agePreds[0].max()))label = "{},{}".format(gender,age)
cv.putText(frameFace, label, (bbox[0], bbox[1]-10), cv.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 0.8, (0,
255, 255), 2, cv.LINE_AA)
return frameFace

from google.colab import files

uploaded = files.upload() input =
cv.imread("2.jpg")
output = age_gender_detector(input)
cv2_imshow(output)

OUTPUT:

gender : Male, conf = 1.000

Age Output : [[2.8247703e-05 8.9249297e-05 3.0017464e-04 8.8183772e-03 9.3055397e-01
5.1735926e-02 7.6946630e-03 7.7927281e-04]]
Age: (25-32), conf = 0.873

RESULT:

Thus the program to implement and build a Convolutional neural network model which predicts the age
and gender of a person using the given pre-trained modelshave been executed successfully and the
output got verified
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51