Preparation & Arrangement

of
Learning Content
How to design Lesson Plan? RPH?
 Pedagogy

Pedagogy is the Art and Science of how something is

taught and how students learn it.
 Pedagogy

• Pedagogy includes how the teaching occurs,

the approach to teaching and learning, the
way the content is delivered and what the
students learn as a result of the process.....
 The differences between …
• Pedagogy
• Andragogy
• Heutagogy
Criteria PEDAGOGY ANDRAGOGY PEERAGOGY CYBERGOGY HEUTAGOGY

Characteristics Dependent Independent/auto Collaborative Virtual Self-determined

nomy learning and Environment learning
teaching

Learning and Teacher provide Experience Same learning Online and virtual Online or
teaching resources materials Maturity resources and teacher conventional
Pursue education communication
platform
Role of the Design the layout, Facilitator Advisor/Facilitato Provide good Ourself
teacher materials and Enabler r/Peer/Friends contents
teaching style Respect openness
Instructional Design
 History of Instructional Design?

During the mid-1940s, training programs were

developed during World War II: The US Air Force
produced hundreds of training films and filmstrips
marking the initiation of technology for educational
and training purposes.
Infographic
 Why Instructional
Design Is Important?
ID Makes Learning Efficient
• When you learn something on your own, with little or no instruction, you
spend a lot of time sifting through extraneous information. Wouldn’t it be
easier if someone did that for you, so you could skip ahead to the important
stuff ?

 Instructional design help teachers in streamlining and structuring

information in a way that makes it easy to learn and incorporate into
your day-to-day life.
ID Makes Learning Engaging

• If you want to teach someone to make tea, you can simply list the different
steps to effectively communicate the process. However, that approach won’t
engage learners in a way that helps them internalize the information.
Wouldn’t it be more fun and effective to reframe those steps into an activity
that lets you explore tea-making and learn from your missteps?

ID focuses on the learner’s experience, and on how to make it

stimulating, memorable, and true-to-life.
ID Impacts the Bottom Line

• ID is especially critical for developers who are creating e-learning.

Implementing an ID approach helps you avoid boring “click next” courses—
not interactive at all! Adding instructional design to your process helps you
create the interactive learning environment learners crave.

Creating more engaging lessons will ensure students actually pay

attention and retain the new knowledge or skills they learn, making
learning is a worthwhile investment.
Roles of the teacher as an Instructional
Designer?
• Planning And Analysis
• Design And Structure
• Collaboration With Subject Matter Experts
• Multimedia Tools
• Implementation And Management
What Is Instructional Design?

• process of taking information and framing it in a way that makes it

interesting and easy for learners to understand.
• combines the art of creating engaging learning experiences with the science of
how the brain works.
 Instructional Design
• ID is a systematic development of instructional specifications using learning
and instructional theory and model to ensure the quality of instruction.
• It is the entire process of analysis of learning needs and goals and the
development of a delivery system to meet those needs.
• It includes development of instructional materials and activities; and try out
and evaluation of all instruction and learner activities.
 Implications Of Learning Theories On
Instructional Design
• Learning theories attempt to describe what is going on when people learn.
• Learning theories give rise to learning strategies, tactics, experiences, and
learning environments that support theory.
• Given the ID models, teacher as an instructional designer make the most use
of learning theories and their resulting learning strategies in the design phase.
 Learning Theories
• Behaviorism
• Cognitivism
• Constructivism
Learning theories and the lesson plan derived from ID models can
help practitioners develop optimal instructional designs for
learning—designs that support the learners as they acquire the
knowledge, skills, experience, and motivation needed to produce
results for themselves and their organizations.
 Learning Theories: Strengths & Weaknesses

• What are the perceived strengths and

weaknesses of using certain theoretical
approaches to instructional design?
 Behaviorism

• Weakness -the learner may find themselves in a situation where the stimulus for the
correct response does not occur, therefore the learner cannot respond. - A worker who
has been conditioned to respond to a certain cue at work stops production when an
anomaly occurs because they do not understand the system.
• Strength - the learner is focused on a clear goal and can respond automatically to the
cues of that goal. - W.W.II pilots were conditioned to react to silhouettes of enemy
planes, a response which one would hope became automatic.
 Cognitivism

• Weakness - the learner learns a way to accomplish a task, but it may not
be the best way, or suited to the learner or the situation. For example,
logging onto the internet on one computer may not be the same as
logging in on another computer.
• Strength - the goal is to train learners to do a task the same way to
enable consistency. - Logging onto and off of a workplace computer is
the same for all employees; it may be important do an exact routine to
avoid problems.
 Constructivism

• Weakness - in a situation where conformity is essential divergent thinking

and action may cause problems. Imagine the fun Revenue Canada would
have if every person decided to report their taxes in their own way -
although, there probably are some very "constructive" approaches used
within the system we have.
• Strength - because the learner is able to interpret multiple realities, the
learner is better able to deal with real life situations. If a learner can problem
solve, they may better apply their existing knowledge to a novel situation.
 For more info about ID and Learning Theory:

• The History of Learning Theories in Instructional Design

• Design Models and Learning Theories for Adults
• Maintaining Ties between Learning Theory and Instructional Design
• Instructional Design & Learning Theory
 ID model as teaching model?
A ‘model’ is a simplified representation of the structure and sequence of a
complex system or process. Thus, a teaching model is a simplified
representation of the structure and sequence of teaching.
 ID model as teaching model?
• A teaching model can be developed based on:
• (i) learning theories (e.g. behaviourism, cognitivism, constructivism)
• (ii) teacher or student-centredness
• (iii) number of students (e.g. large-group, small-group, individual student)
• (iv) the degree of structuredness (e.g. open, guided, structured).
 ID Models
• DICK AND CAREY
• ADDIE
• ASSURE
• GAGNE’S NINE EVENTS OF INSTRUCTIONS
• SAM MODEL
• KEMP’S ID MODEL
and many more……
DICK & CAREY MODEL
• Identify Instructional Goal(s): goal statement describes a skill, knowledge or attitude(SKA) that a learner
will be expected to acquire
• Conduct Instructional Analysis: Identify what a learner must recall and identify what learner must be able
to do to perform particular task
• Analyze Learners and Contexts: Identify general characteristics of the target audience including prior
skills, prior experience, and basic demographics; identify characteristics directly related to the skill to be
taught; and perform analysis of the performance and learning settings.
• Write Performance Objectives: Objectives consists of a description of the behavior, the condition and
criteria. The component of an objective that describes the criteria that will be used to judge the learner’s
performance.
• Develop Assessment Instruments: Purpose of entry behavior testing, purpose of pretesting, purpose of
post testing, purpose of practice items/practice problems
• Develop Instructional Strategy: Pre-instructional activities, content presentation, Learner participation,
assessment
• Develop and Select Instructional Materials
• Design and Conduct Formative Evaluation of Instruction: Designer try to identify areas of the
instructional materials that are in need of improvement.
• Revise Instruction: To identify poor test items and to identify poor instruction
• Design and Conduct Summative Evaluation
ADDIE MODEL
ADDIE MODEL
ASSURE MODEL
Backward Design Model
M
Mix & Match
Model 1 + Model 2 = ?
END