Chapter Five

Section 5.1

5.1 A variable whose value is determined by the outcome of a random experiment is called a random
variable. A random variable that assumes countable values is called a discrete random variable. The
number of cars owned by a randomly selected individual is an example of a discrete random variable.
A random variable that can assume any value contained in one or more intervals is called a continuous
random variable. An example of a continuous random variable is the amount of time taken by a
randomly selected student to complete a statistics exam.

5.2 a. continuous b. discrete

c. discrete d. continuous
e. discrete f. continuous

5.3 a. discrete b. continuous

c. continuous d. discrete
e. discrete f. continuous

5.4 The number of households x watching ABC is a discrete random variable because the values of x are
countable: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.

5.5 The number of cars x that stop at the Texaco station is a discrete random variable because the values of
x are countable: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.

Section 5.2
5.6 The probability distribution of a discrete random variable lists all the possible values that the random
variable can assume and their corresponding probabilities. Table 5.3 in Example 5-1 in the text
displays a probability distribution for a discrete random variable. The probability distribution of a
discrete random variable can be presented in the form of a mathematical formula, a table, or graph.

5.7 1. The probability assigned to each value of a random variable x lies in the range 0 to 1; that is,
0 ≤ P( x) ≤ 1 for each x.

109
110 Chapter Five

2. The sum of the probabilities assigned to all possible values of x is equal to 1; that is, ∑ P( x) = 1 .

5.8 a. This table does represent a valid probability distribution of x because it satisfies both conditions
required for a valid probability distribution.
b. This table does not represent a valid probability distribution of x because the sum of the
probabilities of all outcomes listed in the table is not 1, which violates the second condition of a
probability distribution.
c. This table does not represent a valid probability distribution of x because the probability of x = 7 is
negative, which violates the first condition of a probability distribution.

5.9 a. This table does not satisfy the first condition of a probability distribution because the probability of
x = 5 is negative. Hence, it does not represent a valid probability distribution of x.
b. This table represents a valid probability distribution of x because it satisfies both conditions
required for a valid probability distribution.
c. This table does not represent a valid probability distribution of x because the sum of the
probabilities of all outcomes listed in the table is not 1, which violates the second condition of a
probability distribution.

5.10 a. P(x = 3) = .15

b. P(x ≤ 2) = P(x = 0) + P(x = 1) + P(x = 2) = .11 + .19 + .28 = .58
c. P(x ≥ 4) = P(x = 4) + P(x = 5) + P(x = 6) = .12 + .09 + .06 = .27
d. P(1 ≤ x ≤ 4) = P(x = 1) + P(x = 2) + P(x = 3) + P(x = 4) = .19 + .28 + .15 + .12 = .74
e. P(x < 4) = P(x = 0) + P(x = 1) + P(x = 2) + P(x = 3) = .11 + .19 + .28 + .15 = .73
f. P(x >2) = P(x = 3) + P(x = 4) + P(x = 5) + P(x = 6) = .15 + .12 + .09 + .06 = .42
g. P(2 ≤ x ≤ 5) = P(x = 2) + P(x = 3) + P(x = 4) + P(x = 5) = .28 + .15 + .12 + .09 = .64

5.11 a. P(x = 1) = .17

b. P(x ≤ 1) = P(x = 0) + P(x = 1) = .03 + .17 + = .20
c. P(x ≥ 3) = P(x = 3) + P(x = 4) + P(x = 5) = .31 + .15 + .12 = .58
d. P(0 ≤ x ≤ 2) = P(x = 0) + P(x = 1) + P(x = 2) = .03 + .17 + .22 = .42
e. P(x < 3) = P(x = 0) + P(x = 1) + P(x = 2) = .03 + .17 + .22 = .42
f. P(x >3) = P(x = 4) + P(x = 5) = .15 + .12 = .27
g. P(2 ≤ x ≤ 4) = P(x = 2) + P(x = 3) + P(x = 4) = .22 + .31 + .15 = .68
 Introductory Statistics, Mann, Seventh Edition - Instructor’s Solutions Manual 111

5.12 a. Let x = number of patients entering the emergency room during a one-hour period.

P(x) 0.40
0.30

0.20

0.10

0.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Patients Entering Emergency Room

b. i. P(2 or more) = P(x ≥ 2) = P(x = 2) + P(x = 3) + P(x = 4) + P(x = 5) + P(x = 6)

= .2303 + .0998 + .0324 + .0084 + .0023 = .3732
ii. P(exactly 5) = P(x = 5) = .0084
iii. P(fewer than 3) = P (x < 3) = P(x = 0) + P(x = 1) + P(x = 2) = .2725 + .3543 + .2303 = .8571
iv. P(at most 1) = P(x ≤ 1) = P(x = 0) + P(x = 1) = .2725 + .3543 = .6268

5.13 a.

P(x) 0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Sum of Faces on Nathan's Dice

b. i. P(an even number) = P(x = 2) + P(x = 4) + P(x = 6) + P(x = 8) + P(x = 10) + P(x = 12)
= .065 + .08 + .11 + .11 + .08 + .065 = .51
ii. P(7 or 11) = P(x = 7) + P(x = 11) = .17 + .065 = .235
iii. P(4 to 6) = P (4 ≤ x ≤ 6) = P(x = 4) + P(x = 5) + P(x = 6) = .08 + .095 + .11 = .285
iv. P(no less than 9) = P (x ≥ 9) = P(x = 9) + P(x = 10) + P(x = 11) + P(x = 12)
= .095 + .08 + .065 + .065 = .305

5.14 a. Let x denote the number of defective tires on an H2 limo.

112 Chapter Five

x P(x)
0 59/1300 = .045
1 224/1300 = .172
2 369/1300 = .284
3 347/1300 = .267
4 204/1300 = .157
5 76/1300 = .058
6 18/1300 = .014
7 2/1300 = .002
8 1/1300 = .001

P(x) 0.30

0.20

0.10

0.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Number of Defective Tires

b. The probabilities listed in the table of part a are exact because they are based on data from the
entire population (fleet of 1300 limos).
c. i. P(x = 0) = .045
ii. P(x < 4) = P(x = 0) + P(x = 1) + P(x = 2) + P(x = 3) = .045 + .172 + .284 + .267 = .768
iii. P(3 ≤ x < 7) = P(x = 3) + P(x = 4) + P(x = 5) + P(x = 6) = .267 + .157 + .058 + .014 = .496
iv. P(x ≥ 2) = P(x = 2) + P(x = 3) + P(x = 4) + P(x = 5) + P(x = 6) + P(x = 7) + P(x = 8)
= .284 + .267 + .157 + .058 + .014 + .002 + .001 = .783

5.15 a.
x P(x)
1 8/80 = .10
2 20/80 = .25
3 24/80 = .30
4 16/80 = .20
5 12/80 = .15

P(x) 0.40

0.30

0.20

0.10

0.00
1 2 3 4 5
Number of Systems Installed
 Introductory Statistics, Mann, Seventh Edition - Instructor’s Solutions Manual 113

b. The probabilities listed in the table of part a are approximate because they are obtained from a
sample of 80 days.
c. i. P(x = 3) = .30
ii. P(x ≥ 3) = P(x = 3) + P(x = 4) + P(x = 5) = .30 + .20 + .15 = .65
iii. P(2 ≤ x ≤ 4) = P(x = 2) + P(x = 3) + P(x = 4) = .25 + .30 + .20 = .75
iv. P(x < 4) = P(x = 1) + P(x = 2) + P(x = 3) = .10 + .25 + .30 = .65

5.16 Let L = car selected is a lemon and G = car selected is not a lemon.
Then, P(L) = .05 and P(G) = 1 – .05 = .95. Note that the first and second events are independent.

First car Second car Final outcomes

L P(LL) = (.05)(.05) = .0025

.05
L .95
P(LG) = (.05)(.95) = .0475
.05
G

.95 L P(GL) = (.95)(.05) = .0475

G .05
.95
G P(GG) = (.95)(.95) = .9025

P(x = 0) = P(GG) = .9025, P(x =1) = P(LG) + P(GL) = .0475 + .0475 = .0950,
P(x = 2) = P(LL) = .0025

x P(x)
0 .9025
1 .0950
2 .0025

5.17 Let Y = runner selected finished the race in 49:42 or less and N = runner selected did not finish the race
in 49:42 or less.
Then P(Y) = .274 and P(N) = 1 – .274 = .726. Note that the first and second events are independent.

First runner Second runner Final outcomes

Y P(YY) = (.274)(.274) = .075

.274
Y .726
P(YN) = (.274)(.726) = .199
.274
N

.726 Y P(NY) = (.726)(.274) = .199

N .274
.726
N P(NN) = (.726)(.726) = .527

P(x = 0) = P(NN) = .527, P(x =1) = P(YN) + P(NY) = .199 + .199 = .398, P(x = 2) = P(YY) = .075
114 Chapter Five

x P(x)
0 .527
1 .398
2 .075

5.18 Let A = adult selected is against using animals for research and N = adult selected is not against using
animals for research.
Then, P(A) = .30 and P(N) = 1 – .30 = .70. Note that the first and second events are independent.

First adult Second adult Final outcomes

A P(AA) = (.30)(.30) = .09

.30
A .70
P(AN) = (.30)(.70) = .21
.30
N

.70 A P(NA) = (.70)(.30) = .21

N .30
.70
N P(NN) = (.70)(.70) = .49

P(x = 0) = P(NN) = .49, P(x =1) = P(AN) + P(NA) = .21 + .21 = .42, P(x = 2) = P(AA) = .09

x P(x)
0 .49
1 .42
2 .09

5.19 Let R = adult encounters “rude and disrespectful behavior” often and N = adult does not encounter
“rude and disrespectful behavior” often.
Then P(R) = .37 and P(N) = 1 – .37 = .63. Note that the first and second events are independent.
First adult Second adult Final outcomes

R P(RR) = (.37)(.37) = .137

.37
R .63
P(RN) = (.37)(.63) = .233
.37
N

.63 R P(NR) = (.63)(.27) = .233

N .37
.63
N P(NN) = (.63)(.63) = .397

P(x = 0) = P(NN) = .397, P(x =1) = P(RN) + P(NR) = .233 + .233 = .466,
P(x = 2) = P(RR) = .137
 Introductory Statistics, Mann, Seventh Edition - Instructor’s Solutions Manual 115

x P(x)
0 .397
1 .466
2 .137

5.20 Let A = first person selected is left-handed, B = first person selected is right-handed, C = second person
selected is left-handed, and D = second person selected is right-handed.

First person Second person Final outcomes

C|A P(AC) = (3/12)(2/11) = .0455

2/11
A 9/11
P(AD) = (3/12)(9/11) = .2045
3/12
D|A

9/12 C|B P(BC) = (9/12)(3/11) = .2045

B 3/11
8/11
D|B P(BD) = (9/12)(8/11) = .5455

P(x = 0) = P(BD) = .5455, P(x =1) = P(AD) + P(BC) = .2045 + .2045 = .4090,
P(x = 2) = P(AC) = .0455

x P(x)
0 .5455
1 .4090
2 .0455

5.21 Let A = first athlete selected used drugs, B = first athlete selected did not use drugs, C = second athlete
selected used drugs, and D = second athlete selected did not use drugs.

First athlete Second athlete Final outcomes

C|A P(AC) = (6/20)(5/19) = .0789

5/19
A 14/19
P(AD) = (6/20)(14/19) = .2211
6/20
D|A

14/20 C|B P(BC) = (14/20)(6/19) = .2211

B 6/19
13/19
D|B P(BD) = (14/20)(13/19) = .4789

P(x = 0) = P(BD) = .4789, P(x =1) = P(AD) + P(BC) = .2211 + .2211 = .4422,
P(x = 2) = P(AC) = .0789
116 Chapter Five

x P(x)
0 .4789
1 .4422
2 .0789

Sections 5.3 - 5.4

5.22 The mean of discrete random variable x is the value that is expected to occur per repetition, on
average, if an experiment is repeated a large number of times. It is denoted by μ and calculated as

μ = ∑ xP (x ) . The standard deviation of a discrete random variable x measures the spread of its

probability distribution. It is denoted by σ and is calculated as σ = ∑ x 2 P(x) − μ 2 .

5.23 a.
x P(x) xP(x) x2 x2P(x)
0 .16 .00 0 .00
1 .27 .27 1 .27
2 .39 .78 4 1.56
3 .18 .54 9 1.62
∑xP(x) = 1.59 ∑x2P(x) = 3.45

μ = ∑ xP ( x) = 1.590
σ= ∑ x 2 P (x ) − μ 2 ) = 3.45 − (1.59) 2 = .960

b.
x P(x) xP(x) x2 x2P(x)
6 .40 2.40 36 14.40
7 .26 1.82 49 12.74
8 .21 1.68 64 13.44
9 .13 1.17 81 10.53
∑xP(x) = 7.07 ∑x2P(x) = 51.11

μ = ∑ xP ( x ) = 7.070
σ = ∑ x 2 P ( x) − μ 2 = 51.11 − (7.07 ) 2 = 1.061

5.24 a.
x P(x) xP(x) x2 x2P(x)
3 .09 .27 9 .81
4 .21 .84 16 3.36
5 .34 1.70 25 8.50
6 .23 1.38 36 8.28
7 .13 .91 49 6.37
∑xP(x) = 5.10 ∑x2P(x) = 27.32
 Introductory Statistics, Mann, Seventh Edition - Instructor’s Solutions Manual 117

μ = ∑ xP( x) = 5.10
σ = ∑ x 2 P( x) − μ 2 = 27.32 − (5.10) 2 = 1.145
b.
x P(x) xP(x) x2 x2P(x)
0 .43 .00 0 .00
1 .31 .31 1 .31
2 .17 .34 4 .68
3 .09 .27 9 .81
∑xP(x) = .92 ∑x2P(x) = 1.8

μ = ∑ xP ( x) = .92
σ = ∑ x 2 P ( x) − μ 2 = 1.80 − (.92) 2 = .977

5.25
x P(x) xP(x) x2 x2P(x)
0 .73 .00 0 .00
1 .16 .16 1 .16
2 .06 .12 4 .24
3 .04 .12 9 .36
4 .01 .04 16 .16
∑xP(x) = .44 ∑x2P(x) = .92

μ = ∑ xP ( x) = .440 errors
σ = ∑ x 2 P ( x) − μ 2 = .92 − (.44) 2 = .852 errors

5.26
x P(x) xP(x) x2 x2P(x)
0 .36 .00 0 .00
1 .24 .24 1 .24
2 .18 .36 4 .72
3 .10 .30 9 .90
4 .07 .28 16 1.12
5 .05 .25 25 1.25
∑xP(x) = 1.43 ∑x2P(x) = 4.23

μ = ∑ xP ( x) = 1.43 magazines
σ = ∑ x 2 P ( x) − μ 2 = 4.23 − (1.43) 2 = 1.478 magazines

5.27 Let x be the number of camcorders sold on a given day at an electronics store.
x P(x) xP(x) x2 x2P(x)
0 .05 .00 0 .00
1 .12 .12 1 .12
2 .19 .38 4 .76
3 .30 .90 9 2.70
4 .20 .80 16 3.20
5 .10 .50 25 2.50
6 .04 .24 36 1.44
∑xP(x) = 2.94 ∑x2P(x) = 10.72
118 Chapter Five

μ = ∑ xP ( x) = 2.94 camcorders
σ = ∑ x 2 P ( x ) − μ 2 = 10.72 − ( 2.94) 2 = 1.441 camcorders
On average, 2.94 camcorders are sold per day at this store.

5.28 Let x be the number of patients entering the emergency room during a one-hour period at Millard
Fellmore Memorial Hospital.
x P(x) xP(x) x2 x2P(x)
0 .2725 .0000 0 .0000
1 .3543 .3543 1 .3543
2 .2303 .4606 4 .9212
3 .0998 .2994 9 .8982
4 .0324 .1296 16 .5184
5 .0084 .0420 25 .2100
6 .0023 .0138 36 .0828
∑xP(x) = 1.2997 ∑x2P(x) = 2.9849

μ = ∑ xP ( x) = 1.2997 patients
σ = ∑ x 2 P ( x) − μ 2 = 2.9849 − (1.2997 ) 2 = 1.1383 patients

5.29
x P(x) xP(x) x2 x2P(x)
0 .25 .00 0 .00
1 .50 .50 1 .50
2 .25 .50 4 1.00
∑xP(x) = 1.00 ∑x2P(x) = 1.50

μ = ∑ xP ( x) = 1.00 head
σ = ∑ x 2 P ( x) − μ 2 = 1.50 − (1.00) 2 = .707 head
On average, we will obtain 1 head in every two tosses of the coin.

5.30
x P(x) xP(x) x2 x2P(x)
0 .14 .00 0 .00
1 .28 .28 1 .28
2 .22 .44 4 .88
3 .18 .54 9 1.62
4 .12 .48 16 1.92
5 .06 .30 25 1.50
∑xP(x) = 2.04 ∑x2P(x) = 6.20

μ = ∑ xP ( x) = 2.04 potential weapons

σ = ∑ x 2 P ( x ) − μ 2 = 6.20 − ( 2.04) 2 = 1.428 potential weapons
On average, 2.04 potential weapons are found per day.
 Introductory Statistics, Mann, Seventh Edition - Instructor’s Solutions Manual 119

5.31 Let x be the number of defective tires on an H2 limo.

x P(x) xP(x) x2 x2P(x)
0 .045 .000 0 .000
1 .172 .172 1 .172
2 .284 .568 4 1.136
3 .267 .801 9 2.403
4 .157 .628 16 2.512
5 .058 .290 25 1.450
6 .014 .084 36 .504
7 .002 .014 49 .098
8 .001 .008 64 .064
∑xP(x) = 2.565 ∑x2P(x) = 8.339

μ = ∑ xP ( x) = 2.565 defective tires

σ = ∑ x 2 P ( x ) − μ 2 = 8.339 − ( 2.565) 2 = 1.327 defective tires
There is an average of 2.565 defective tires per limo, with a standard deviation of 1.327 tires.

5.32 Let x be the number of remote starting systems installed on a given day at Al's.
x P(x) xP(x) x2 x2P(x)
1 .10 .10 1 .10
2 .25 .50 4 1.00
3 .30 .90 9 2.70
4 .20 .80 16 3.20
5 .15 .75 25 3.75
2
∑xP(x) = 3.05 ∑x P(x) = 10.75

μ = ∑ xP ( x) = 3.05 installations
σ = ∑ x 2 P ( x) − μ 2 = 10.75 − (3.05) 2 = 1.203 installations
The average number of installations is 3.05 per day with a standard deviation of 1.203 installations.

5.33
x P(x) xP(x) x2 x2P(x)
0 .9025 .0000 0 .0000
1 .0950 .0950 1 .0950
2 .0025 .0050 4 .0100
∑xP(x) = .100 ∑x2P(x) = .105

μ = ∑ xP ( x) = .10 lemon
σ = ∑ x 2 P ( x) − μ 2 = .105 − (.100) 2 = .308 lemon

5.34
x P(x) xP(x) x2 x2P(x)
0 .527 .000 0 .000
1 .398 .398 1 .398
2 .075 .150 4 .300
∑xP(x) = .548 ∑x2P(x) = .698
120 Chapter Five

μ = ∑ xP ( x) = .548 runner
σ = ∑ x 2 P ( x) − μ 2 = .698 − (.548) 2 = .631 runner

5.35
x P(x) xP(x) x2 x2P(x)
0 .10 .00 0 .00
2 .45 .90 4 1.80
5 .30 1.50 25 7.50
10 .15 1.50 100 15.00
∑xP(x) = 3.9 ∑x2P(x) = 24.30

μ = ∑ xP ( x) = $3.9 million
σ = ∑ x 2 P ( x) − μ 2 = 24.30 − (3.9) 2 = $3.015 million
The contractor is expected to make an average of $3.9 million profit with a standard deviation of
$3.015 million.

5.36 Note that the price of the ticket ($2) must be deducted from the amount won. For example, the $5 prize
results in a net gain of $5 – $2 = $3.

x P(x) xP(x) x2 x2P(x)

−2 .8894 −1.7788 4 3.5576
3 .1000 .3000 9 .9000
8 .0100 .0800 64 .6400
998 .0005 .4990 996,004 498.0020
4998 .0001 .4998 24,980,004 2498.0004
2
∑xP(x) = −.40 ∑x P(x) = 3001.10

μ = ∑ xP ( x) = −$0.40
σ = ∑ x 2 P ( x) − μ 2 = 3001.10 − (−.40) 2 = $54.78
On average, the players who play this game are expected to lose $0.40 per ticket with a standard
deviation of $54.78.

5.37
x P(x) xP(x) x2 x2P(x)
0 .5455 .0000 0 .0000
1 .4090 .4090 1 .4090
2 .0455 .0910 4 .1820
∑xP(x) = .500 ∑x2P(x) = .591

μ = ∑ xP ( x) = .500 person
σ = ∑ x 2 P ( x) − μ 2 = .591 − (.500) 2 = .584 person
 Introductory Statistics, Mann, Seventh Edition - Instructor’s Solutions Manual 121

5.38
x P(x) xP(x) x2 x2P(x)
0 .4789 .0000 0 .0000
1 .4422 .4422 1 .4422
2 .0789 .1578 4 .3156
∑xP(x) = .600 ∑x2P(x) = .7578

μ = ∑ xP ( x) = .600 athlete
σ = ∑ x 2 P ( x) − μ 2 = .7578 − (.600) 2 = .631 athlete

Section 5.5

5.39 3! = 3 · 2 · 1 = 6
(9 – 3)! = 6! = 6 · 5 · 4 · 3 · 2 · 1 = 720
9! = 9 · 8 · 7 · 6 · 5 · 4 · 3 · 2 · 1 = 362,880
(14 – 12)! = 2! = 2 · 1 = 2
5! 5! 120 7! 7! 5040
5 C3 = = = = 10 7 C4 = = = = 35
3! (5 − 3)! 3! 2! (6)(2) 4! (7 − 4)! 4! 3! (24)(6)

9! 9! 362,880 4! 4! 24
9 C3 = = = = 84 4 C0 = = = =1
3!(9 − 3)! 3! 6! (6)(720) 0! (4 − 0)! 0! 4! (1)(24)

3! 3! 6 6! 6! 720
3 C3 = = = =1 6 P2 = = = = 30
3! (3 − 3)! 3! 0! (6)(1) (6 − 2)! 4! 24

8! 8! 40,320
8 P4 = = = = 1680
(8 − 4)! 4! 24

5.40 6! = 6 · 5 · 4 · 3 · 2 · 1 = 720
11! = 11 · 10 · 9 · 8 · 7 · 6 · 5 · 4 · 3 · 2 · 1 = 39,916,800
(7 – 2)! = 5! = 5 · 4 · 3 · 2 · 1 = 120
(15 – 5)! = 10! = 10 · 9 · 8 · 7 · 6 · 5 · 4 · 3 · 2 · 1 = 3,628,800
8! 8! 40,320 5! 5! 120
8 C2 = = = = 28 5 C0 = = = =1
2!(8 − 2)! 2! 6! (2)(720) 0! (5 − 0)! 0! 5! (1)(120)

5! 5! 120 6! 6! 720
5 C5 = = = =1 6 C4 = = = = 15
5! (5 − 5)! 5! 0! (120)(1) 4! (6 − 4)! 4! 2! (24)(2)

11! 11! 39,916,800 9! 9! 362,880

11 C 7 = = = = 330 9 P6 = = = = 60,480
7!(11 − 7)! 7! 4! (5040)(24) (9 − 6)! 3! 6

12! 12! 479,001,600

12 P8 = = = = 19,958,400
(12 − 8)! 4! 24
122 Chapter Five

9! 9! 362,880 9! 9! 362,880
5.41 9 C2 = = = = 36 ; 9 P2 = = = = 72
2!(9 − 2)! 2! 7! (2)(5040) (9 − 2)! 7! 5040

25! 25! 25! 25!

5.42 25 C 2 = = = 300 ; 25 P2 = = = 600
2! (25 − 2)! 2! 23! (25 − 2)! 23!

12! 12! 12! 12!

5.43 12 C 3 = = = 220 ; 12 P3 = = = 1320
3! (12 − 3)! 3! 9! (12 − 3)! 9!

25! 25! 25! 25!

5.44 25 C 4 = = = 12,650 ; 25 P4 = = = 303,600
4! (25 − 4)! 4! 21! (25 − 4)! 21!

20! 20! 20! 20!

5.45 20 C 6 = = = 38,760 ; 20 P6 = = = 27,907,200
6! (20 − 6)! 6! 14! (20 − 6)! 14!

16! 16! 16! 16!

5.46 16 C 2 = = = 120 ; 16 P2 = = = 240
2!(16 − 2)! 2! 14! (16 − 2)! 14!

20! 20!
5.47 20 C9 = = = 167,960
9!(20 − 9)! 9! 11!

15! 15!
5.48 15 C5 = = = 3003
5!(15 − 5)! 5! 10!

Section 5.6

5.49 a. An experiment that satisfies the following four conditions is called a binomial experiment:
i. There are n identical trials. In other words, the given experiment is repeated n times, where n is
a positive integer. All these repetitions are performed under identical conditions.
ii. Each trial has two and only two outcomes. These outcomes are usually called a success and a
failure.
iii. The probability of success is denoted by p and that of failure by q, and p + q =1. The probability
of p and q remain constant for each trial.
iv. The trials are independent. In other words, the outcome of one trial does not affect the outcome
of another trial.
b. Each repetition of a binomial experiment is called a trial.
c. A binomial random variable x represents the number of successes in n independent trials of a
binomial experiment.

5.50 The parameters of the binomial distribution are n and p, which stand for the total number of trials and
the probability of success, respectively.
 Introductory Statistics, Mann, Seventh Edition - Instructor’s Solutions Manual 123

5.51 a. This is not a binomial experiment because there are more than two outcomes for each repetition.
b. This is an example of a binomial experiment because it satisfies all four conditions of a binomial
experiment:
i. There are many identical rolls of the die.
ii. Each trial has two outcomes: an even number and an odd number.
iii. The probability of obtaining an even number is 1/2 and that of an odd number is 1/2. These
probabilities add up to 1, and they remain constant for all trials.
iv. All rolls of the die are independent.
c. This is an example of a binomial experiment because it satisfies all four conditions of a binomial
experiment:
i There are a few identical trials (selection of voters).
ii. Each trial has two outcomes: a voter favors the proposition and a voter does not favor the
proposition.
iii. The probability of the two outcomes are .54 and .46, respectively. These probabilities add up
to 1. These two probabilities remain the same for all selections.
iv. All voters are independent.

5.52 a. This is an example of a binomial experiment because it satisfies all four conditions of a binomial
experiment.
i. There are three identical trials (selections).
ii. Each trial has two outcomes: a red ball is drawn and a blue ball is drawn.
iii. The probability of drawing a red ball is 6/10 and that of a blue ball is 4/10. These
probabilities add up to 1. The two probabilities remain constant for all draws because the
draws are made with replacement.
iv. All draws are independent.
b. This is not a binomial experiment because the draws are not independent since the selections are
made without replacement and, hence, the probabilities of drawing a red and a blue ball change
with every selection.
c. This is an example of a binomial experiment because it satisfies all four conditions of a binomial
experiment:
i There are a few identical trials (selection of households).
ii. Each trial has two outcomes: a household holds stocks and a household does not hold stocks.
iii. The probabilities of these two outcomes are .28 and .72, respectively. These probabilities add
up to 1. The two probabilities remain the same for all selections.
iv. All households are independent.

5.53 a. n = 8, x = 5, n – x = 8 – 5 = 3, p = .70, and q = 1 – p = 1 – .70 = .30

124 Chapter Five

P(x = 5) = nCx px qn−x = 8C5 (.70)5(.30)3 = (56)(.16807)(.027) = .2541

b. n = 4, x = 3, n – x = 4 – 3 = 1, p = .40, and q = 1 – p = 1 – .40 = .60
P(x = 3) = nCx px qn−x = 4C3 (.40)3(.60)1 = (4)(.064)(.60) = .1536
c. n = 6, x = 2, n – x = 6 – 2 = 4, p = .30, and q = 1 – p = 1 – .30 = .70
P(x = 2) = nCx px qn−x = 6C2 (.30)2(.70)4 = (15)(.09)(.2401) = .3241

5.54 a. n = 5, x = 0, n – x = 5 – 0 = 5, p = .05, and q = 1 – p = 1 – .05 = .95

P(x = 0) = nCx px qn−x = 5C0 (.05)0(.95)5 = (1)(1)(.77378) = .7738
b. n = 7, x = 4, n – x = 7 – 4 = 3, p = .90, and q = 1 – p = 1 – .90 = .10
P(x = 4) = nCx px qn−x = 7C4 (.90)4(.10)3 = (35)(.6561)(.001) = .0230
c. n = 10, x = 7, n – x = 10 – 7 = 3, p = .60, and q = 1 – p = 1 – .60 = .40
P(x = 7) = nCx px qn−x = 10C7 (.60)7(.40)3 = (120)(.0279936)(.064) = .2150

5.55 a.
x P(x)
0 .0824
1 .2471
2 .3177
3 .2269
4 .0972
5 .0250
6 .0036
7 .0002

P(x) 0.40

0.30

0.20

0.10

0.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
x

b. μ = np = (7)(.30) = 2.100
σ = npq = (7)(.30)(.7) = 1.212

5.56 a.
x P(x)
0 .0003
1 .0064
2 .0512
3 .2048
4 .4096
5 .3277
 Introductory Statistics, Mann, Seventh Edition - Instructor’s Solutions Manual 125

P(x) 0.40

0.30

0.20

0.10

0.00
0 1 2 3 4 5
x

b. μ = np = (5)(.80) = 4.000
σ = npq = (5)(.80)(.20) = .894

5.57 Answers will vary depending on the values of n and p selected.

Let n = 5. The probability distributions for p = .30 (skewed right), p = .50 (symmetric), and p = .80
(skewed left) are displayed in the tables below followed by the graphs.
p = .30 p = 0.50 p = 0.80
x P(x) x P(x) x P(x)
0 .1681 0 .0312 0 .0003
1 .3602 1 .1562 1 .0064
2 .3087 2 .3125 2 .0512
3 .1323 3 .3125 3 .2048
4 .0283 4 .1562 4 .4096
5 .0024 5 .0312 5 .3277

P(x) 0.40

0.30

0.20

0.10

0.00
0 1 2 3 4 5
x (p=.50)

P(x) 0.40 P(x) 0.40

0.30 0.30

0.20 0.20

0.10 0.10

0.00 0.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
x (p=.30) x (p=.80)
126 Chapter Five

5.58 a. The random variable x can assume any of the values 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or
15.
b. n = 15 and p = .52
P(x = 9) = nCx px qn−x = 15C9 (.52)9(.48)6 = (5005)(.0027799059)(.0122305905) = .1702

5.59 a. The random variable x can assume any of the values 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11.
b. n = 11 and p = .46
P(x = 3) = nCx px qn−x = 11C3 (.46)3(.54)8 = (165)(.097336)(.0072301961) = .1161

5.60 n = 20 and p = .50

Let x denote the number of adults in a random sample of 20 who said that despite tough economic
times they will be willing to pay more for products that have social and environmental benefits.
a. P(at most 7) = P(x ≤ 7) = P(x = 0) + P(x = 1) + P(x = 2) + P(x = 3) + P(x = 4) + P(x = 5)
+ P(x = 6) + P(x = 7)
= .0000 + .0000 + .0002 + .0011 + .0046 + .0148 + .0370 + .0739 = .1316
b. P(at least 13) = P(x ≥ 13) = P(x = 13) + P(x = 14) + P(x = 15) + P(x = 16) + P(x = 17) + P(x = 18)
+ P(x = 19) + P(x = 20) = .0739 + .0370 + .0148 + .0046 + .0011 + .0002 + .0000 + .0000 = .1316
c. P(12 to 15) = P(12 ≤ x ≤ 15) = P(x = 12) + P(x = 13) + P(x = 14) + P(x = 15)
= .1201 + .0739 + .0370 + .0148 = .2458

5.61 n = 14 and p = .30

Let x denote the number of U.S. taxpayers who cheat on their returns.
a. P(at least 8) = P(x ≥ 8) = P(x = 8) + P(x = 9) + P(x = 10) + P(x = 11) + P(x = 12) + P(x = 13)
+ P(x = 14) =.0232 + .0066 + .0014 + .0002 + .0000 + .0000 + .0000 = .0314
b. P(at most 3) = P(x ≤ 3) = P(x = 0) + P(x = 1) + P(x = 2) + P(x = 3)
= .0068 + .0407 + .1134 + .1943 = .3552
c. P(3 to 7) = P(3 ≤ x ≤ 7) = P(x = 3) + P(x = 4) + P(x = 5) + P(x = 6) + P(x = 7)
= .1943 + .2290 + .1963 + .1262 + .0618 = .8076

5.62 n = 5 and p = .20

Let x denote the number of patients in a random sample of 5 who require sedation.
a. P(exactly 2) = P(x = 2) = nCx px qn−x = 5C2 (.20)2(.80)3 = (10)(.04)(.512) = .2048
b. P(none) = P(x = 0) = nCx px qn−x = 5C0 (.20)0(.80)5 = (1)(1)(.32768) = .3277
c. P(exactly 4) = P(x = 4) = nCx px qn−x = 5C4 (.20)4(.80)1 = (5)(.0016)(.8) = .0064

5.63 n = 22 and p = .65

Let x denote the number of Americans in a random sample of 22 who take expired medicines.
a. P(exactly 17) = P(x = 17) = nCx px qn−x = 22C17 (.65)17(.35)5 = (26334)(.000659974)(.005252188)
= .0913
 Introductory Statistics, Mann, Seventh Edition - Instructor’s Solutions Manual 127

b. P(none) = P(x = 0) = nCx px qn−x = 22C0 (.65)0(.35)22 = (1)(1)(.000000000093217) = .0000

c. P(exactly 9) = P(x = 9) = nCx px qn−x = 22C9 (.65)9(.35)13 = (497420)(.020711913)(.0000011827)
= .0122

5.64 n = 10 and p = .25

P(x = 0) = nCx px qn−x = 10C0 (.25)0(.75)10 = (1)(1)(.0563135) = .0563

5.65 n = 8 and p = .85

a. P(exactly 8) = P(x = 8) = nCx px qn−x = 8C8 (.85)8(.15)0 = (1)(.27249053)(1) = .2725
b. P(exactly 5) = P(x = 5) = nCx px qn−x = 8C5 (.85)5(.15)3 = (56)(.4437053)(.003375) = .0839

5.66 n = 16 and p = .70

Let x denote the number of adults in a random sample of 16 who said that men and women possess
equal traits for being leaders.
a. i. P(exactly 13) = P(x = 13) = nCx px qn−x = 16C13 (.70)13(.30)3 = (560)(.009688901)(.027) = .1465
ii. P(16) = P(x = 16) = nCx px qn−x = 16C16 (.70)16(.30)0 = (1)(.003323293)(1) = .0033
b. i. P(at least 11) = P(x ≥ 11) = P(x = 11) + P(x = 12) + P(x = 13) + P(x = 14) + P(x = 15)
+ P(x = 16) = .2099 + .2040 + .1465 + .0732 + .0228 + .0033 = .6597
ii. P(at most 8) = P(x ≤ 8) = P(x = 0) + P(x = 1) + P(x = 2) + P(x = 3) + P(x = 4)
+ P(x = 5) + P(x = 6) + P(x = 7) + P(x = 8)
= .0000 + .0000 + .0000 + .0000 + .0002 + .0013 + .0056 + .0185 + .0487 = .0743
iii. P(9 to 12) = P(9 ≤ x ≤ 12) = P(x = 9) + P(x = 10) + P(x = 11) + P(x = 12)
= .1010 + .1649 + .2099 + .2040 = .6798

5.67 a. n = 7 and p = .80

x P(x)
0 .0000
1 .0004
2 .0043
3 .0287
4 .1147
5 .2753
6 .3670
7 .2097
128 Chapter Five

P(x) 0.40
0.30

0.20

0.10

0.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
x

μ = np = (7)(.80) = 5.6 customers

σ = npq = (7)(.80)(.20) = 1.058 customers

b. P(exactly 4) = P(x = 4) = .1147

5.68 a. n = 10 and p = .05

x P(x)
0 .5987
1 .3151
2 .0746
3 .0105
4 .0010
5 .0001
6 .0000
7 .0000
8 .0000
9 .0000
10 .0000

P(x) 0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
x

μ = np = (10)(.05) = .50 calculator

σ = npq = (10)(.05)(.95) = .689 calculator

b. P(exactly 2) = P(x = 2) = .0746

5.69 a. n = 8 and p = .70

 Introductory Statistics, Mann, Seventh Edition - Instructor’s Solutions Manual 129

x P(x)
0 .0001
1 .0012
2 .0100
3 .0467
4 .1361
5 .2541
6 .2965
7 .1977
8 .0576

P(x) 0.30

0.20

0.10

0.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
x

μ = np = (8)(.70) = 5.600 customers

σ = npq = (8)(.70)(.30) = 1.296 customers

b. P(exactly 3) = P(x = 3) = .0467

Section 5.7

5.70 The hypergeometric probability distribution gives probabilities for the number of successes in a
fixed number of trials. It is used for sampling without replacement from a finite population since the
trials are not independent. Example 5-23 in the text is an example of the application of a
hypergeometric probability distribution.

5.71 N = 8, r = 3, N − r = 5, and n = 4

r C x N −r C n− x 3 C2 5 C2 (3) (10)
a. P ( x = 2) = = = = .4286
N Cn 8 C4 70

r C x N −r Cn − x 3 C0 5 C 4 (1)(5)
b. P ( x = 0) = = = = .0714
N Cn 8 C4 70

3 C1 5 C 3 (3)(10)
c. P( x ≤ 1) = P( x = 0) + P( x = 1) = .0714 + = .0714 + = .0714 + .4286 = .5000
8 C4 70

5.72 N = 14, r = 6, N − r = 8, and n = 5

r C x N −r C n− x 6 C 4 8 C1 (15)(8)
a. P ( x = 4) = = = = .0599
N Cn 14 C 5 2002
130 Chapter Five

r C x N −r C n− x 6 C5 8 C0 (6)(1)
b. P ( x = 5) = = = = .0030
N Cn 14 C 5 2002

6 C 0 8 C5 6 C1 8 C 4 (1)(56) (6)(70)
c. P ( x ≤ 1) = P ( x = 0) + P( x = 1) = + = +
14 C5 14 C5 2002 2002

= .0280 + .2098 = .2378

5.73 N = 11, r = 4, N − r = 7, and n = 4

r C x N −r Cn − x 4 C2 7 C2 (6)(21)
a. P ( x = 2) = = = = .3818
N Cn 11 C 4 330

r C x N −r Cn − x 4 C 4 7 C0 (1)(1)
b. P ( x = 4) = = = = .0030
N Cn 11 C 4 330

4 C0 7 C4 4 C1 7 C3 (1)(35) (4)(35)
c. P ( x ≤ 1) = P ( x = 0) + P ( x = 1) = + = + = .1061 + .4242 = .5303
11 C 4 11 C 4 330 330

5.74 N = 16, r = 10, N − r = 6, and n = 5

r C x N −r Cn− x 10 C5 6 C 0 (252)(1)
a. P ( x = 5) = = = = .0577
N Cn 16 C5 4368

r C x N −r Cn − x 10 C 0 6 C5 (1)(6)
b. P ( x = 0) = = = = .0014
N Cn 16 C5 4368

10 C1 6 C 4 (10)(15)
c. P ( x ≤ 1) = P ( x = 0) + P( x = 1) = .0014 + = .0014 + = .0014 + .0343 = .0357
16 C5 4368

5.75 N = 15, r = 9, N – r = 6, and n = 3

Let x be the number of corporations that incurred losses in a random sample of 3 corporations, and r be
the number of corporations in 15 that incurred losses.

r C x N −r Cn − x 9 C 2 6 C1 (36)(6)
a. P(exactly 2) = P ( x = 2) = = = = .4747
N Cn 15 C3 455

r C x N −r Cn− x 9 C 0 6 C3 (1)(20)
b. P(none) = P ( x = 0) = = = = .0440
N Cn 15 C3 455

c. P(at most 1) = P(x ≤ 1) = P(x = 0) + P(x = 1) =

9 C1 6 C 2 (9)(15)
= .0440 + = .0440 + = .0440 + .2967 = .3407
15 C3 455

5.76 N = 20, r = 4, N – r = 16, and n = 6

Let x be the number of jurors acquainted with one or more of the litigants in a random sample of 6
jurors, and r be the number of jurors in 20 acquainted with one or more of the litigants.

r C x N −r Cn − x 4 C1 16 C5 (4)(4368)
a. P(exactly 1) = P ( x = 1) = = = = .4508
N Cn 20 C 6 38,760
 Introductory Statistics, Mann, Seventh Edition - Instructor’s Solutions Manual 131

r C x N −r Cn − x 4 C 0 16 C 6 (1)(8008)
b. P(none) = P ( x = 0) = = = = .2066
N Cn 20 C 6 38,760

c. P(at most 2) = P(x ≤ 2) = P(x = 0) + P(x = 1) + P(x = 2)

4 C 2 16 C 4 (6)(1820)
= .2066 + .4508 + = .2066 + .4508 + = .2066 + .4508 + .2817 = .9391
20 C 6 38,760

5.77 N = 18, r = 11, and N − r = 7, and n = 4

Let x be the number of unspoiled eggs in a random sample of 4, and r be the number of unspoiled eggs
in 18.
Cx N −r C n− x C4 C0 (330)(1)
a. P(exactly 4) = P ( x = 4) = r
= 11 7
= = .1078
N Cn 18 C 4 3060

b. P(2 or fewer) = P(x ≤ 2) = P(x = 0) + P(x = 1) + P(x = 2)

C0 7 C4 C1 7 C3 C2 7 C2 (1)(35) (11)(35) (55)(21)
= 11
+ 11
+ 11
= + + = .0114 + .1258 + .3775 = .5147
C
18 4 C
18 4 C
18 4 3060 3060 3060

c. P(more than 1) = P(x > 1) = P(x = 2) + P(x = 3) + P(x = 4)

C 3 7 C1 (165)(7)
= .3775 + 11
+ .1078 = .3775 + + .1078 = .3775 + .3775 + .1078 = .8628
18 C 4 3060

5.78 N = 20, r = 6, N – r = 14, and n = 5

Let x be the number of defective keyboards in a sample of 5 from the box selected, and r be the
number of defective keyboards in 20.
a. P(shipment accepted) = P(x ≤ 1) = P(x = 0) + P(x = 1)

6 C 0 14 C 5 6 C1 14 C 4 (1)(2002) (6)(1001)
= + = + = .1291 + .3874 = .5165
20 C 5 20 C 5 15,504 15,504

b. P(shipment not accepted) = 1 − P(shipment accepted) = 1 − .5165 = .4835

Section 5.8

5.79 The following three conditions must be satisfied to apply the Poisson probability distribution:
1) x is a discrete random variable.
2) The occurrences are random.
3) The occurrences are independent.

5.80 The parameter of the Poisson probability distribution is λ, which represents the mean number of
occurrences in an interval.

(5) 0 e −5 (5)1 e −5 (1)(.00673795) (5)(.00673795)

5.81 a. P(x ≤ 1) = P(x = 0) + P(x = 1) = + = +
0! 1! 1 1
= .0067 + .0337 = .0404
132 Chapter Five

Note that the value of e−5 is obtained from Table II of Appendix C of the text.

λ x e −λ (2.5) 2 e −2.5 (6.25) (.08208500)

b. P ( x = 2) = = = = .2565
x! 2! 2

(3) 0 e −3 (3)1 e −3 (1)(.04978707) (3)(.04978707)

5.82 a. P(x < 2) = P(x = 0) + P(x = 1) = + = +
0! 1! 1 1
= .0498 + .1494 = .1992
Note that the value of e−3 is obtained form Table II of Appendix C of the text.

λ x e −λ (5.5) 8 e −5.5 (837,339.3789) (.00408677 )

b. P ( x = 8) = = = = .0849
x! 8! 40,320

5.83 a.
x P(x)
0 .2725
1 .3543
2 .2303
3 .0998
4 .0324
5 .0084
6 .0018
7 .0003
8 .0001

P(x) 0.40
0.30

0.20

0.10

0.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
x

μ = λ = 1.3, σ 2 = λ = 1.3, and σ = λ = 1.3 = 1.140

b.
x P(x)
0 .1225
1 .2572
2 .2700
3 .1890
4 .0992
5 .0417
6 .0146
7 .0044
8 .0011
9 .0003
10 .0001
 Introductory Statistics, Mann, Seventh Edition - Instructor’s Solutions Manual 133

P(x) 0.30

0.20

0.10

0.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
x

μ = λ = 2.1, σ 2 = λ = 2.1, and σ = λ = 2.1 = 1.449

5.84 a.
x P(x)
0 .5488
1 .3293
2 .0988
3 .0198
4 .0030
5 .0004

P(x) 0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0 1 2 3 4 5
x

μ = λ = .6, σ 2 = λ = .6, and σ = λ = .6 = .775

b.
x P(x)
0 .1653
1 .2975
2 .2678
3 .1607
4 .0723
5 .0260
6 .0078
7 .0020
8 .0005
9 .0001
134 Chapter Five

P(x) 0.30

0.20

0.10

0.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x

μ = λ = 1.8, σ 2 = λ = 1.8, and σ = λ = 1.8 = 1.342

5.85 λ = 1.7 pieces of junk mail per day

λ x e −λ (1.7) 3 e −1.7 (4.913) (.18268352)
P(exactly three) = P ( x = 3) = = = = .1496
x! 3! 6

5.86 λ = 9.7 complaints per day

λ x e −λ (9.7) 6 e −9.7 (832,972.0049) (.00006128)
P(exactly six) = P( x = 6) = = = = .0709
x! 6! 720

5.87 λ = 5.4 shoplifting incidents per day

λ x e −λ (5.4) 3 e −5.4 (157.464) (.00451658)
P(exactly three) = P( x = 3) = = = = .1185
x! 3! 6

5.88 λ = 12.5 rooms per day

λ x e −λ (12.5) 3 e −12.5 (1953.125) (.00000373)
P(exactly three) = P ( x = 3) = = = = .0012
x! 3! 6

5.89 λ = 3.7 reports of lost students’ ID cards per week

a. P(at most 1) = P(x ≤ 1) = P(x = 0) + P(x = 1)

(3.7) 0 e −3.7 (3.7)1 e −3.7 (1)(.02472353) (3.7)(.02472353)

= + = + = .0247 + .0915 = .1162
0! 1! 1 1
b. i. P(1 to 4) = P(1 ≤ x ≤ 4) = P(x = 1) + P(x = 2) + P(x = 3) + P(x = 4)
= .0915 + .1692 + .2087 + .1931 = .6625
ii. P(at least 6) = P(x ≥ 6)
= P(x = 6) + P(x = 7) + P(x = 8) + P(x = 9) + P(x = 10) + P(x = 11) + P(x = 12) + P(x = 13)
= .0881 + .0466 + .0215 + .0089 + .0033 + .0011 + .0003 + .0001 = .1699
iii. P(at most 3) = P(x ≤ 3) = P(x = 0) + P(x = 1) + P(x = 2) + P(x = 3)
= .0247 + .0915 + .1692 + .2087 = .4941
 Introductory Statistics, Mann, Seventh Edition - Instructor’s Solutions Manual 135

5.90 Let x be the number of businesses that file for bankruptcy on a given day in this city. λ = 1.6 filings
per day

λ x e −λ (1.6) 3 e −1.6 (4.096) (.20189652)

a. P(exactly 3) = P ( x = 3) = = = = .1378
x! 3! 6
b. i. P(2 to 3) = P(2 ≤ x ≤ 3) = P(x = 2) + P(x = 3) = .2584 + .1378 = .3962
ii. P(more than 3) = P(x > 3) = P(x = 4) + P(x = 5) + P(x = 6) + P(x = 7) + P(x = 8) + P(x = 9)
= .0551 + .0176 + .0047 + .0011 + .0002 + .0000 = .0787
iii. P(less than 3) = P(x < 3) = P(x = 0) + P(x = 1) + P(x = 2) = .2019 + .3230 + .2584 = .7833

5.91 Let x be the number of defects in a given 500-yard piece of fabric. λ = .5 defect per 500 yards

λ x e −λ (.5)1 e −.5 (.5) (.60653066)

a. P(exactly 1) = P ( x = 1) = = = = .3033
x! 1! 1
b. i. P(2 to 4) = P(2 ≤ x ≤ 4) = P(x = 2) + P(x = 3) + P(x = 4) = .0758 + .0126 + .0016 = .0900
ii. P(more than 3) = P(x > 3) = P(x = 4) + P(x = 5) + P(x = 6) + P(x = 7)
= .0016 + .0002 + .0000 + .0000 = .0018
iii. P(less than 2) = P(x < 2) = P(x = 0) + P(x = 1) = .6065 + .3033 = .9098

5.92 Let x be the number of students who login to a randomly selected computer in a college computer lab
per day. λ = 19 students per day
a. P(exactly 12) = P(x = 12)

λ x e −λ (19)12 e −19 (2213310000000000) (.0000000056028)

= = = = .0259
x! 12! 479001600
b. i. P(13 to 16) = P(13 ≤ x ≤ 16) = P(x = 13) + P(x = 14) + P(x = 15) + P(x = 16)
= .0378 + .0514 + .0650 + .0772 = .2314
ii. P(fewer than 8)= P(x < 8) = P(x = 0) + P(x = 1) + P(x = 2) + P(x = 3) + P(x = 4) + P(x = 5)
+ P(x = 6) + P(x = 7)
= .0000 + .0000 + .0000 + .0000 + .0000 + .0001 + .0004 + .0010 = .0015

5.93 Let x be the number of customers that come to this savings and loan during a given hour. Since the
average number of customers per half hour is 4.8, λ = (2)(4.8) = 9.6 customers per hour.

λ x e −λ (9.6) 2 e −9.6 (92.16) (.00006773)

a. P(exactly 2) = P( x = 2) = = = = .0031
x! 2! 2
b. i. P(2 or fewer) = P(x ≤ 2) = P(x = 0) + P(x = 1) + P(x = 2) = .0001 + .0007 + .0031 = .0039
ii. P(10 or more) = P(x ≥ 10) = P(x = 10) + P(x = 11) + P(x = 12) +…+ P(x = 24)
= .1241 + .1083 + .0866 + .0640 + .0439 + .0281 + .0168 + .0095 + .0051+ .0026 + .0012
+ .0006 + .0002 + .0001 + .0000 = .4911
136 Chapter Five

5.94 λ = 3.2 unsolicited applications per week

λ x e −λ (3.2) 0 e −3.2 (1) (.04076220)
a. P(none) = P ( x = 0) = = = = .0408
x! 0! 1
b.
x P(x)
0 .0408
1 .1304
2 .2087
3 .2226
4 .1781
5 .1140
6 .0608
7 .0278
8 .0111
9 .0040
10 .0013
11 .0004
12 .0001
c. μ = λ = 3.2, σ 2 = λ = 3.2, and σ = λ = 3.2 = 1.789

5.95 Let x be the number of policies sold by this salesperson on a given day. λ = 1.4 policies per day

λ x e −λ (1.4) 0 e −1.4 (1) (.24659696)

a. P(none) = P ( x = 0) = = = = .2466
x! 0! 1
b.
x P(x)
0 .2466
1 .3452
2 .2417
3 .1128
4 .0395
5 .0111
6 .0026
7 .0005
8 .0001
c. μ = λ = 1.4, σ 2 = λ = 1.4, and σ = λ = 1.4 = 1.183

5.96 Let x denote the number of accidents on a given day. λ = .8 accident per day

λ x e −λ (.8) 0 e −.8 (1) (.44932896)

a. P(none) = P ( x = 0) = = = = .4493
x! 0! 1
 Introductory Statistics, Mann, Seventh Edition - Instructor’s Solutions Manual 137

b.
x P(x)
0 .4493
1 .3595
2 .1438
3 .0383
4 .0077
5 .0012
6 .0002
c. μ = λ = .8, σ 2 = λ = .8, and σ = λ = .8 = .894

5.97 Let x denote the number of households in a random sample of 50 who own answering machines.
λ = 20 households in 50
λ x e −λ (20) 25 e −20
a. P(exactly 25) = P ( x = 25) = = = .0446
x! 25!
b. i. P(at most 12) = P(x ≤ 12) = P(x = 0) + P(x = 1) + P(x = 2) + P(x = 3) + P(x = 4) + P(x = 5)
+ P(x = 6) + P(x = 7) + P(x = 8) + P(x = 9) + P(x = 10) + P(x = 11)
+ P(x = 12) = .0000 + .0000 + .0000 + .0000 + .0000 + .0001 + .0002 + .0005 + .0013 + .0029
+ .0058 + .0106 + .0176 = .0390
ii. P(13 to 17) = P(13 ≤ x ≤ 17) = P(x = 13) + P(x = 14) + P(x = 15) + P(x = 16) + P(x = 17)
= .0271 + .0387 + .0516 + .0646 + .0760 = .2580
iii. P(at least 30) = P(x ≥ 30) = P(x = 30) + P(x = 31) + P(x = 32) + P(x = 33) + P(x = 34)
+ P(x = 35) + P(x = 36) + P(x = 37) + P(x = 38) + P(x = 39)
= .0083 + .0054 + .0034 + .0020 + .0012 + .0007 + .0004 + .0002 + .0001 + .0001 = .0218

5.98 Let x denote the number of cars passing through a school zone exceeding the speed limit. The average
number of cars speeding by at least ten miles per hour is 20 percent. Thus, λ = (.20)(100) = 20 cars per
100.

λ x e −λ (20) 25 e −20
a. P(exactly 25) = P ( x = 25) = = = .0446
x! 25!
b. i. P(at most 8) = P(x ≤ 8)= P(x = 0) + P(x = 1) + P(x = 2) + P(x = 3) + P(x = 4) + P(x = 5)
+ P(x = 6) + P(x = 7) + P(x = 8)
= .0000 + .0000 + .0000 + .0000 + .0000 + .0001 + .0002 + .0005 + .0013 = .0021
ii. P(15 to 20) = P(15 ≤ x ≤ 20)
= P(x = 15) + P(x = 16) + P(x = 17) + P(x = 18) + P(x = 19) + P(x = 20)
= .0516 + .0646 + .0760 + .0844 + .0888 + .0888 = .4542
iii. P(at least 30) = P(x ≥ 30) = P(x = 30) + P(x = 31) + P(x = 32) + P(x = 33) + P(x = 34)
+ P(x = 35) + P(x = 36) + P(x = 37) + P(x = 38) + P(x = 39) = .0083 + .0054 + .0034 + .0020 +
.0012 + .0007 + .0004 + .0002 + .0001 + .0001= .0218
138 Chapter Five

Supplementary Exercises

5.99
x P(x) xP(x) x2 x2P(x)
2 .05 .10 4 .20
3 .22 .66 9 1.98
4 .40 1.60 16 6.40
5 .23 1.15 25 5.75
6 .10 .60 36 3.60
∑xP(x) = 4.11 ∑x2P(x) = 17.93

μ = ∑ xP ( x) = 4.11 cars
σ = ∑ x 2 P ( x) − μ 2 = 17.93 − (4.11) 2 = 1.019 cars
This mechanic repairs, on average, 4.11 cars per day.

5.100
x P(x) xP(x) x2 x2P(x)
0 .13 .00 0 .00
1 .28 .28 1 .28
2 .30 .60 4 1.20
3 .17 .51 9 1.53
4 .08 .32 16 1.28
5 .04 .20 25 1.00
∑xP(x) = 1.91 ∑x2P(x) = 5.29

μ = ∑ xP ( x) = 1.91 root canals

σ = ∑ x 2 P ( x) − μ 2 = 5.29 − (1.91) 2 = 1.281 root canals
Dr. Sharp performs an average of 1.91 root canals on Monday.

5.101 a.

x P(x) xP(x) x2 x2P(x)

-1.2 .17 -.204 1.44 .2448
-.7 .21 -.147 .49 .1029
.9 .37 .333 .81 .2997
2.3 .25 .575 5.29 1.3225
∑xP(x) = .557 ∑x2P(x) = 1.9699

b. μ = ∑ xP( x) = $.557 million = $557,000

σ = ∑ x 2 P( x) − μ 2 = 1.9699 − (557) 2 = $1.288274 million = $1,288,274

The company has an expected profit of $557,000 for next year.

5.102 a. Note that if the policyholder dies next year, the company’s net loss of $100,000 is offset by the
$350 premium. Thus, in this case, x = 350 – 100,000 = -99,650.
 Introductory Statistics, Mann, Seventh Edition - Instructor’s Solutions Manual 139

x P(x) xP(x) x2 x2P(x)

−99,650 .002 −199.30 9,930,122,500 19,860,245
350 .998 349.30 122,500 122,255
∑xP(x) = 150.00 ∑x2P(x) = 19,982,500

b. μ = ∑ xP( x) = $150.00

σ = ∑ x 2 P( x) − μ 2 = 19,982,500 − (150.00) 2 = $4467.66

The company’s expected gain for the next year on this policy is $150.00.

5.103 Let x denote the number of machines that are broken down at a given time. Assuming machines are
independent, x is a binomial random variable with n = 8 and p = .04.
a. P(exactly 8) = P(x = 8) = nCx px qn−x = 8C8 (.04)8(.96)0 = (1)(.000000000007)(1) ≈ .0000
b. P(exactly 2) = P(x = 2) = nCx px qn−x = 8C2 (.04)2(.96)6 = (28)(.0016)(.78275779) = .0351
c. P(none) = P(x = 0) = nCx px qn−x = 8C0 (.04)0(.96)8 = (1)(1)(.72138958) = .7214

5.104 Let x denote the number of the 12 new credit card holders who will eventually default. Then x is a
binomial random variable with n = 12 and p = .08.
a. P(exactly 3) = P(x = 3) = nCx px qn−x = 12C3 (.08)3(.92)9 = (220)(.000512)(.47216136) = .0532
b. P(exactly 1) = P(x = 1) = nCx px qn−x = 12C1 (.08)1(.92)11 = (12)(.08)(.39963738) = .3837
c. P(none) = P(x = 0) = nCx px qn−x = 12C0 (.08)0(.92)12 = (1)(1)(.36766639) = .3677

5.105 Let x denote the number of defective motors in a random sample of 20. Then x is a binomial random
variable with n = 20 and p = .05.
a. P(shipment accepted) = P(x ≤ 2) = P(x = 0) + P(x = 1) + P(x = 2) = .3585 + .3774 + .1887 = .9246
b. P(shipment rejected) = 1 – P(shipment accepted) = 1 – .9246 = .0754

5.106 a. n = 15 and p = .10

x P(x)
0 .2059
1 .3432
2 .2669
3 .1285
4 .0428
5 .0105
6 .0019
7 .0003

Note that the probabilities of x = 8 to x = 15 are all equal to .0000 from Table I of Appendix C.
140 Chapter Five

P(x) 0.40

0.30

0.20

0.10

0.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
x

μ = np = (15)(.10) = 1.5 returns

σ = npq = (15)(.10)(.90) = 1.162 returns

b. P(exactly 5) = P(x = 5) = .0105

5.107 Let x denote the number of households who own homes in the random sample of 4 households. Then x
is a hypergeometric random variable with N = 15, r = 9, N − r = 6 and n = 4.

r C x N −r C n− x 9 C 3 6 C1 (84)(6)
a. P(exactly 3) = P ( x = 3) = = = = .3692
N Cn 15 C 4 1365

b. P(at most 1) = P(x ≤ 1) = P(x = 0) + P(x = 1)

9 C0 6 C4 9 C1 6 C 3 (1)(15) (9)(20)
= + = + = .0110 + .1319 = .1429
15 C 4 15 C 4 1365 1365

r C x N −r Cn − x 9 C 4 6 C0 (126)(1)
c. P(exactly 4) = P ( x = 4) = = = = .0923
N Cn 15 C 4 1365

5.108 Let x denote the number of corporations in the random sample of 5 that provide retirement benefits.
Then x is a hypergeometric random variable with N = 20, r = 14, N − r = 6, and n = 5.

r C x N −r C n− x 14 C 2 6 C 3 (91)(20)
a. P(exactly 2) = P ( x = 2) = = = = .1174
N Cn 20 C 5 15,504

r C x N −r C n− x 14 C 0 6 C 5 (1)(6)
b. P(none) = P ( x = 0) = = = = .0004
N Cn 20 C 5 15,504

c. P(at most one) = P(x ≤ 1) = P(x = 0) + P(x = 1)

14 C1 6 C 4 (14)(15)
= .0004 + = .0004 + = .0004 + .0135 = .0139
20 C 5 15,504
 Introductory Statistics, Mann, Seventh Edition - Instructor’s Solutions Manual 141

5.109 Let x denote the number of defective parts in a random sample of 4. Then x is a hypergeometric
random variable with N = 16, r = 3, N − r = 13, and n = 4.
a. P(shipment accepted) = P(x ≤ 1) = P(x = 0) + P(x = 1)

3 C 0 13 C 4 3 C1 13 C3 (1)(715) (3)(286)
= + = + = .3929 + .4714 = .8643
16 C 4 16 C 4 1820 1820

b. P(shipment not accepted) = 1 – P(shipment accepted) = 1 – .8643 = .1357

5.110 Let x denote the number of tax returns in a random sample of 3 that contain errors. Then x is a
hypergeometric random variable with N = 12, r = 2, N − r = 10, and n = 3.

r C x N −r C n− x 2 C1 10 C 2 (2)(45)
a. P(exactly 1) = P ( x = 1) = = = = .4091
N Cn 12 C 3 220

r C x N −r Cn − x 2 C 0 10 C3 (1)(120)
b. P(none) = P ( x = 0) = = = = .5455
N Cn 12 C3 220

r C x N −r Cn − x 2 C 2 10 C1 (1)(10)
c. P(exactly 2) = P ( x = 2) = = = = .0455
N Cn 12 C3 220

5.111 λ = 7 cases per day

λ x e −λ (7) 4 e −7 (2401) (.00091188)
a. P(exactly 4) = P ( x = 4) = = = = .0912
x! 4! 24
b. i. P(at least 7) = P(x ≥ 7) = P(x = 7) + P(x = 8) + P(x = 9) + P(x = 10) + P(x = 11) + P(x = 12)
+ P(x = 13) + P(x = 14) + P(x = 15) + P(x = 16) + P(x = 17) + P(x = 18)
= .1490 + .1304 + .1014 + .0710 + .0452 + .0263 + .0142 + .0071 + .0033 + .0014 + .0006
+ .0002 + .0001 = .5502
ii. P(at most 3) = P(x ≤ 3) = P(x = 0) + P(x = 1) + P(x = 2) + P(x = 3)
= .0009 + .0064 + .0223 + .0521 = .0817
iii. P(2 to 5) = P(2 ≤ x ≤ 5) = P(x = 2) + P(x = 3) + P(x = 4) + P(x = 5)
= .0223 + .0521 + .0912 + .1277 = .2933

5.112 λ = 6.3 robberies per day

λ x e −λ (6.3) 3 e −6.3 (250.047) (.00183630)
a. P(exactly 3) = P ( x = 3) = = = = .0765
x! 3! 6
b. i. P(at least 12) = P(x ≥ 12) = P(x = 12) + P(x = 13) + P(x = 14) + P(x = 15) + P(x = 16)
+ P(x = 17) + P(x = 18) + P(x = 19)
= .0150 + .0073 + .0033 + .0014 + .0005 + .0002 + .0001 + .0000 = .0278
ii. P(at most 3) = P(x ≤ 3) = P(x = 0) + P(x = 1) + P(x = 2) + P(x = 3)
= .0018 + .0116 + .0364 + .0765 = .1263
iii. P(2 to 6) = P(2 ≤ x ≤ 6) = P(x = 2) + P(x = 3) + P(x = 4) + P(x = 5) + P(x = 6)
= .0364 + .0765 + .1205 + .1519 + .1595 = .5448
142 Chapter Five

5.113 λ = 1.4 airplanes per hour

λ x e −λ (1.4) 0 e −1.4 (1) (.24659696)
a. P(none) = P ( x = 0) = = = = .2466
x! 0! 1
b.
x P(x)
0 .2466
1 .3452
2 .2417
3 .1128
4 .0395
5 .0111
6 .0026
7 .0005
8 .0001

5.114 λ = 1.2 technical fouls per game

λ x e −λ (1.2) 3 e −1.2 (1.728) (.30119421)
a. P(exactly 3) = P ( x = 3) = = = = .0867
x! 3! 6
b.
x P(x)
0 .3012
1 .3614
2 .2169
3 .0867
4 .0260
5 .0062
6 .0012
7 .0002

5.115 Let x be a random variable that denotes the gain you have from this game. There are 36 different
outcomes for two dice: (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 1), (2, 2),…, (6, 6).
1 2
P(sum = 2) = P(sum = 12) = P(sum = 3) = P(sum = 11) =
36 36
3 4
P(sum = 4) = P(sum = 10) = P(sum = 9) =
36 36
P(x = 20) = P(you win) = P(sum = 2) + P(sum = 3) + P(sum = 4) + P(sum = 9) + P(sum = 10)
1 2 3 4 3 2 1 16
+ P(sum = 11) + P(sum = 12) = + + + + + + =
36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36
16 20
P(x = –20) = P(you lose) = 1 – P(you win) = 1 – =
36 36
 Introductory Statistics, Mann, Seventh Edition - Instructor’s Solutions Manual 143

x P(x) xP(x)
16
20 = .4444 8.89
36
20
–20 = .5556 –11.11
36
∑xP(x) = –2.22

The value of ∑ xP(x) = –2.22 indicates that your expected “gain” is –$2.22, so you should not accept
this offer. This game is not fair to you since you are expected to lose $2.22.

5.116 Let x be a random variable that denotes the net profit of the venture, and p denotes the probability for a
success.

x P(x) xP(x)
10,000,000 p 10,000,000p
–4,000,000 1–p –4,000,000(1 – p)
∑xP(x) = 10,000,000p – 4,000,000(1 – p)

μ = ∑ xP(x) = 10,000,000p – 4,000,000(1 – p) = 14,000,000p – 4,000,000

a. If p = .40, μ = 14,000,000p – 4,000,000= 14,000,000(.40) –4,000,000 = $1,600,000.
Yes, the owner will be willing to take the risk as the expected net profit is above $500,000.
b. As long as μ ≥ 500,000 the owner will be willing to take the risk. This means as long as
μ =14,000,000p – 4,000,000 ≥ 500,000, the owner will do it. This inequality holds for p ≥ .3214.

5.117 a. Team A needs to win four games in a row, each with probability .5, so
P(team A wins the series in four games) = .54 = .0625
b. In order to win in five games, Team A needs to win 3 of the first four games as well as the fifth

game, so P(team A wins the series in five games) = 4 C3 (.5)3 (.5)(.5) = .125.
c. If seven games are required for a team to win the series, then each team needs to win three of the

first six games, so P(seven games are required to win the series) = 6 C3 (.5)3 (.5)3 = .3125.

5.118 Let x denote the number of bearings in a random sample of 15 that do not meet the required
specifications. Then x is a binomial random variable with n = 15 and p = .10.
a. P(production suspended) = P(x > 2) = 1 – P(x ≤ 2) = 1 – [P(x = 0) + P(x = 1) + P(x = 2)]
= 1 – (.2059 + .3432 + .2669) = .1840
b. The 15 bearings are sampled without replacement, which normally requires the use of the
hypergeometric distribution. We are assuming that the population from which the sample is drawn
is so large that each time a bearing is selected, the probability of being defective is .10. Thus, the
sampling of 15 bearings constitutes 15 independent trials, so that the distribution of x is
approximately binomial.
144 Chapter Five

5.119 a. Let x denote the number of drug deals on this street on a given night. Note that x is discrete. This
text has covered two discrete distributions, the binomial and the Poisson. The binomial distribution
does not apply here, since there is no fixed number of “trials”. However, the Poisson distribution
might be appropriate since we have an estimated average number of occurrences over a particular
interval.
b. To use the Poisson distribution we would have to assume that the drug deals occur randomly and
independently.
c. The mean number of drug deals per night is three; if the residents tape for two nights, then
λ = (2)(3) = 6.
P(film at least 5 drug deals) = P(x ≥ 5) = 1 – P(x < 5)
= 1 – [P(x = 0) + P(x = 1) + P(x = 2) + P(x = 3) + P(x = 4)]
= 1 – (.0025 + .0149 + .0446 + .0892 + .1339) = .7149
d. Part c. shows that two nights of taping are insufficient, since P(x ≥ 5) = .7149 < .90. Try taping
for three nights; then λ = (3)(3) = 9.
P(x ≥ 5) = 1 – (.0001 + .0011 + .0050 + .0150 + .0337) = .9451.
This exceeds the required probability of .90, so the camera should be rented for three nights.

5.120 a. It’s easier to do part b first.

b. Let x be a random variable that denotes the score after guessing on one multiple choice question.

x P(x) xP(x)
1 .25 .250
1
− .75 −.375
2
∑xP(x) = −.125

So a student decreases his expected score by guessing on a question, if he has no idea what the
correct answer is.

Back to part a.: Guessing on 12 questions lowers the expected score by (12)(–.125) = –1.5, so the
expected score for 38 correct answers and 12 random guesses is (38)(1) + (12)(–.125) = 36.5.
If the student can eliminate one of the wrong answers, then we get the following:

x P(x) xP(x)
1 1
1
3 3
1 2 1
− −
2 3 3
∑xP(x) = 0

So in this case guessing does not affect the expected score.

 Introductory Statistics, Mann, Seventh Edition - Instructor’s Solutions Manual 145

5.121 Let x be the number of sales per day, and let λ be the mean number of cheesecakes sold per day. Here
λ =5. We want to find k such that P(x > k) < .1. Using the Poisson probability distribution we find
that P(x > 7) = 1 – P (x ≤ 7) = 1 – .867 = .133 and P(x > 8) = 1 – P(x ≤ 8) = 1 – .932 = .068. So, if the
baker wants the probability of losing a sale to be less than .1, he needs to make 8 cheesecakes.

5.122 a. For the $1 outcome:

P(gambler wins) = 22/50 = .44; net gain = $1
P(gambler loses) = 1 – (22/50) = .56; net gain = –$1
Therefore, the expected net payoff for a $1 bet on the $1 outcome is (1)(.44) – (1)(.56) = –$.12 =
–12¢. Thus, the gambler has an average net loss of 12¢ per $1 bet on the $1 outcome.
b. When the gambler bets $1 and loses, his loss is $1 regardless of the outcome on which he/she bet.
The expected values for a $1 bet on each of the other six outcomes are shown in the following
table.

Outcome P(win) P(lose) Expected net payoff

$2 14/50 = .28 .72 (2)(.28) – (1)(.72) = –.16
5 7/50 = .14 .86 (5)(.14) – (1)(.86) = –.16
10 3/50 = .06 .94 (10)(.06) – (1)(.94) = –.34
20 2/50 = .04 .96 (20)(.04) – (1)(.96) = –.16
flag 1/50 = .02 .98 (40)(.02) – (1)(.98) = –.18
joker 1/50 = .02 .98 (40)(.02) – (1)(.98) = –.18

c. In terms of expected net payoff, the $1 outcome is best (–12¢), while the $10 outcome is worst
(–34¢).

5.123 a. There are 7 C4 = 35 ways to choose four questions from the set of seven.
b. The teacher must choose both questions that the student did not study, and any two of the
remaining five questions. Thus, there are 2 C 2 5 C 2 = (1) (10) = 10 ways to choose four questions
that include the two that the student did not study.
c. From the answers to parts a and b,
P(the four questions on the test include both questions the student did not study) = 10/35 = .2857.

5.124 For each game, let x = amount you win

Game I:
Outcome x P(x) xP(x) x2P(x)
Head 3 .50 1.50 4.50
Tail -1 .50 -.50 .50
2
∑xP(x) = 1.00 ∑x P(x) = 5.00

μ = ∑ xP(x) = $1.00

σ= ∑ x 2 P( x) − μ 2 = 5 − (1) 2 = $2.00
146 Chapter Five

Game II:
Outcome x P(x) xP(x) x2P(x)
First ticket 300 1/500 .60 180
Second ticket 150 1/500 .30 45
Neither 0 498/500 .00 0
∑xP(x) = .90 ∑x2P(x) = 225

μ = ∑ xP(x) = $.90

σ= ∑ x 2 P ( x) − μ 2 = 225 − (.90) 2 = $14.97

Game III:
Outcome x P(x) xP(x) x2P(x)
Head 1,000,002 .50 500,001 5 x 1011
Tail -1,000,000 .50 -500,000 5 x 1011
∑xP(x) = 1.00 ∑x P(x) = 1012
2

μ = ∑ xP(x) = $1.00

σ= ∑ x 2 P( x) − μ 2 = 1012 − (1) 2 = $1,000,000

Game I is preferable to Game II because the mean for Game I is greater than the mean for Game II.
Although the mean for Game III is the same as Game I, the standard deviation for Game III is
extremely high, making it very unattractive to a risk-adverse person. Thus, for most people, Game I is
the best and, probably, Game III is the worst (due to its very high standard deviation).

5.125 Let x1 = the number of contacts on the first day and x2 = the number of contacts on the second day.
The following table, which may be constructed with the help of a tree diagram, lists the various
combinations of contacts during the two days and their probabilities. Note that the probability of each
combination is obtained by multiplying the probabilities of the two events included in that combination
since the events are independent.

x1 , x2 Probability y
(1, 1) .0144 2
(1, 2) .0300 3
(1, 3) .0672 4
(1, 4) .0084 5
(2, 1) .0300 3
(2, 2) .0625 4
(2, 3) .1400 5
(2. 4) .0175 6
(3, 1) .0672 4
(3, 2) .1400 5
(3, 3) .3136 6
(3, 4) .0392 7
(4, 1) .0084 5
(4, 2) .0175 6
(4, 3) .0392 7
(4, 4) .0049 8
 Introductory Statistics, Mann, Seventh Edition - Instructor’s Solutions Manual 147

Then the probability distribution of y is given in the following table.

y P(y)
2 .0144
3 .0600
4 .1969
5 .2968
6 .3486
7 .0784
8 .0049

5.126 a. λ = 5 calls per 15-minute period

Using the table of Poisson probabilities:
P(x ≥ 9) = P(x = 9) + P(x = 10) + P(x = 11) + P(x = 12) + P(x = 13) + P(x = 14) + P(x = 15)
= .0363 + .0181 + .0082 + .0034 + .0013 + .0005 + .0002 = .0680
b. λ = 7.5 calls per 15-minute period
P(x ≥ 9) = P(x = 9) + P(x = 10) + P(x = 11) + P(x = 12) + P(x = 13) + P(x = 14) + P(x = 15)
+ P(x = 16) + P(x = 17) + P(x = 18) + P(x = 19) + P(x = 20) = .1144 + .0858 + .0585 + .0366
+ .0211 + .0113 + 0057 + .0026 + .0012 + .0005 + .0002 + .0001 = .3380
c. There is a 6.8% chance of observing 9 (or more) calls in the 15-minute period if the rate is actually
20 per hour and a 33.8% chance of observing 9 or more calls in a 15-minute period if the rate is
actually 30 per hour. Therefore, the true rate is more likely to be 30 calls per hour.
d. You should advise the manager to hire a second operator since the rate of incoming calls is likely to
be higher than 20 calls per hour.

5.127 There are a total of 27 outcomes for the game which can be determined utilizing a tree diagram. Three
outcomes are favorable to Player A, 18 outcomes are favorable to Player B, and 6 outcomes are
favorable to Player C. Player B's expected winnings are ∑xP(x) = (0)(9/27) + (1)(18/27) = .67 or 67¢.
Player C's expected winnings are also 67¢: ∑xP(x) = (0)(21/27) + (3)(6/27) = .67. Since Player A has
a probability of winning of 3/27, this player should be paid $6 for winning so that ∑xP(x) = (0)(24/27)
+ (6)(3/27) = .67 or 67¢.

5.128 λ = 10 customers per hour

a. Let x1 = the number of customers in the first hour and x2 = the number of customers in the second
hour. Since the situation is modeled using a Poisson random variable, arrivals are independent and
the probabilities are calculated as follows:
P(exactly 4 customers in two hours) = P(x1 = 0, x2 = 4) + P(x1 = 1, x2 = 3) + P(x1 = 2, x2 = 2)
+ P(x1 = 3, x2 = 1) + P(x1 = 4, x2 = 0) = (.0000)(.0189) + (.0005)(.0076) + (.0023)(.0023)
+ (.0076)(.0005) + (.0189)(.0000) = .00001289 ≈ .0000
148 Chapter Five

b. Let x = the number of customers arriving in two hours. Since the average rate per hour is 10
customers, the average for two hours is λ = (2)(10) = 20 customers.

λ x e −λ (20) 4 e −20
P(exactly 4 customers in two hours) = = ≈ .0000
x! 4!

5.129 a. .0211285 b. .047539 c. .4225690

Self-Review Test

1. See solution to Exercise 5.1.

2. The probability distribution table.

3. a 4. b 5. a

6. See solutions to Exercise 5.49 and Exercise 5.51b.

7. b 8. a 9. b 10. a 11. c

12. A hypergeometric probability distribution is used to find probabilities for the number of successes in a
fixed number of trials, when the trials are not independent (such as sampling without replacement from a
finite population.) Example 5-23 is an example of a hypergeometric probability distribution.

13. a

14. See solution to Exercise 5.79

15.
x P(x) xP(x) x2 x2P(x)
0 .15 .00 0 .00
1 .24 .24 1 .24
2 .29 .58 4 1.16
3 .14 .42 9 1.26
4 .10 .40 16 1.60
5 .08 .40 25 2.00
∑xP(x) = 2.04 ∑x2P(x) = 6.26

μ = ∑ xP(x) = 2.04 homes

σ= ∑ x 2 P( x) − μ 2 = 6.26 − ( 2.04) 2 = 1.449 homes

The four real estate agents sell an average of 2.04 homes per week.

16. n = 12 and p = .60

a. i. P(exactly 8) = P(x = 8) = nCx px qn−x = 12C8(.60)8(.40)4 = (495)(.01679616)(.0256) = .2128
ii. P(at least 6) = P(x ≥ 6) = P(x = 6) + P(x = 7) + P(x = 8) + P(x = 9) + P(x = 10) + P(x = 11)
 Introductory Statistics, Mann, Seventh Edition - Instructor’s Solutions Manual 149

+ P(x = 12) = .1766 + .2270 + .2128 + .1419 + .0639 + .0174 + .0022 = .8418
iii. P(less than 4) = P(x < 4) = P(x = 0) + P(x = 1) + P(x = 2) + P(x = 3)
= .0000 + .0003 + .0025 + .0125 = .0153
b.
x P(x)
0 .0000
1 .0003
2 .0025
3 .0125
4 .0420
5 .1009
6 .1766
7 .2270
8 .2128
9 .1419
10 .0639
11 .0174
12 .0022

μ = np = 12(.60) = 7.2 adults

σ= npq = 12(.60)(.40) = 1.697 adults

17. Let x denote the number of females in a sample of 4 volunteers from the 12 nominees. Then x is a
hypergeometric random variable with: N = 12, r = 8, N – r = 4 and n = 4.

r C x N −r Cn − x 8 C3 4 C1 (56)(4)
a. P(exactly 3) = P ( x = 3) = = = = .4525
N Cn 12 C 4 495

r C x N −r Cn− x 8 C1 4 C3 (8)(4)
b. P(exactly 1) = P ( x = 1) = = = = .0646
N Cn 12 C 4 495

c. P(at most one) = P(x ≤ 1) = P(x = 0) + P(x = 1)

8 C0 4 C 4 (1)(1)
= + .0646 = + .0646 = .0020 + .0646 = .0666
12 C 4 495

18. λ = 10 red light runners are caught per day.

Let x = number of drivers caught during rush hour on a given weekday.

λ x e −λ (10)14 e −10 (1000000000 00000 )(.0000453999 )

a. i. P(x = 14) = = = = .0521
x! 14! 87,178,291,200
ii. P(at most 7) = P(x ≤ 7) = P(x = 0) + P(x = 1) + P(x = 2) + P(x = 3) + P(x = 4) + P(x = 5)
+ P(x = 6) + P(x = 7) = .0000 + .0005 + .0023 + .0076 + .0189 + .0378 + .0631 + .0901 = .2203
iii. P(13 to 18) = P(13 ≤ x ≤ 18) = P(x = 13) + P(x = 14) + P(x = 15) + P(x = 16) + P(x = 17)
+ P(x = 18) = .0729 + .0521 + .0347 + .0217 + .0128 + .0071= .2013
150 Chapter Five

b.
x P(x)
0 .0000
1 .0005
2 .0023
3 .0076
4 .0189
5 .0378
6 .0631
7 .0901
8 .1126
9 .1251
10 .1251
11 .1137
12 .0948
13 .0729
14 .0521
15 .0347
16 .0217
17 .0128
18 .0071
19 .0037
20 .0019
21 .0009
22 .0004
23 .0002
24 .0001

19. See solution to Exercise 5.57.