X

Chapter 1: Electric Charges And Flelds

Weightage of marks-8 Marks

L Short Answer Questions

Toples: Electric charges

1. What is electric charge? Name the two type of charges
Electric charge is the property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed near

another charge.
There are two-types of electric charge; positive and negative. (Like charges repel and unlike

attract)
2. ** Is charge a scalar or a vector?
Scalar
3. **Write the SI unit of charge (1 Mark) - March 2014

Coulomb
4. What are point charges?
Charges whose sizes are negligible compared to the distance between them are called point
charges.
Topics: Charging
5. Mention different methods ofcharginga materlal.
Charging by friction, charging by conduction and charging by induction.
6. What is charging by friction?
Charging by friction involves rubbing two suitable types of materials against each other. The
two materials acquire opposite type of charge on rubbing.
Gtve examplesofpalrs of materlals that can be charged by friction
Pair Posltively Charged Negatively Charged
Material Materlal
Wool rubbed with Wool Amber
amber
Glass rubbed with silkGlass Silk
Hair and comb Hair Plastic
(Plastic)
Extra Information: Electrons can be exchanged between materials on contact. After coming into
contact, a chemical bond is formed between some parts of the two surfaces, called adhesion, and
charges move from one material to the other to equalize their electrochemical potential. When
separated, some of the bonded atoms have a tendency to keep extra electrons, and some a
tendency to give them away. The body which loses electrons gets positively charged. The body
which gains electrons gets negatively charged.
When we rub a glass rod with silk, electrons from the rod are transferred to the silk cloth. Thus,
the rod gets positively charged and the silk gets
negatively charged.
The two materials only need to come into contact and then separate for the material to be
charged. However, the effect is greatly enhanced by rubbing the materials together, as they touch
and separate many times.

II PUC HM Notes
1 Page
8. What is the meaning of
a) Neutral or uncharged body?
b) positively charged body?
c)negatively
Matter
charged body?
is made up of atoms.Atoms contain positive and
electrons). negative charges(protons and
a) A body is said to be neutral if positive and
b) A body is said to be positively charged if it negative charge is exactly balanced.
contains excess positive
c)A body is said to be negatively charged charge
if it contains excess negative charge.
9. **When a glass rod is rubbed with
silk it gets positively charged.
a) Does this mean that the positlvely charged
b) If yes, is there transfer of protons from silk glass
rod has more protons than electrons.
to glass?
a) Yes.
b) No, charging by friction involves transfer of electrons from one
body to another.
10.** A polythene piece rubbed with wool is
found to have a negative charge, is there a
transfer of mass from wool to
polythene?
Yes. Charging by friction involves
transfer of electrons from one
Herepolythene gets negatively charged by gaining electrons andbody to another.
hence its mass increases.
CThe increase in mass is very small and almost
negligible)
11.* Whatis charging by conduction?
When a charged body is brought in contact with an
be transferred to the conductor. This is uncharged conductor, some charge will
called charging by conduction.
12. What is charging by induction?
A charged body is
brought near an uncharged conductor but not in contact with the
conductor. This induces charges of
opposite sign on the conductor.
13.** Mention properties
of conductors and insulators (With respect to electric charge)
Conductors allow electric charge to move
a conductor, it
through them. When some charge is transferred to
spreads over the surface of the conductor.
Insulators do not allow electric charge to
pass through them. The charge transferred on to an
insulator does not get spread, it stays at the same
place.
Properties of Electric charges
14.**** Write any two basic
15. **** Mention any three
properties of charge. (2 Marks) March 2019
-

propertles of electric charges. (3 Marks) July 2014

-

Additivity of charges
.Conservation of charges
Quantisation of charge
16.*** What is additivity of charges?
The total charge of a system is the algebraic sum of all individual charges in the
(Charge is a scalar quantity hence they add up like real numbers or system.
scalars.)
Example: If a system contains three point charges,q = +1 unit, q2 =+2 units, 9a-1 unit
then
Total charge of the system =
q1 + 42 t 9a= (+1) +(+2)+(-1) =
+2 units

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17.*** State law of conservation of
>The total charge
charges.
of an isolated system remains constant.
18.*** What is quantisation
>The total
of charge. Mention expression.
charge (q) on a body is always an integral multiple of e. where, e is the
electron/proton (e). charge of an
Thus, q ne, where n = 0,1,2,3,.
The value of e is +1.6 x 10-19 coulomb.
By convention, the
charge on an electron is taken to be negative and that on a proton as te
19.*** A polythene piece rubbed with wool is found to have a negative charge of 3 x 10-7 C.
Estimate he number of electrons transferred
Given,
q =3 x 10-7C
10-7
9ne or n = 3 x
n = 1.875 x
e1.6x 10-19
1012 electrons

Topic: Coulomb's law

20.*** State Coulomb's law. (1 Mark) - July 2015, March 2017, March 2019
21. **** State and explain Coulomb's law in electrostatics. (2 Marks) - March 2014

>Coulomb's law: The electrostatic force between two point charges at rest, is
proportional to the product of the magnitude of charges and inversely proportionaldirectly
to the
square of the distance between them. It acts along the line joining the two charges.

F or F=k19 91 and q2 are point charges

r r is the distance betweent the charges
If the charges are placed in vacuum then, Eo-is the permittivity of free space
1 E=8854 x 10-12 C?N-m-2
4T1E0
22. * * * Write Coulomb's law in vector form. Explain the terms. (2 Marks) - March 2015

Let the position vectors of charges q1 and q2 be ri and F respectively.

Force on q1 due to q2 is,

F12 FI2 F-Fi-Fi

4TtEg P2
r2 Where,Fa =Fi-F2 Fa
Pi2 is the unit vector along 2 1 92

Similarly Force on q2 due to q1

Fz P2Where, Fa =Fz-Fi
4TEo r21
P21 is the unit vector along T21
F2-F2 since,F= - F
23.* Defne SI unit of charge. (1 Mark) - March 2015
One Coulomb is that amount of charge, if placed at a distance of one meter from another
charge of the same magnitude in vacuum, experiences a force of magnitude 9 x 10° N.

24.** Two polnt charges are separated by some distance, repel each other with a force F. What
will be the force if distance between them is halved?

II PUC-HM Notes 31 Page

 F -(1) and - (2)

(1) +(2)
or F= 4 F

Force increases by 4 times

Topic: Force between mutdple charges -Superposition princtple

25.**Which principle is employed in finding the force between
multiple charges?
Superposition principle
26. *** State superposition
principle for force between multiple charges.
>The total force on a given charge due to number of
other charges, is the vector sum of the
individual forces acting that
on
charge due to all the charges.
Toplc: Electric field
27.+*** Write the SI unit of electricfield intensity. (1 Mark)- July 2016
NC-3
28.** Is electric feld intensity a scalar or a vector?
>Vector
29.** Definee ectric field
>The region around a charged
body, within which other charges experiences electrostatic
force of attraction or repulsion, is called electric field.

30.* What is a source charge?

The charge which produces the electric field
31. What is a test charge?
The charge which detects the effect
of the source charge
32.*** What is electric field intensity?
The electric field intensity at a point is the strength of the electric field at that point.
Definitlon: It is numerically equal to the force experienced by a unit positive test charge go
placed at the point.

33.** Obtain the expression for electric intensity due to a point charge and explain the terms.
Consider a charge Source charge Q and a test charge q4o, Let the test charge be at a distancer
from the source charge. Then,

F- o 4TTE r2
Q F

Continuous charge distribution:

34.*Define linear chargedensityand mention its expression and SI unit.

II PUC- HM Notes 4Page

I f charge AQ is spread linearly over length Al, then the linear charge density 2, is
AQ
Charge per unit lenght i.e. aN
SI unit: Cm-1

35. Define surface charge densty and mention its expression.

I f charge AQ is spread over a surface AS, then the surface charge density a, is
Charge per unit area. i.e.

SI unit: Cm2

36.* Define volume charge density and mention ts expression.

I f charge AQ is spread in a volume AV, then volume charge density p, is

Charge per unit volume. i.e. pV

SI unit: Cm3

37. Mention of expression for electric field due to a continuous charge distribution.
F AV since,Q = pAv
4TTEor2
Electric dipole:
38,*** What is electric dipole? (1 Mark) - March 2016
An electric dipole is a pair of equal and opposite point charges, separated by a small distance.

Dipole-General information:
Consider a dipole consisting of point charges
-9 to tq. Let the charges be separated by a
small distance 2a as shown in the diagram.
0 is the mid-point between -q and +q, itis
called the centre of the dipole. 0:
***
A straight line passing through both the
charges is called the axis of the dipole.
A straight line perpendicular to the axis
and passing through the center of the
dipole is called the equatorial line.
The direction of the dipole is from -qto
+q
39.**What is the net charge of an electric dipole?
zero
40. * Define electric dipole moment. Mention its expression and SI unit.

Dipole moment is a vector quantity whose magnitude equal to the product of magnitude of
either of the charge and the distance between the charges.
The direction is along the line from -q to q.
i.e. = q x 2ap where, p is the unit vector along the dipole axis (from -q to q)
The Si unit of dipole moment is Coulomb metre

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Topic: Dipole in an electric field
41.*** What is the net force on an electrie
Zero dipole placed in a uniform electric ffeld?

42.** What is the net

torque on an electric dipole placed in
a uniform electric fleld?
When is it maximum? When is it T-Torque
minimum?7
P-Dipole moment
T= xE or T pE sin 0 E Electric field intensity
Torque is maximum if the
dipole is perpendicular to the 0 -is angle between
direction of the field (6 90°) = p' and E
Torque is minimum if the dipole is parallel or f unit vector
antiparallel perpendicular to the
to the direction of the field plane containing and E
(0 0° or 180°)=

Note: When a dipole is placed in a non-uniform

net torque.
electric field it experiences both net force and

Electric fleld lines:

43. Whatis an electric field line?
A n electric field line is a curve
drawn in such a way that the tangent to it
represents the direction of the net field at that at each point
point
44.***Wrte any two properties
45. Glve any three
of electric field lines. (2 Marks) July 2015, March 2016, 2017
-

properties of electric fleld lines. (3 Marks)-March 2018,

June 2018, June 2019
In a charge free region, field lines are continuous
curves without any breaks.
Two field lines cannot cross each other.
Electrostatic field lines start at positive charges and
end negative charges
at
Electrostatic field lines do not form closed loops.

46.**** Sketch the electric lines offorce due to a

(2 Marks)- July 2016 point charge q. If, a) q<0 and b) q>0
47.*** Draw electricfleld lines for
a) An isolated negative point charge c)
b) An isolated positive polnt charge
c)A system of two positive point charges.
d) A dipole
e)Uniform electric field

a) b)

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 d) e)

48.***What is the direction of electric field due to

a)Anisolated positivecharge
b) An isolated negative charge
Radially outward
Radially inward

Electric fux
General Information - Electric flux
Consider a stream of water. If a ring is held inside the stream then some water can flow through
the ring. The volume of liquid crossing the area per unit time is called liquid flux. Similarly,
Electric flux over an area is a measure of the number of electric field lines crossing this area.
(Note: There is nothing physically observable that flows in case of electric flux)
In the above example, the amount of water flowing through the ring per unit time depends on
the orientation of the ring.
If the surface of the ring is perpendicular to the direction of flow
Flux is maximum
If the surface of the ring is parallel to the direction of flow Flux is
zero

Since the orientation of the area element changes the flux, area
should be treated as a vector in calculating flux
49.*What is electric flux?
Electric flux over a surface is the total number of electric
field lines passing through the surface area normally.
50.What is the direction of area vector?
I t is perpendicular to the surface area
51.*** Mention expression for electric flux through a
surface (for a flat surface in uniform electrdc E-Electric field intensity
fleld)?
= E . A = EA cos e A-Area vector
52.*** What is the SI unit ofelectric flux? Is electric fux a -Angle between E and A
scalar or a vector?
Nm2C-1
Scalar

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 surface?
53. How to calculate flux through a curved
We consider the curved surface to be made up of a
elements. Each small
large number of very small area
area element may be considered to be flat.
Thus, the total flux PE is the sum of the flux through
each area element

E.A5
IfAS 0 , then
=E.aS
direction of an area element for a closed surface?
54. What is the
considered to be the direction of the area element
By convention, the outward normal is Outward normal for Surface 1 Inward normal for Surface
(Area element which is part of a closed surface)
Surface 1

55. How to find ffux through a closed surface?

A closed surface can be considered to be made up of
number of flat surfaces.

The total fux through the closed surface is the sum rtace z

of the flux through each surface.

Gauss's Law:

56.**** State and explain gauss law in electrostatics. Outward normal for Surface 2 Inward normal for Surface 2

(2 Marks)-July
>The total electric2017
flux over any closed surface S in vacuum is 1/¬, times the total charge (Q)
contained inside S,

Eo

57, What is a Gaussian surface?

Gaussian surface is an imaginary closed surface. The closed surface can be of any shape or
size.
Note: we construct an imaginary surface which is suitable for a given physical situation.
Example: In Question 4 (Long answer type Question), for finding electric field due to a infinite
long wire, we choose a cylindrical gaussian surface with its axis along the wire. Choosing
other shape will not be useful.

I. Long answer type Questions

o* Derive an expresion for electric feld due to an electric dtpole at a point on the axdal line.
(5 Marks)-March 2016, July 2017
Consider an electric dipoleconsisting of two point charges +q and -9 separated by some
distance 2a. Let O be the centre of the dipole. Let the point P be at distance r from centre of
the dipole on the side of the charge +q,

II PUC-HM Notes 8IPage

 E PE P
a -

The magnitude of electric intensity at P due to charge +q is,

E4TEt -a)
Direction of E is along OP
The magnitude of electric intensity at P due to charge -q is,
E46 r+a
Direction of Ez is along PO
E and E, act along opposite directions and E > E2
Therefore, the magnitude of net electric intensity at P is, E E - Ez

4Ts (r-a) 4Er+a)?)

E r+a)-(r-a)2
E =
4e-ar+ate-ar
9 *at2ar -r-a+
+a¥ 2ar
4 t e (r- a)(r -a) r + a)(r +a)
E
4qar
4 T E 2 - a2)2 2pr
Or (since p = x 2a)
E4TE(r2- a)
Direction of E is along OP
In vector form,

E 2pr
P where, is the unit vector along the dipole axis (from -q to )
4TE(r2 a2)2 -

At largedistance from the dipole, i.e. r>>a

2p
4mer 4Te,r3
2. **Derivean expression for electricfield intensty due to an electric dipole at a point onan
equatorlal line.(5 Marks)-March 2015,June 2019
Consider a dipole consisting of two point charges +q (at A)and - q(at B) separated by some
distance 2a. Let O be the centre of the dipole. Let P be a point on the equatorial plane at
distance r from the centre of the dipole.
The magnitude of electric intensity at P due to charge +q is,

Direction of E, is along AP
The magnitude of electric intensity at P due to charge -q is,
1

II PUC-HM Notes 91Pagee

 Direction of E is along PB
The directions of E
and E, are as shown in the diagram. E, is resolved into two
components
E sin 0 (normal to the dipole axis) and E cos 0 (parallel to the dipole axis). Similarly E, is
resolved into components E2 sin6 and E2
cos 0.
The components normal to the dipole axis cancel each other. The components along the
dipole axis add up.
Therefore the magnitude of the net electric field is,
E = E cos 6 +E2 cos6 = (E + E2) cos 6
E sin
Ecos Ez cos
From the diagram,
cos J+a
24 Ez sin
A
a

E 2qa
4Te(r2+a)3/2
Direction of E is along AB
The direction of the net electric feld is opposite to the dipole moment
In vector form: E =
4me(r2+a2)ï
since, 2qa = lpl and p is in opposit direction to E

At large distance from the dipole, ie. r>>a

E
4TEr3
Note: Dipole field at large distances falls off not as but asThe magnitude and direction
of the dipole field depends not only on the distance r but also on the angle between the Ff and
the dipole moment p.

3. **Obtain an expresslon for torque acting on an electric dipole placed in an uniform electric
field.
Consider a dipole consisting of point charges -q at
A and +q at B, separated by a distance 2a. Let the
dipole be in a uniform external field E. Let 8 be
the angle between dipole moment and E. Draw
AC perpendicular to E
The force on charge +q is +qE and the force on
charge -q is -qE. Hence the net force on the
dipole is zero. However, the charges are separated,
so the forces act at different points, resulting in a
torque on the dipole.

Magnitude of the Torque is,

II PUC-HM Notes 101 Page

 T
magnitude of one of the forces
x
perpendicular distance between the two antiparallel forces
T qE x AC
T= qE x AB sin 6 (From the triangle ABC, AC = AB sin 0)
T= QE x 2a sin 0 (AB-2a)
T 2qaE sin
T pE sine since: p = 2qa

T BxE
4. **** State Gauss's law in electrostatics. Derive the expresslon for electric fleld at a point due

toinfinitely long charged straight conductor using Gauss's law. (5 Marks) July 2015, -

July
2016
Consider an infinitely long thin straight wire with uniform linear charge density .
Now, consider a cylindrical Gaussian surface with its axis along the wire. Let r be the radius
and be the length of the cylinder.
The total flux through the cylinder is,

Where, PP2 and are electric flux through the surfaces 1,2 and 3 respectively.
From symmetry, we find that E on elther side of the wire must be perpendicular to the wire,
having same magnitude at ll points equldistant from the wtre.
Now, the outward normal to surface 1 is perpendicular E
= EA, cos 90 = 0 - (1)

The outward normal0 to surface 2 is perpendicular to E

2 = EA2 cos 90 - - (2)

The normal to the surface 3 at every point is along E and its magnitude is constanto =
EE.AS = E EAS cos 0 EXAS
Surface 1
E2Trl - -(3)
Adding (1), (2) and (3)
Since.)AS=2r
=0+
0+E2xrl =E2rl------4)
According to gauss's Law
AS E
-

(5) (Since, q =
al)

Using (4)and (5), E2Trl=

Eo

2trEo
In vector form,E= t (where,f is unit vector) Surface 2
ZtrEo
fis perpendicular to the wire, directed outwardifl is positive and inward ifA is negative.

5. State Gauss's law in electrostatics. Derive the expression for electric feld at a point due to
a uniformly charged infinite plane sheet using Gauss's law. (5 Marks)

II PUC-HM Notes 11| Pagee

Consider athin, infinite plane sheet. Let o be the surface density of
the sheet be along the Y-Z plane. charge on the sheet. Let
Consider a cylindrical Gaussian surface
Let the axis of the
piercing through the sheet as shown in the diagram.
cylinder be along X-axis.
Let A be its cross sectional area and 2r be its length.
Total flux is,

Surface 3
Where, , 2 and 3 are
electric flux through the
surfaces 1,2 and 3
From symmetry, we find
that E on either side of the
sheet must be Surface 2 Surface 1
perpendicular to the plane of
the sheet, having same
magnitude at all polnts
equldistant from the sheet
Now, the outward normal to surface 1 is along E
EA1 cos 0 = EA1
The outward normal to surface 2 is along E
-(1)
EA cos 0 = EA
------(2)
The normal to the surface 3 at every point is perpendicular to E and its magnitude is
constant
E.S = EAS cos 90 0
-----(3)
Adding (1), (2) and (3)
d= EA1 + EA2 +0
= 2EA ----(4) since A = Az = A
According to gauss's Law

-(5) (Since, The charge enclosed is, q = aA)

OA
Using (4 and (5), 2EA = or
Eo
In vector form,

E (where, fi is the unit vector normal to the plane and going away from it)
E is directed away from the plate ifo is positive and toward the plate ifo is negative.
Note: E is independent of r, the distance of the point from the sheet.
6. ***State Gauss's law in electrostatics. Using the law, derive an expression for electric fleld
due to untformly charged thin spherlcal shel at a point outslde the shell (S Marks) - March
2014, July 2014, March 2019
7. ***Using Gauss law in electrostaties. Obtaln the expresslon for electric feld due to a
uniformlychargedthin spherlcal; shell at a point () outside the shell (i) inside the shell.
Marks)- June 2018

II PUC HM Notes 12 Page

The totalelectricux over any closed surface S in vacuum is 1/t, times the total charge(
contained inside S,

Eo
Consider a uniformly charged thin spherical shell of radius R with centre 0. Let q be the total
charge on it.
1) Field outside the shel: Let P be a point outside the
shell with radius vector . Consider a spherical
Gaussian surface of radius r and centre 0, passing
through P. Let AS be a small area element around P
on the surface.
Flux through AS is,
Ad =E.A = E
AS cose
Flux through the Gaussian surface is,
--. ***
= 4 ) E.AS = E AS cos e ***

Due to spherical symmetry, the electric field at each potint of the Gausslan
surface constant and is along the radius vector at each point.

=E AScos0 Since E is constant and 0 = 0

=EAS
= E4rr -(1)
According to gauss's Law
-

(2) (Since, The charge on the thin sphere of radius Ris, q =

a4nR)
Using (1) and (2)
E47r2 or E = 1
4TEr2

Invector Form, E =

4Tr-E0
f (where,f is unit vector along radius vector. )
Thus for points outside the shell, the field due to a uniformly charged shell is as if the entire
charge of the shell is concentrated at its centre.

2) Fleld insidethe shell: Consider a point P is inside the shell. The Gaussian surface is a
sphere through P centred at 0. Let AS be a small area
element around P on the spherical surface.
Flux through AS is,
AD = E.AS = E AS cos6
Flux through the Gaussian surface is,
A d = F.AS = E AS cose
Due to spherical symmetry, the electric field at each
point ofthe
Gaussian surface is constant and is along the radius vector at
each pointt

-F2A Since E is parallel (or antiparallel) to AS

II PUC-HM Notes
13|Page
 = E4nr2 -(1)
According to gauss's Law
=0----- (2) (Since,Nochargeis enclosed,g =
0)
Using (1) and (2)
E4Tr= 0 or E = 0
The field due to a uniformly charged thin shell is zero at all points inside the shell.
8. ***Using to superposttdon principle, find the resultant force on a charge due to multiple
charges.
Consider a system of 3 charges q1, 42 and q, with 13
position vectorsF and Fi--
Now, force on q due q,is,
Fi-F-
Fia 9192
Where,Fa =Fi-F2
Force on q, due ga is,

F 9 Where,a = F1 -F
4TEg r3
Using superposition principle, the net force on q, is given by,
F F2+F
F-92
4TEO rí2 t t = Pa + ,13
Similarly, for a system of n charges,

F-T att in
9. ***Using superposition principle to find electric field for a system of charges.
Consider two charges q and q2 with position vectors and Tz
The Electric field at point P due to q, is,

F Where,T=Fp-Fi
The Electric field at point P due to q2 is,

Where,Fa=Fp -Fz
4TtE Tp
Using superposition principle
TE
(principle of superposition: net electric field strength at a
point due to a system of charges is equal to the vector sum
of all the individual electric field strengths at that point due
to all the other charges.)

F-F,+T -E
Similarly, for a system of n charges,

II PUC-HM Notes 14| Page

 X

II. Numerical problems

1. ****(a) Two insulated charged copper spheres A and B have their centres
distance of 50 cm. What is the mutual force of electrostatic separated by a
is 6.5 x 10-7 C? The radil repulsion if the charge on each
of Aand B are negligible compared to the distance of separation.
b) What ne force of repulsion if each sphere is charged double the above amount, and
the distance between them is halved?
(NCERT Exercise 1.12)
Given,
A p 6.5 x 10-7C
r = 50cm = 50 x 10 m
a) F=?
_1 9a9B9x 10 x 6.5 x 10x 6.5 x 107 9x 10° x 6.5 x 10-7 x 6.5 x 10-7
F=
4TtE TZ (50 x 10-2)2
F 1.5 x 10-2 N (S0 x10-2)
b) F ?
a 29A and q = 298
2
F 1 g9 1 24A x 294a 1 QABx 4 x4
4tEr)? 4nTE ( 4TTEO r2

F' Fx 16
F' 1.5x 10-2 x 16 =0.24N
2. ****The electrostatic force on a metal sphere of charge 04 C due to another identical metal
sphere of charge -0.8 uC in air is 0.2 N. Fnd the distance between the two spheres and
also the force between the same two spheres when they are brought into contact and then
replaced in their initial positions. (NCERT Exercise 1.2)
Given,
9= 0.4 HC = 0.4 x 10-<C
9 2 - 0 . 8 pC = 0.8 x 10C
F 0.2N
a) r =?

F= 1 lq192l or r2= 9192

4TE r2 4TTEO F

y29X10 x 0.4 x 10-6x 0.8x 10-6

= 144 x 10-4
0.2
T=V144x 10- 12x 102m = 0.12m

b) When the spheres are brought in contact, the charge on each sphere is,

0.4-.0- -0.2 C

II PUC-HM Notes 15| Page

 1 l9ig 9x 10? x 0.2 x 10-6 x
0.2 x 10-
4TtEO 25 x 10-3N
(0.12)3
3. ***Three
charges each equal to +4nC are A
2cm
placed at the three corners of a square of slde
2cm. find the electric field of the fourth corner.
March 2018
Given,
9A 9 Ic = 4 nC= 4x 10-9c

AB BC CD DA 2cm
= = = 2
x 10-2m
ENet E+Eg +E
Ec 4C
E= EA
4me AD E
E, =*10 x
4 x 10-9
(0.02)2 =9x 10* Nc-1 ENet
Ec = EA = 9x 101 NCc1
(since, AD = CD and qa = qc)

EC+E= E + E, +25gE, cos 90 (cos 90, Since, Ec is perpendicular to EA

E +E= E+E= 9x
10*)+9x10* =
12.7 x 10* NC-
a = tan
EA sin 90
+ E cos90 tan (1) = 45°

Be+Eis at an angle 45° with respect to E

Ep is also at 45° with respect to EA. therefore the they add up
1 lqal
EpEs 4TE, BD2
BD2= AB2 + AD2 (o.02)2
=
+ (0.02)2 =
0.0008 m2
BD = V0.0008 0.028m

9x10x 4 x10
(0.028)2 4.59 x
10 NC-1
E Net= |E +E+ |E| = 12.7 x 10 +4.59 x 10' = 17.29 x 10'Nc-1
ENe is at 45 with respectto E
4. ***ABC is an
equllateral triangle of slde 10cm. Point charges of +2nC and 2nC are
at corners B and C
respectively. Calculate the resultant electric fleld at A placed

II PUC-HM Notes
16| Page
Given,
2 nC=2 x10-°C EB
9 B - 2 nC = 2x 10-°C A A ENet
AB = BC = CA = 0.1m

ENee E+F
E- l9l
E 4TE BA
9x 109x 2 x 10-9
E, = = 1.8 x 103 NC-1
(0.1) B
0.1 m
E B c = 18 x 103NC- +2nC -2nC

(since, AB = AC and qs = q¢)

Ewee Ep +El= JE + E2 +2E,Ee cos 120

ENet E +E+2Ep Ep cos 120 since, E Ec

ENe26,+ 26, 25,-E,=Je, =E, =1.8x 10 NC-

Bp Sin 120
a=tan E+Ep cos 120 E sin(90+30)
uE+E, cos(90 +30) since, E Ec

a tan
60
5. ***Aspherical conductor of radius 12 cm has a charge of 1.6 x 10-7C distributed uniformly
on its surface. What is the electric field
(a) inside the sphere (b) at a point 18 cm from the
centre of the sphere?
Given,
q 1.6x 10-7C

a) Electric field inside a charged spherical conductor is zero.

b) For a point outside the conducting shell/sphere the electric field is as if the entire charge
is concentrated at the centre of the sphere.
T = 18cm = 18 x 10-2m

1 q _ 9 x 10° x 1.6 x 107

E = = 4.44x 10 NC-1
4TTE r2 (0.18)2
6. *Two point charges 1 x 10C and 4 x 10-dC are 0.06m apart in alr. Find the location of
the point between them at which resultant electric fleld is zero.

II PUC- HM Notes
17| P age
Given,
9A1x10-8c
A
P B
a 4 x 10-8C X (0.06-x)
AB 0.06m 0.06 m
and
where electric field due to quand qpis equal
Consider a point P, between the two charges,
other. Let P be at a distance x from q4
opposite, hence they cancel each
E= E
1 19 1
4TE x2 4TtE (0.06-x)2
4

7(0.06-
(0.06 x ) 2 = 4x2

Taking square root on both sides

0.06 x = 2x

0.06 3x
0.06
x =0. 02m
between the two charges, at a distance 0.02m from the weaker charge.
The point is
are located 20cm apart in vacuum. (5 Marks)
7. ****Two point charges qa=3uC and qp=-3uC
March 2017
AB Joining the two charges?
a. What is the electric feld at the point 0 on the line
1.5 10°Cis placed at this point, what is the
b. Ifa negative test charge magnitude
of x

force experlenced by the test charge? qA = +3uC A-3C

Given,
9 3 x 10C A E EA+Ep B
3 x 10C
1 0 cm 10cm -

105
E=E= =9x 10" 3 x10-2) = 27x 105 NC-1

EA is along the direction AB

EE 41te
1 9x 10 9(10
3 x10-
x 10=27x 105 NC-

Ep is also along the direction AB

their magnitude adds up
EA and Ep are along same direction hence
E = EA +Eg = (27 x 105) + (27x 105) = 54 x 105 NC-1 (along AB)
-1.5 10-C
Force on test charge qo = x

F El4ol
F 54x 105 x 1.5 x 10- = 81 x 10- N

18 P a 8e
I PUC-HM Notes
 Fis along BA, since the force on a negative charge is opposite to the direction
field. of the electric

8. **Two charges +3nC and -3nC are placed 20cm apart. What is the total
charge on the
dipole? Calculate the dipole moment and electric field due to the dipole at a point on the axis
at a distance 0.4m from the mid-polnt of the electric
dipole.
Given,
3 x 10-9C
9 s - 3 x 10-9c
AB 2a = 20 cm = 0.2 m
a = 0.1m

r 0.4m
Total charge on a dipole is Zero
p 2aqA = 0.2 x3 x 10- = 0.6 x 10-9 Cm

2pr
4TE(r2 a2)2
10-9
x 0.4
E=
E (9 x 10)4X
(9x 0.6 x
10")042-0.12)2 4.32
= 192 NC-1
0.0225
Direction of E is from negative charge towards the positive charge of the dipole.
9. *An electric dipole with dipole moment 4 x 10-°Cm is aligned at 30° with the direction
ofa uniform electric field of magnitude 5x 10*N/C. Calculate the magnitude of the torque
acting on the dipole. (NCERT Bxerclse 1.15)
Given,
p=4 x 10-9Cm T= pË sin 6
E = 5 x 10 NC-1 Tz4 x 109 x 5 x
10 x
sin 30
2 0x 10-s
30° T= =10 x 10-5Nm

10.**Conslder a uniform electric fleld E = 3 x 103. (a) What is the fux of this field through
square of 10 cm ona side whose plane is perpendicular to feld? (b) What is the flux through
the same square if the nornmal to its plane makes a 60° angle with the field?
Given,
E =3x 103NC-1
a = 10cm = 0.1m
A = a2 = 0.12 = 0.01 m2
b) 60
a) 6= 0 d=E.A = EA cos e
= E.A= EA cos 3x 103
x 0.01 x
cos60
=3x 103 x 0.01x cos0 3 x 103 x 0.01
3 x 103 x 0.01
30 Nm*C-1 = 15 Nm2c-1
11.*Apolnt charge +10 AC is a distance 5 cm directly above the centre of a square of side 10
Cm. What is the magnitude of the electric flux through the square? (NCERT Exercise 1.18)
Given,
1 0 x 10-6C

II PUC-HM Notes 191 Page

 10 cm

Consider a cubical gaussian surface of side 10 cm, with the

charge at its centre.
10 cm

Fluxthrough the Cube is,

10 x 10
Cube 8854 x 10-1E= 1.13 x 105 Nm?c1 5 cm

Since the charge is at the centre of the cube, the flux through
each face of the cubeis same. Therefore, the flux through one of the face of the cube is,

square Cube
6
=6 0.188 x 10 NmC-1
12. A point charge causes an electric flux of -1.0 x 10* Nm-/C to pass through a spherical
Gausslan surface of 10.0 cm radius centred on the charge. (a) If the radius of the Gaussian
surface were doubled, how much flux would pass through the surface? (b) What is the value
of the point charge? (NCERT Exercise 1.20)
Given,
Flux, = -1 x 10 N m?C-1
a) No change in flux.
to gauss law,
According
Flux through a gaussian surface depends on charge enclosed by the surface and not the
surface area. Since Q does not change in this case, flux remains same.
b)
or Q Pr¬o
Eo
Q -1 x103 x8.854 x 10-12= -8.854 x 10-c
13.**A untformly charged conducting sphere of2.4 m diameter has a surface charge density of
80.0 Cm.(a) Find the charge on the sphere. (b) What is the total electric flux leaving the
surface of the sphere? (NCERT Exercise 1.22)
Given,
Surface charge density,o = 80uCm2 = 80 x 10-5Cm2
Diameter, d = 2.4m
Radius,r 1.2m

a)
Surface area, A = 4r2 = 4 x 3.14 x 1.22 = 18.08 m2

a=or Q= Ao
Q = 18.08 x 80 x 10-6 = 145 x 10-C

b)
1 4 5 x 10-3
Electric flux, PE Eo 8.854 x 10-12 1.6 x 10#N m?c-1

II PUC- HM Notes 201 P age