Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics

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Chapter 11
Application of Integration

11.1 Introduction

We have seen the integration of functions such as polynomial, rational, exponential,

logarithmic and trigonometric functions. We shall now apply these in:

* finding the area under the curve and x - axis.

* finding the area between two curves.

* finding the volumes of solid.

The students have already studied how to find the area and volume of a rectangle, triangle,
trapezoid, circle, etc. For example, we use the respective formulae to find the areas of
rectangle, trapezoid and circle as follows.

r
h a b O

b h

1
Area = b  h Area = h  (a + b) Area =  r2
2

These are simple calculations but not enough when we need to find the area or volume
having a complicated frame. Therefore we consider the definite integral to find area or
volume of the region.

11.2 Definite Integral

If F (x) = f (x) where f (x) is continuous on the interval a  x  b, then the definite integral of
f (x) on [a, b] is defined by

b
a
f ( x) dx = F (b) – F (a),

where the numbers a and b are called the limits of integration. Here a is the lower limit and
b is the upper limit.
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b

a
f ( x) dx reads “the integral from x = a to x = b of f (x) with respect to x”.
We write
F (b) – F (a) = F ( x)]ba or F ( x)ba

depending on whether F has one or more terms.

As an example, consider
b
a
x 3 dx
We can compute that
b
b  x4 
 =  + C
3
x dx
a
4 a
 b4   a4  b4 a 4
=  + C  -  + C  = -
 4   4  4 4

The constant of integration C cancels out in the subtraction, so we omit it from the
calculation. Thus,

b
b x4  b4 a 4

3
x dx =  = -
a 4 a 4 4

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

1. Let f be continuous on [a, b]. Then for each x  [a, b],

d x
dx a 
f (t ) dt = f (x),

2. Let F  be continuous on [a, b]. Then for each x  [a, b].

x
 F ' (t ) dt = F (x) – F (a).
a

Rules for Definite Integration

Suppose f and g are continuous on [a, b] and k  R.

b b
1. a 
kf ( x ) dx = k f ( x) dx.
a

b b b
2.  [ f ( x)  g ( x)] dx =  f ( x) dx   g ( x) dx.
a a a
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a
3. a
f ( x) dx = 0
b a
4.  f ( x) dx
a
=-  b
f ( x ) dx.
b c b
5.  f ( x) dx
a
= a
f ( x) dx +  f ( x) dx where c  (a, b).
c

Example 1.
Evaluate the following definite integrals.


 | cos x | dx
2 1
(a) −1
x 3 dx (b)  0
2 sin x dx (c) −1
x + 2 dx (d)
4

Solution
2
2 x4  2 4 (−1) 4 3
(a) −1
x 3 dx = 
4  −1
=
4
-
4
=3
4

 

(b)  2 sin x dx = − cos x 02 = - cos + cos 0 = -0 + 1 =1
0 2

1
1 1
(c) −1
x + 2 dx = −1
(x + 2) 2 dx
1
2 
3
 2  3 3
 2
= ( x + 2) 2  =  (3) 2 − (1) 2  = (3 3 – 1)
3   −1 3   3
 


(d) 
4
| cos x | dx y
y = |cos x|
 
When  x  , |cos x | = cos x, 1
4 2

When  x  , |cos x | = - cos x. x
2 O  

 
 | cos x | dx
4
=  2 cos x

4
dx +  (− cos x) dx
2 -1

= sin x2 - sin x
4 2

  
= (sin - sin ) – (sin  - sin )
2 4 2
2
=2- .
2
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Example 2.
2
Evaluate the integral 
1
x 2 − x dx.

Solution
Method 1
2
1
x 2 − x dx
Let u = 2 - x, Then du = - dx.

x 2 − x dx =-  (2 − u ) u du
1 3
=-  (2u 2 − u 2 ) du
3 5
4 2
= - u2 + u2
3 5
3 5
4 2
=- (2 − x) 2 + (2 − x) 2
3 5
Next
2
2  4 3
2
5

1
x 2 − x dx = − (2 − x) 2 + (2 − x) 2 
 3 5 1
4 2 14
= 0 – (- + ) = ,
3 5 15

Method 2
Let u = 2 - x. Then du = - dx.
Changing the variable from x to u, we get

x 1→2
u 1→0

1 3
2 0
1
x 2 − x dx = - 1
(2u 2 −u2) du
1 3
1
= 0
(2u 2 −u2) du
1
4 3 2 5 
=  u2 − u2 
 3 5 
0

14
= .
15
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Exercise 11.1
1. Evaluate the following definite integrals.
1 ex 1 1
 x
6
x + 2 dx  ( 3x − 1)
3
(a) dx (b) (c) dx
0 ex +1 −1 0

x+5 2
 tan 2 x dx
4
 e
−x 6
(d) dx (e) cos 2x dx (f)
2 x − 6x + 5
2 0
8

1. Solution;
ex
1
(a) 
0 ex + 1
dx

Let u = ex + 1.
du
= ex x 0→1
dx
u 2→e+1
du = ex dx

ex 1e +1

1
0 ex + 1
dx =
2 u
du

= ln | u |2
e+1

= ln |e + 1| – ln |2|
e +1
= ln | |
2

1
(b) x
−1
x + 2 dx
Let u = x + 2 => x = u - 2
du
dx
=1 x -1 → 1
du = dx u 1 →3

1 3
x
−1 
x + 2 dx = (u − 2)
1
u du
3 1
3
=  1
u 2 - 2 u 2 du
3 3
2 5 2 
3
2 5 4 3 
=  u2 − 2 u2  =  u2 − u2
 5 3 
1  5 3 
1
5 3 5 3
2 4 2 4
= (3) 2 - (3) 2 - (1) 2 + (1) 2
5 3 5 3
18 3 14 2 3 14
= -4 3 + =- +
5 15 5 15
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6 1
 ( 3x − 1)
3
(c) dx
0
6 6
1 1 1  3 1  3 3
=  ( x − 1) 4  = ( x − 1) 4  = - =0
1 4 3 0 4 3 0 4 4
3

4x+5
(d) 
2 x − 6x + 52
dx

x+5 x+5 A B
= = +
x − 6x + 5
2
( x − 5)( x − 1) x − 5 x −1
x+5 A( x − 1) + B( x − 5)
=
x − 6x + 5
2
( x − 5)( x − 1)
x + 5 = A (x – 1) + B (x – 5)
When x = 1, 6 = B (-4)
3
B =-
2
When x = 5, 10 = A (4)
5
A =
2
 5 3 
4 x+5 4
− 

2 x2 − 6x + 5
dx =   2 + 2  dx
2  x−5 x −1
 
 
4
5 3 
=  ln | x − 5 | − ln | x − 1 |
2 2 2
5 3 5 3
= ln |- 1| - ln |3| - ln |- 3| + ln |1|
2 2 2 2
5 3 5 3
= ln 1 - ln 3 - ln 3 + ln 1
2 2 2 2
3 5
= (- - ) ln 3 = - 4 ln 3.
2 2

2
e
−x
(e) cos 2 x dx
0

Let u = e-x, dv = cos 2x dx

1
du = - e-x dx, v =  cos 2 x dx =
2
sin 2 x
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1 1
e  2 sin 2 x (- e
−x
cos 2 x dx = e -x sin 2 x - -x
) dx
2
1 -x 1 −x
=
2
e sin 2 x +
2 
e sin 2 x dx

Let I 
= e − x cos 2 x dx

1 -x 1 −x
I
2
=e sin 2 x +
2
e sin 2 x dx  ... (1)

Let u = e -x, dv = sin 2 x dx

1

du = - e -x dx, v = sin 2 x dx = - cos 2 x
2
1 1

e − x sin 2 x dx
2 2 
= e -x (- cos 2 x) - (− cos 2 x (- e -x )dx

1 1
= - e -x cos 2 x -  e − x cos 2 x dx ... (2)
2 2
Substituting (2) into (1),
1 1 1 1 −x
I = e -x sin 2 x + (- e -x cos 2 x -
2 2 2 2
e cos 2 x dx) 
1 1 1
I = e -x sin 2 x - e -x cos 2 x - I
2 4 4
5 1 1
I = e -x sin 2 x - e -x cos 2 x
4 2 4
2 1
I = e -x sin 2 x - e -x cos 2 x + C
5 5
2 1

e − x cos 2 x dx = e -x sin 2 x - e -x cos 2 x + C
5 5
2
2 2 1 
e =  e − x sin 2 x − e − x cos 2 x 
−x
cos 2 x dx
0 5 5 0
2 -2 1 -2 2 -0 1 -0
= e sin 4 - e cos 4 – e sin 0 + e cos 0
5 5 5 5
2 -2 1 -2 1
= e sin 4 - e cos 4 +
5 5 5

 
sin 2 x
(f)  8
6
 tan 2 x dx =  cos 2 x
6 dx
8

Let u = cos 2 x,
du
= - 2 sin 2 x
dx
1
- du = sin 2 x dx
2
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  
sin 2 x 1 1
 6
 tan
8
2 x dx = 

6

8
cos 2 x
dx =-
2 

8
6
u
du


ln | u |6
1
=-
2 8

ln | cos 2 x |6
1
=-
2 8

1  
=- [ln |cos | - ln |cos |]
2 3 4
1 1 2
=- [ln | | - ln | |]
2 2 2
1 2
=- ln | |
2 2

2
2. Find the integral of  cos mx sin nx dx
0
for (a) m = n and (b) m  n.

Solution;
(a) For m = n,
2 2

0
cos mx sin nx dx =  0
cos nx sin nx dx [sin 2x = 2sin x cos x]
2 1
=  0 2
sin 2nx dx

1 2
=
2 0
sin 2nx dx
2
1 1 
= (− cos 2nx)
2 2n 0
1
=- [cos (4n) - cos 0]
4n
1
=- (1 - 1) = 0
4n

(b) For m  n,
2 1 2
 cos mx sin nx dx
0
=
2  0
[sin(m + n) x − sin( m − n) x] dx
2
1  1 1 
= −
 m + n cos(m +n ) x + cos(m −n) x 
2 m−n 0
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1 1 1
= [- cos ((m + n) 2  ) + cos ((m - n) 2  ) -
2 m+n m−n
1 1
(-cos 0 + cos 0)]
m+n m−n
1 1 1 1 1
= [- + + - ]
2 m+n m−n m+n m−n
1
= (0) =0
2

3. Evaluate the following integrals.

4 1 2
(a) |
0
2 x − 2 | dx (b) −1
| e x − 1 | dx (c)  | sin x | dx
0

Solution;
4
(a) |
0
2 x − 2 | dx

When 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, | 2 x - 2| = - ( 2 x - 2)
When 2 ≤ x ≤ 4, | 2 x - 2| = 2x - 2
4 y
0
| 2 x − 2 | dx
2 4
=  [ −( 2 x − 2)] dx +  ( 2 x − 2) dx
0 2
2 4 |ξ2𝑥 – 2|
 2 2 32   2 2 32 
=-  x − 2 x +  x − 2 x
 3 0  3 2
|
|
| | x
3 3 O
2 2 2 2 1 2 3 4
=-[ ( 2) 2 - 2 (2) - (0) 2 + 2 (0)] +
3 3
3 3 -2 -
2 2 2 2
( 4) 2 - 2 (4) - ( 2) 2 + 2 (2)
3 3
8 16 2 8
=- +4+ -8- +4
3 3 3
16 2 − 16
=
3

1
(b) −1
| e x − 1 | dx

When -1  x ≤ 0, |ex - 1| = - (ex -1)

When 0  x  1, |ex - 1| = ex - 1
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y
1
−1
| e x − 1 | dx
0 1 y = ex+1
= 
−1
[−(e x − 1)] dx +  0
(e x − 1) dx


= - ex − x  + e
0
−1
x

−x0
1 y = | ex – 1|

= - [e 0 - 0 - e -1 - (-1)] + e 1 - 1 - e 0 + 0 -1 O
| x
1
= - 1 + e -1 + 1 + e - 1 - 1
1
= +e -2
e

2
(c)  | sin x | dx
0
y

When 0  x  , |sin x | = sin x y = | sin x |

When  ≤ x  2, |sin x | = - sin x
2  2
 | sin x | dx =  sin x dx +  (− sin x) dx
0 0
x
= - cos x0 + cos x
| | | |
 2 O 𝜋  3𝜋 
2 2
= - cos  + cos 0 + cos 2  - cos 
= -(-1) + 1 + 1 - (-1) =4 y = sin x

11.3 Area between the Curve and x - axis

In this section, we discuss the area between the curve and x - axis using the definite integral.
If f (x) is positive and continuous on the closed interval a  x  b, then the area bounded by
y = f (x), the x - axis and the vertical lines x = a and x = b is given by

b

a
f ( x) dx

Let us begin with the area enclosed between the graph and x - axis.

Example 3.
Find the area enclosed between the graph of
(a) f (x) = 3 and the x - axis over [1, 4],
2
(b) f (x) = 3 x + 2 and the x - axis over [- , 0].
3
(c) f (x) = - x2 + 4 and the x - axis over [-2, 2]. y

Solution f (x) = 3
4
(a)  3 dx
1
= 3x]14
= 12 – 3 = 9 unit2. O 1 4
x
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0
0  x2 

y
(b) 2 (3 x + 2 ) dx = 3 + 2 x
−
3  2 −2
3 2
2
3  2  2
=0- −  - 2 − 
2  3  3
x
2 - O
= unit2.
3

2
2  x3  y
 ( 4 − x ) dx = 4 x − 
2
(c)
−2
 3  −2 f (x) = 4 - x2

 8  8
= 8 −  -  − 8 + 
 3  3
x
2 -2 O 2
= 10 unit2.
3

Example 4.
5
(a) Compute the definite integral 
0
2 (x2 − 2 x) dx
(b) Find the total area enclosed between the graph of f (x) = x2 - 2 x and the x - axis
5
over [0, ].
2
y
Solution
5
5
 x3 2 y = x2 – 2x
(a) 0
2 (x2 − 2 x) dx =  − x 2 
3 0
3 2
x
1 5 5 O
=   - 
3  2 2
1
=-1 .
24

(b) For the intersection point of x - axis and the curve, f (x) = 0
x2 – 2 x =0
x (x – 2) =0
x = 0, 2

Thus the graph of f (x) cuts x - axis at 0 and 2, we divide the domain in two intervals:
5
the interval [0, 2] and the interval [2, ].
2
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2
2  x3  8  4
 ( x − 2 x ) dx =  − x 2  =  − 4 - 0
2
=- .
0
3 0 3  3

On [0, 2], the function f  0, so the value of integration f gives negative

5
5
 x3 2
2
2 (x2 − 2 x) dx =  − x 2 
3 2
 125 25   8 
= −  -  − 4
 24 4  3 
7
= .
24
5
On [2, ], the function f  0, so the value of integration f gives positive.
2
Therefore,
4 7 5
Area = |- | + | | = 1 unit2.
3 24 8

Example 5.
Figure shows the graph of the function f (x) = cos x.
y
Find the area enclosed between the graph of
f (x) = cos x and the lines
 1 y = cos x
(a) x = 0 and x =
2
 3
(b) x = and x = x
2 2 O  2
3
(c) x = 0 and x = .
2 -1
3
(d) Find the definite integral  0
2 cos x dx.

Solution
 

(a)  2 cos x dx = sin x 02 = sin - sin 0 = 1.
0 2
Area = 1 unit2.

3 3
3 
(b)  2
cos x dx = sin x  = sin
2 - sin = -2
2 2
2 2
2
Area = |-2| = 2 unit .
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3
(c) Area between the graph f (x) = cos x and the lines x = 0 and x = is 3 unit2.
2

3 3
3
(d)  2 cos x dx = sin x  0
2 = sin - sin 0 = -1.
0 2

To find the area between the graph of y = f (x) and x - axis over the interval [a, b]:
Step 1 Find the intersection point(s) of the graph y = f (x) and x - axis.
Step 2 Divide the interval [a, b] at the zeros of f.
Step 3 Integrate f over each subinterval.
Step 4 Add the absolute value of the integrals.

Example 6. y
The shaded area is 16 unit2. Find the value of k.

Solution f (x) = k
4
2k 2 
3 3
4 2k 16k
0 
k x dx =
3
x  =
 0 3
. 42 =
3
.
x
O 4
16k
By the problem, = 16, so k = 3.
3

11.4 Area between Two Curves

In this section we consider the areas bounded by two curves.

Example 7.
Find the area between y = x 2 – 2 x + 2 and y = 2 x – 1. y

Solution
To find the x - coordinate of intersection points,
x2 - 2 x + 2 =2x-1
2
x -4x+3 =0
(x - 1)(x - 3) =0 1
x
O 3
x = 1, 3
3
 [(2 x − 1) − ( x − 2 x + 2) ] dx
2
Area =
1
3
 (− x + 4 x − 3) dx
2
=
1
3
 x3 4 x 2  4 1
= − + − 3x = 0 – (- ) = 1 .
 3 2 1 3 3
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Example 8.
Find the area between y = sin x and y = cos x y
 5
for  x  .
4 4
y = sin x

Solution y = cos x

From the figure, we see that sin x  cos x 

x
 5 O
when  x  .
4 4
5
Area = 
4
4 (sin x − cos x) dx

5
= − cos x − sin x 4
4

 5 5    
=  − cos − sin  -  − cos − sin 
 4 4   4 4
 2 2   2 2 
=  + - − −
 2 2   2 2 

=2 2.

To find the area between the graph of y = f (x) and y = g (x) over the interval [a, b]:
Step 1 Find the intersection points of the graphs y = f (x) and g (x).
Step 2 Divide the interval [a, b] at the intersection points.
Step 3 Investigate which function is on the top at each subinterval
Step 4 Integrate (f - g) if f is on the top, or (g - f) if g is on the top over each subinterval.

Exercise 11.2

1. Find the shaded areas.

(a) (b) y
y
y = cos x y = sin x
1
y= x2 – 2x - 3
O x

x
O
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y
(c) (d)
y
y = x3 + x2 – 2x

x
-2 O 1 x
O

(e) (f) y
y
y = sin x

1
y=
x
O
y = sin 2x

O x

Solution;
(a) y = x2 - 2 x - 3
y
x2 - 2 x - 3 =0
(x - 3) (x + 1) = 0 y = x2 – 2x - 3
x = -1, 3
3
3  x3 x2  x
 ( x − 2 x − 3) dx =  − 2  − 3x 
2 -1 3
−1
3 2  −1
3
 x3 
=  − x 2 − 3x
3  −1
 33   (−1) 3 
=  − 32 − 3(3)  -  − (−1) 2 − 3(−1) 
3   3 
1
= (9 - 9 - 9) - (- - 1+ 3)
3
5 2
= -9 - = - 10
3 3
2 2
The shaded areas = − 10 = 10 unit2
3 3
Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
(174)
(b) y = cos x, y = sin x
y
sin x = cos x
sin x
=1 y = cos x y = sin x
cos x 1
tan x = 1

tan x = tan
4
 x
x = O
4
  
Since cos x  sin x for 0  x  and sin x  cos x for x
4 4 2
 
Area = 
0
4
(cos x - sin x) dx +  (sin x - cos x) dx
2

4
 
= sin x + cos x 04 + − cos x − sin x 2
4

     
= sin + cos - sin 0 - cos 0 - cos - sin + cos + sin
4 4 2 2 4 4
2 2 2 2
= + -0-1-0-1+ +
2 2 2 2
= 2 ( 2 - 1)
The shaded area = 2 ( 2 - 1) unit2

0
0  x 4 x3  y
 ( x + x − 2 x) dx =  + − x2 
3 2
(c)
−2
4 3  −2
8 8 y = x3 + x2 – 2x
= 0 - (4 - - 4) =
3 3
1
1  x 4 x3 
 0
( x 3 + x 2 − 2 x) dx =  +
4 3
− x2 
0
x
1 1 5 -2 O 1
=
+ - 1- 0 = -
4 3 12
8 5 37 1
The shaded area = | | + |- | = = 3 unit2
3 12 12 12

(d) x2 = x + 2
x2 - x - 2 = 0
(x - 2) (x + 1) = 0
x = -1, 2
Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
(175)
2
The shaded area = 
−1
( x + 2 − x 2 ) dx
2 y
 x2 x3 
=  + 2x − 
2 3  −1
8 1 1
= (2 + 4 - )-( -2+ ) 2
3 2 3
9 1
= = 4 unit2 x
2 2 O
-1 2

(e) x2 = x
y
x4 = x
x4 - x =0
3
x (x - 1) = 0
x = 0, 1
1
(
y=
The shaded area = x − x 2 ) dx
0
1
 2 3 x3  x
=  x2 −  O 1
 3 3  0
2 1 1
= ( - ) - 0 = unit2
3 3 3
y
(f) sin x = sin 2 x [0  x  ]
y = sin x
sin x = 2 sin x cos x
2 sin x cos x - sin x = 0 1
sin x (2 cos x - 1) = 0
1
sin x = 0 or cos x = x
2 O  

sin x = sin 0 = sin  or cos x = cos 3
3
 y = sin 2x
 x = 0,
3


 1 3

0
3 (sin 2 x − sin x) dx = − cos 2 x + cos x 
 2 0
1 2  1
=- cos + cos + cos 0 - cos 0
2 3 3 2
1 1 1 1 1
= - (- ) + + -1 =
2 2 2 2 4
 Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
(176)

  1 
 (sin x − sin 2 x ) dx
3
= − cos x + cos 2 x 
 2 
3

1  1 2
= - cos  +
cos 2  + cos - cos
2 3 2 3
1 1 1 9
=1+ + + =
2 2 4 4
1 9 5
The shaded area = + = unit2
4 4 2

2. Find the area under each curve between the given x - values:
(a) f (x) = ln x from x = 1 to x = e.
(b) f (x) = 12 - 3x2 from x = -1 to x = 2.
2
(c) f (x) = x e x from x = 0 to x = 1.
3
(d) f (x) = sin x from x = 0 to x =
.
2
(e) f (x) = (1 + cos x) sin x from x = 0 to x = .

Solution;
(a) f (x) = ln x from x = 1 to x = e

 ln x dx y

Let u = ln x, dv = dx
f (x) = ln x
1
du = dx,
x
v =  dx =x

1
 ln x dx = x ln x - x x dx
O 1 
x

= x ln x -  dx
= x ln x - x + C
= x ln x − x1
e
 ln x dx
e
1

= e ln e - e - ln 1 + 1 y
=e-e-0+1 =1
the area under curve = 1 unit2 15

(b) f (x) = 12 – 3 x 2 from x = -1 to x = 2. y = 12 – 3x2

−1
2
(12 − 3 x 2 ) dx 
= 12 x − x 3  2
−1
10

= 12 (2) - (2)3 - 12 (-1) + (-1)3

5
= 24 - 8 + 12 -1 = 27
the area under curve = 27 unit2
x
-1 0 1 2
 Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
(177)
2
(c) f (x) = x e x from x = 0 to x = 1.
y

2
x
xe dx

Let u = x2
2
du
= 2x
dx
1 1
du = x dx
2
1 u
 
2
x e x dx = e du x
2 0 0.5 1
1
= eu + C
2
1 x2
= e +C
2
1
1 1 2
x e
x2
dx = e x 
0 2 0
1 1 1 1 1
e - e0 =
= e- = (e - 1)
2 2 2 2 2
1
the area under curve = (e -1) unit2
2
y
3
(d) f (x) = sin x from x = 0 to x =
2
= - cos x0



sin x dx 1
0

= - cos  + cos 0 f (x) = sin x

= - (-1) + 1 = 2
3 3

 = - cos x 2
x
2
sin x dx 0 

3
= - cos
- cos 0
2
= -0 - 1 = -1
the area under curve = |2| + |-1| = 3 unit2

(e) f (x) = (1 + cos x) sin x from x = 0 to x = 


 (1 + cos x) sin x dx
0

Let u = cos x
du
= - sin x
dx
- du = sin x dx
 Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
(178) y

 (1 + cos x) sin x dx =-  (1 + u) du
u2
= - (u + )+C 1
2 f (x) = (1 + cos x ) sin x
1
= - cos x - cos2 x + C
2

  1 
0
(1 + cos x ) sin x dx = − cos x −
 2
cos 2 x 
0
0 
x

1 1
= - cos  - cos2  + cos 0 + cos2 0
2 2
1 1
=1- +1+ =2
2 2
the area under curve = 2 unit2

1
3. (a) Compute x
−1
1 − x 2 dx.

(b) Find the area enclosed between the graph of f (x) = x 1 − x 2 and the x - axis over [-1, 1].

y=x

x
-1 O 1
O

Solution;
1
(a) x
−1
1 − x 2 dx
Let u = 1 - x2
du
=-2x
dx
1
- du = x dx
2
1
x 1 − x 2 dx = -
2  u du
3
1 2
= -  u2 + C
2 3
3
1
=- (1 − x 2 ) 2 + C
3
 Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
(179)
1
1  1 3

x 1− x dx = − (1 − x 2 ) 2 
2
−1
 3  −1

1  3 3

-  (1 − 12 ) 2 − (1 − (−1) 2 ) 2  = - 1 (0) =0
 
3   3

0
0  1 3

−1 − − −
2 2 2
(b) x 1 x dx =  (1 x ) 
 3  −1
1  3 3

=-  (1 − 0) 2 − (1 − (−1) 2 ) 2  = - 1 (1) =-
1
 
3   3 3
1
1  1 3

0 − − −
2 2 2
x 1 x dx =  (1 x ) 
 3 0
1  3 3
 1 1
=-  (1 − 1) 2 − (1 − 0) 2  =- (-1) =
3   3 3
 
1 1
The enclosed area = − +
3 3
1 1 2
= + = unit2
3 3 3

4. Find the area enclosed between the graphs of y = x3 - 3x and y = x for 0  x  2.

Solution; y
x3 - 3 x =x
x3 - 4 x =0
2
x (x - 4) = 0
2
x (x + 2) (x - 2) = 0
x = 0, -2, 2 y=x
2

1
The enclosed area = ( x − ( x 3 − 3 x )) dx
0
2
= 
0
( 4 x − x 3 ) dx
0 1 2
x
2
 x4 
= 2 x 2 −  -1
 4 0 y = x3 - 3x
= 8 - 4 - 0 = 4 unit2
-2
 Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
(180)
5. Find the area enclosed of the graphs of ln (3x – 2) and y = x2 - 2x + 1 for 1  x  2.

Solution;
ln (3x - 2) and y = x 2 - 2 x + 1 for 1  x  2. y
 ln(3x − 2) dx
y = x2 - 2 x + 1

Let u = ln (3 x - 2), dv = dx
3
1
 dx = x
ln (3x - 2)
du =  3 dx, v = -
3x − 2 2
3 -
du = dx
3x − 2 1

 u dv = uv -  v du
-
|
| | | x
O 1 2 3
3
 ln(3x − 2) dx = x ln (3 x - 2) -  x
3x − 2
dx

3x
= x ln (3 x - 2) -  3x − 2
dx

 2 
= x ln (3 x - 2) -  1 +
 3x − 2 
 dx

2
= x ln (3x – 2) - x - ln |3x – 2| + C
3
2
The enclosed area = 1
(ln(3 x − 2) − ( x 2 − 2 x + 1)) dx
2
 2 x3 
=  x ln(3x − 2) − x − ln | 3x − 2 | − + x 2 − x
 3 3 1
2
 2 x3 
=  x ln( 3x − 2) − ln | 3x − 2 | − + x 2 − 2 x
 3 3 1
2 8 2 1
= (2 ln 4 -ln 4 - + 4 - 4) - (ln 1 - ln 1 - + 1 - 2)
3 3 3 3
4 8 4
= ln 4 - +
3 3 3
4 4
= ln 4 - = 0.515 unit2
3 3 y

6. The shaded area is 8a unit2. Find the value of a.

y = x2 + 1

a x
-a O
 Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
(181)
6. Solution;
a
a  x3 
−a
( x 2 + 1) dx =  + x 
3  −a
a3 a3 2a 3
= +a + +a = +2a
3 3 3
By the problem,
2a 3
+ 2 a = 8a
3
2 a 3 + 6 a = 24 a
2 a 3 – 18 a = 0
a3 – 9 a =0
2
a (a - 9) = 0
a = 0 or a =  3
a =3

11.5 Volumes Using Cross - Sections

We studied the area between a curve and x - axis, and two curves. We now consider the
volume of a particular solid by integration: the method of slicing, the disc method and the
washer method.

Volume by Method of Slicing

In this section, we define volumes of solids using the areas of their cross - section. A cross -
section of a solid is the plane region generated by intersecting the solid with a plane.
x

Cross section
With Area A (x)

Suppose A (x) is the integrable cross - section area from x = a to a = b. We define the volume
of the solid as

b
Volume =  A( x) dx
a
Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
(182)
Example 9
A pyramid with the height of 4 m has a rectangle base shown in figure. Find the volume of
the pyramid.

y
Solution
The cross - section area at x is A (x) = 2 x 2.
4 4
 A(x) 
4
V= dx = 2x 2 dx x
0 0
x
4
2x 
= 
3 0
3

O 2x
.
4
x
8
128 3
= m.
3

Volume of Revolution (Disc Method)

Consider the curve y = f (x) for a  x  b. If the shaded part is rotated about the x - axis
through 360, a three - dimensional solid will be formed. This solid is called a solid of
revolution. We can find the volume of this generated solid by definite integration.

y = f (x)

|f(x)|

x
x b

A(x)

b
Volume of revolution =   [ f ( x)]
2
dx.
a

Example 10.
Find the volume of revolution formed when the curve
(a) y = x for 0 < x  3
(b) y = x2 for 0 < x < 1 are rotated through 360 about the x - axis.
 Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
(183)
Solution
y
(a) y

f (x) = ξ𝑥
f (x) = x

| x
O 3

x
O 3

3 3

Volume of revolution =  ( x ) 2 dx
0
=  x dx 0

9
3
x2 
=  = unit3.
2 0 2

(b) y
y
y = x2
y = x2

x
1 x
x O
O 1

1 1

Volume of revolution =  (x 2 ) 2 dx =  x
4
dx
0 0
1
x5  
=  = unit3.
5 0 5

Example 11.

Find the volume of revolution formed when the curve y = sin x for  x  , is rotated
4
through 360 about the x - axis.
Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
(184) y
Solution
  1 − cos 2 x
 sin
y = sin x
Volume of revolution =  = 
2 1
x dx dx
4 4
2

 x sin 2 x 
=  −
2 4   x
4 O 
  
  sin 
  sin 2 x 
=  −  -  − 2 
 2 4   8 4 
 
   1
=   − 0 -   − 
2  8 4
 3 2  
=  +  unit3.
 8 4

Volume of Revolution (Washer Method)

If the region bounded by y = f (x) (on top) and y = g (x) and the limits x = a, x = b is revolved
about the x - axis, then its volume of revolution is given by

b
Volume of revolution =   [( f ( x)) − ( g ( x)) 2 ] dx
2
a

Example 12.
Find the volume of revolution generated by revolving the regions between y = x 2 and y = x
about the x - axis.

Solution
y
y = ξ𝑥
y

1 | x
O 11

O x
1
 Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
(185)
The two graphs cut x - axis at 0 and 1. The curve y = x is bounded above.

1
V 
=  [( x ) 2 − ( x 2 ) 2 ] dx
0
1

=  [ x − x 4 ] dx
0
1
 x 2 x5  3
=  −  = unit3.
 2 5 0 10

To find the volume of revolution formed the graph of y = f (x), y = g (x) rotated about x - axis.
Step 1 Find the intersection points of the graphs y = f (x) and g (x).
Step 2 Investigate which function is on the top.
Step 3 Integrate (f2 - g2) if f is on the top, or (g2 - f2) if g is on the top on the interval.

Exercise 11.3

Find the volume of solid by using slicing method in Exercise 1.3.

1. The base of the solid is the region bounded by the graphs of y = 2 x, y = 4 and x = 0.
The cross - section perpendicular to the x - axis are
(a) rectangle of height 8.
(b) rectangle of perimeter 10. y
y=4

x
O 2
Solution;
2x =4
x =2
The cross - section are at x is A (x) = 8 (4 - 2 x) = 32 - 16 x
2
V =  (32 − 16 x) dx
0
2
 x2 
= 32 x − 16  
 2 0


= 32 x − 8 x 2 
2
0

= 32 (2) - 8(2)2 - 0 = 64 - 32 = 32 unit3

 Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
(186)
(b) The cross - section area at x is A (x) = (1 + 2 x) (4 - 2 x)
= 4 - 2 x + 8 x - 4 x2
= 4 + 6 x - 4 x2
2
 (4 + 6 x − 4 x
2
V = ) dx
0
2
 x2 x3 
= 4 x + 6  − 4 
 2 3 0
2
 4 
= 4 x + 3 x 2 − x 3 
 3 0
4 3
= 4 (2) + 3 (2)2 - (2) - 0
3
32 28
= 8 + 12 - = unit3
3 3

x
2. The base of the solid is the region bounded by the graphs of y = x and y = .
4
The cross - section perpendicular to the x - axis are
(a) isosceles triangles of height 4.
(b) semicircles with diameters running across the base of solid.

O x
Solution;
x
(a) x =
4
4 x =x
16 x = x2
2
x - 16 x =0
x (x - 16) = 0
x = 0, 16
1 x
The cross - section area at x is A (x) = ( x - ) (4)
2 4
x
= 2( x - )
4
 Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
(187)
16 x
V = 
0
2( x − ) dx
4
16
 2 3 x2 
= 2  x2 − 
 3 8 
0

2 3
(16) 2  128  32 64
= 2  (16) 2 − - 0 = 2 − 32 = 2  = unit3
 3 8   3  3 3

 1
2
x 
(b) The cross - section area at x is A (x) =  ( x − )
2 2 4 
3
 1 2 1 2
= (x - x + x )
8 2 16

3
16 1 1 2
V =
8 0
(x −
2
x2 +
16
x ) dx
16
  x 2 1 2 2 1 x3 
5
=  −  x +  
8  2 2 5 16 3 
0
16
  x2 1 2 1 3 
5
=  − x + x 
8  2 5 48 
0

 16 
2 5
1 1
=  − + (16) 3  - 0
(4 2 ) 2
8  2 5 48 
 1024 256  128 16
= (128 - + ) =  = unit3
8 5 3 8 15 15

3. The solid lies between the planes perpendicular to the x - axis at x = -1 and x = 1.
The cross - section perpendicular to the x - axis are circular disks whose diameters run
from y = - x 2 + 4 and x 2 + 2. y = x2 + 2 y

Solution;
4
y = - x 2 + 4 and y = x 2 + 2
At x = -1, y = - (-1)2 + 4 = 3 and y = (-1)2 + 2 =3
At x = 1, y = -12 + 4 = 3 and y = 12 + 2 =3 3
If x = 0, y=4 and y = 2
The cross - section at x is A (x)
2 2
1 
=   (− x 2 + 4 − x 2 − 2)
2 
y = -x2 + 4 1
 2 2  2 4
= (2 - 2 x ) = (4 - 8 x + 4x )
4 4
=  ( x4- 2 x 2 + 1) 0 x
-1 1
Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
(188)
1
V = −1
( x 4 − 2 x 2 + 1) dx
1
 x5 2x3 
=  − + x
5 3  −1
1 2 1 2 16
=  ( - + 1 + - + 1) = unit3
5 3 5 3 15

4. By using the disc method, find the volume of revolution formed when the curve
y = f (x) for a  x  b, is rotated through 360 about the x - axis.
1
(a) f (x) = 3 x + 2; a = , b = 4.
2

(b) f (x) = cos x ; a = 0, b = .
2
1
(c) f (x) = ; a = 3, b = 5.
x −1

(d) f (x) = sin x cos x; a = 0, b = .
2
(e) f (x) = x 4
1 + x 2 ; a = 2, b = 3.

Solution;
1 y
(a) f (x) = 3 x + 2, a = ,b=4
2
1
f (x) = 3 x + 2, x4
2
1 1 3 7
If x = , f( )= +2=
2 2 2 2
If x = 2, f (2) = 3 (2) + 2 = 8
If x = 4, f (4) = 3 (4) + 2 = 14
4
=  (3x + 2) x
2
Volume of revolution 1 dx 4
2
4
=  (9 x + 12 x + 4) dx
2
1
2
4
 x3
=  9  + 12 
x2 
 
4
+ 4 x  =  3x 3 + 6 x 2 + 4 x 1
 3 2 1 2
2

1 1 1
=  [3 (4)3 + 6 (4)2 + 4 (4) - 3 ( )3 - 6 ( )2 - 4 ( )]
2 2 2
31 2401
=  [304 - ] = unit3
8 8
Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
(189)
 y
(b) f (x) = cos x ; a = 0, b =
2
 1
f (x) = cos x , 0  x 
2 y=

Volume of revolution =  0
2 ( cos x) 2 dx

=  0
2 cos x dx x


=  sin x  2
0


=  (sin - sin 0)
2
=  (1 - 0) =  unit3

1
(c) f (x) = , a = 3, b = 5 y
x −1
1
f (x) = , 3x5
x −1 f (x) =
1 1
If x = 3, f (3) = = 0.
3 −1 2 5
1 1
If x = 5, f (5) = =
5 −1 4
5 1 2
Volume of revolution = ( 
3 x −1
) dx
0 1 2 3 4 5
x

5 1
= 
3 ( x − 1) 2
dx

5
1 
=  (− )
x − 1  3
1 1 1 
=  (- - (- )) =( )= unit3
4 2 4 4


(d) f (x) = sin x cos x, a = 0, b =
2

f (x) = sin x cos x, 0  x 
2
If x = 0, f (0) =0
    2 2 1
If x = , f( ) = sin cos =  =
4 4 4 4 2 2 2
 
If x = , f( ) =0
2 2
Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
(190)

y
=  2 2
Volume of revolution (sin x cos x) dx
0
 1- y = sin x cos x
= 0
2 sin 2 x cos 2 x dx

1 1 x

| | |
= 2 (1 − cos 2 x)  (1 + cos 2 x) dx O 𝜋 𝜋
0 2 2 4 2


=
4 0
2 1 − cos 2 2 x dx

 1
=
4 0
2 1− ( (1 + cos 4 x)) dx
2

 1
=
4 0
2
2
(1 − cos 4 x) dx

  1 2
=  x − sin 4 x 
8  4 0
  1 1 
=  ( − sin 2 ) − (0 − sin 0)
8  2 4 4 
  2
= ( ) = unit3
8 2 16

(e) f (x) = x 4
1 + x 2 ; a = 2, b = 3
f (x) = x 4
1 + x2 , 2  x  3
3

4
Volume of revolution = ( x  4 1 + x 2 ) 2 dx y f (x) = ξ𝑥 ξ1 + 𝑥 2
2
3
=  x
2
1 + x 2 dx
3
1 3

=   (1 + x ) 
2 2

 3  2 O
| | | | x
1 2 3 4
  
3 3

(1 + 3 ) − (1 + 2 ) 
2 2 2 2
=
3  

    20.44
3 3
= (10) 2 − (5) 2  = (10 10 – 5 5 ) = unit3
3  
 3 3

1
u = 1 + x2 => du = 2x dx => du = x dx
2
3 3
1 3 1 2 1

3
 x2
1 + x 2 dx =
2 2
u du =  u 2 = (1 + x 2 ) 2
2 3 3
 Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
(191)
5. By using the washer method, find the volume of revolution generated by revolving the
regions between y = f (x) and y = g (x) for a  x  b about the x - axis.
(a) f (x) = x2, g (x) = 2 x; a = 0, b = 2.
x 
(b) f (x) = tan x, g (x) = ; a = 0, b = .
2 4
(c) f (x) = 2 x , g (x) = 2; a = 0, b = 1.

Solution;
y
(a) f (x) = x2, g (x) = 2 x; a = 0, b = 2 f (x) = x2
f (x) = x2, g (x) = 2 x, 0  x  2
f (x) = x2
If x = 0, f (0) = 02 = 0
4 - . g (x) = 2x

If x = 2, f (2) = 22 = 4 3-
g (x) = 2 x
2 -
If x = 0, g (0) = 2 (0) = 0
If x = 2, g (2) = 2 (2) = 4 1 -

 (2 x)  dx
2
Volume of revolution = 2
− (x )
2 2
O
| | | | x
0
1 2 3 4
2
= 0
(4 x 2 − x 4 ) dx
2
4 1 
=   x3 − x5 
3 5 0
4 1
=  [ (2)3- (2)5 - 0]
3 5
32 32 64
=[ - ] = unit3
3 5 15

x 
(b) f (x) = tan x, g (x) = , a = 0, b =
2 4 y
f (x) = tan x
x 
f (x) = tan x, g (x) = , 0  x 
2 4
f (x) = tan x
If x = 0, f (0) = tan 0 =0
𝜋
1 - ( 4 , 1) . g (x) =
𝑥
2

  
If x = , f( ) = tan =1 |
𝜋
|| |
𝜋
| x
4 4 4 𝜋 O 𝜋
- - . .
2 4 4 2
x
g (x) = - -1
2
-
If x = 0, g (0) = 0
  
If x = , g( ) =
4 4 8
Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
(192)

x
Volume of revolution =  0
4 (tan 2 x − ( ) 2 ) dx
2

x2
=  0
4 (sec2 x − 1 −
4
) dx

 x3  4
=   tan x − x − 
 12  0

   1 3
=   tan − −  
 4 4 12 64 
  3  2 4
=  1 − −  = ( -
 - ) nit3
 4 768  4 768

(c) f (x) = 2 x , g (x) = 2, a = 0, b = 1

y
f (x) = 2 x , g (x) = 2, 0  x  1
f (x) = 2 x f (x) = 2ξ𝑥
If x = 0, f (0) = 0 3 -
If x = 1, f (1) = 2
1
g (x) = 2
Volume of revolution =  0
(2 2 − (2 x ) 2 ) dx 2 -

1

=  ( 4 − 4 x) dx
0
1 -


=  4x − 2x2 
1
0 O
|
1
|
2 3
| | x

=  (4 - 2) = 2 unit3

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