25

CHAPTER

Animal Systems I
25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4
Feeding and Respiration Circulation Excretion
Digestion
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 VIDEO

 AUDIO

 INTERACTIVITY

 eTEXT

 ANIMATION

 VIRTUAL LAB

 ASSESSMENT

Bison have grazing habits that evolved with

the grasslands in which they live. Enormous
herds once roamed the Great Plains, yet
didn’t cause the environmental damage
HS-LS1-1, HS-LS1-2, HS-LS1-3, HS-LS2-7,
commonly caused by livestock today.
HS-ESS3-4, HS-ETS1-2, HS-ETS1-3

838 Chapter 25 Animal Systems I

CASE STUDY

How do animal processes and human

activity affect the environment?
All animals, large and small—including humans—must acquire food, oxygen, and water. All
of us must also get rid of waste products, typically including solid wastes, liquid wastes,
and carbon dioxide. These processes—feeding, breathing, and excreting—all affect the
environment in which animals live. Therefore, there is no such thing as a form of life that
has no environmental impact. What does vary among organisms, and among populations
of different sizes, are the types of impact, and the size and scale of environmental effects.
Animals in nature interact with each other, The hooves and heavy footsteps of those
with producers, and with their environment. giant herds buried grass seeds and decom-
Population sizes rise and fall. Nutrient cycles posing organic matter, and churned and
work differently at different times of year. aerated the soil. Animals’ wastes decom-
However natural systems usually, although posed, returning nutrients to the soil. Herds
not always, pass through periods of stability were often on the move; so intense grazing
and change without catastrophic effects. was followed by periods of fewer distur-
Long before humans entered the scene, bances. The plants of those great grasslands
enormous herds of bison and other graz- evolved ways to survive this kind of grazing
ing animals roamed over the Great Plains of by herbivores.
North America. Huge herds of wildebeest, But when humans started raising livestock
antelope, zebra, buffalo, and other animals in large quantities, they did things differently.
covered the grasslands and savannahs of They raised large herds in fenced-in pastures,
Africa. The total biomass of these herds is concentrating grazing in the same places
almost unimaginable. for much of the year, including along fragile
Yet today, when modern society raises streambeds. Feedlots concentrate animals in
beef or pork, environmental side effects higher numbers and at higher densities than
seem to be everywhere. Overgrazing does any ecosystem could support naturally. Food
permanent harm to ecosystems, killing plants and clean water are supplied, and the animals
and damaging soil structure. In feedlots for produce wastes in unmanageable quantities.
cattle and pigs, enormous quantities of solid Does it have to be that way? Are there
and liquid wastes pollute ground and surface ways to raise animals for our use and preserve
water, and give off a foul stench that spreads environmental services at the same time?
for miles. What happened? What can we learn from ranchers and farmers
Before humans, animal species and evolu- who understand their crops and livestock?
tionary lineages that survived and reproduced Throughout this chapter, look for
over the ages did so in ways that didn’t connections to the CASE STUDY to help you
­create toxic conditions for themselves or answer these questions.
for other species on which they depended.

Unit 6 Diversity of Life 839

 25.1
LESSON
Feeding and Digestion

KEY QUESTIONS
• How do animals
obtain food?
• How does digestion
occur in animals?
• How are mouthparts
adapted for different
diets?
A whale shark is a
vertebrate filter feeder.
HS-LS1-1: Construct an explanation
based on evidence for how the structure
of DNA determines the structure of
proteins which carry out the essential
functions of life through systems of
specialized cells.
HS-LS1-2: Develop and use a model to From mosquitoes that “bite” us to dine on our blood to bison that
illustrate the hierarchical organization of
interacting systems that provide specific
feed on prairie grasses to giant whale sharks that feed on plankton,
functions within multicellular organisms. all animals are heterotrophs that obtain nutrients and energy from
HS-LS1-3: Plan and conduct an
investigation to provide evidence food. The variety of feeding adaptations is a large part of what
that feedback mechanisms maintain
homeostasis.
makes animals interesting.

VOCABULARY
Obtaining Food
digestive tract There’s an old saying that “You are what you eat.” We can rephrase
rumen that as “What you eat and how you eat it determine how you look
and act.” Evolutionary adaptations for feeding on different foods
READING TOOL have shaped the body structures and behaviors of animals, such as
those in Figure 25-1.
As you read this lesson,
complete the table in your
Biology Foundations Filter Feeders Most filter feeders catch algae and small
Workbook to explain how animals by using modified gills or other structures as nets that
different types of animals filter food items out of water. Many invertebrate filter feeders are
obtain food. small or colonial organisms, like worms and sponges, that spend their
adult lives in a single spot. Some vertebrate filter feeders, such as blue
whales, are huge, and feed while swimming.
 VIDEO
Detritivores Detritus is made up of decaying bits of plant and
Watch how black bears
animal material. Detritivores feed on detritus, often obtaining
hibernate all winter without
eating. extra nutrients from bacteria, algae, and other microorganisms
that grow on and around it. Detritivores are essential members of
many food webs.
BUILD VOCABULARY
Word Origins The word part Herbivores Herbivores eat plants or parts of plants or
-vore comes from the Latin algae. Fruits are often filled with energy-rich compounds, and are
verb vorare, which means easy to digest. (That’s why we eat so many of them!) Leaves don’t
“to devour.” have many calories, are tough to digest, and can contain poisons or
hard particles that wear down teeth.
840 Chapter 25 Animal Systems I
Filter Feeders: Barnacles Detritivores: Earthworms Herbivore: Green sea turtle

Carnivores Carnivores eat other animals. Mammalian carni-

vores, such as wolves, use teeth, claws, and speed or stealthy hunt-
ing tactics to capture prey. Many carnivorous invertebrates would be
as menacing as tigers if they were larger. Some cnidarians paralyze
prey with poison-tipped darts, while some spiders immobilize their
victims with venomous fangs.

Nutritional Symbionts Recall that a symbiosis is a close rela-

tionship between two or more species. Symbionts are the organisms
involved in a symbiosis. Many animals rely upon symbiosis for
their nutritional needs.

Parasitic Symbiosis Parasites live within or on a host organism,

where they feed on tissues or on blood and other body fluids, dis- Carnivore: Orca
rupting the health of their hosts. Some parasites are just nuisances,
but many cause serious diseases in humans, livestock, and crop CASE STUDY
plants. Parasitic flatworms and roundworms harm millions of people, Figure 25-1
particularly in the tropics. Obtaining Food

Mutualistic Symbiosis Mutualistic nutritional relationships benefit All animals take in food from
both participants, and are often important in maintaining the health of their environment, but they do
organisms. Reef-building corals depend on symbiotic algae that live so in different ways.
within their tissues for most of their energy. Those algae capture solar
energy, recycle nutrients, and help corals lay down calcium carbonate
skeletons. The algae, in turn, obtain nutrients from coral wastes.
Many animals, including humans, have tightly knit relationships  INTERACTIVITY
with symbiotic microorganisms that live within their digestive tracts. Explore the different meth-
These microbial partners are vital parts of their hosts’ microbiomes. ods animals use to obtain
Animals that eat wood or plant leaves rely on symbiotic microor- food.
ganisms to break down cellulose, which no animal can digest on its
own. Microorganisms living in our intestines help in digestion and
nutrient absorption, manufacture some essential vitamins, and help
protect us from other potentially harmful microorganisms. In fact, READING TOOL
understanding the importance of the human microbiome is critical to Make a table of similarities
maintaining our health. and differences between
carnivores and herbivores
and fill it out as you read
 READING CHECK Describe What is the difference between a
about them.
parasitic symbiosis and a mutualistic symbiosis?
25.1 Feeding and Digestion 841
 Analyzing Data
Rate of Digestion
Protein Digestion 100

Egg White Digested

A biology student performed an experiment to 80

Percentage of
determine the amount of time needed for an animal’s
60
stomach to digest animal protein. He placed pieces
of hard-boiled egg white (an animal protein) in a 40
test tube containing hydrochloric acid, water, and
20
the enzyme pepsin, which is made by animals and
digests protein. The graph shows the rate at which 0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
the egg white was “digested” over a 24-hour period.
Time (hours)
1. Analyze Graphs Describe the trend in the
rate at which the protein digested over time. 3. Draw Conclusions How would you expect the
2. Analyze Data About how many hours did it rate of meat digestion to differ in an animal whose
take for half of the protein to be digested? digestive tract had less of the enzyme pepsin?

Processing Food
Obtaining food is just the first step. Food must then be broken
down, or digested, and absorbed to make energy and nutrients
available to body tissues. The simplest animals, such as sponges,
digest food inside specialized cells that pass nutrients to other
cells by diffusion. More complex animals break food down out-
side cells in a digestive cavity and then absorb the nutrients they
need. A variety of digestive systems are shown in Figure 25-2.
Figure 25-2
Some relatively simple invertebrates, such as cnidarians, have
Digesting Food a digestive cavity with only one opening through which they both
Animals have different diges- ingest food and expel wastes. Cells lining the cavity secrete enzymes
tive structures with different and absorb digested food. Other cells surround food particles and
functions. A Sponges filter digest them in vacuoles. Nutrients are then transported to cells
water as it is drawn through throughout the body.
their porous body walls.
Many invertebrates and all vertebrates digest food as it passes
B The cnidarian processes its
food in a digestive cavity with through a tube called a digestive tract, which has two openings.
only one opening. C The bird Food moves in one direction, entering the body through the mouth.
has a one-way digestive tract Wastes leave through the anus.
with two openings.

A Sponge Water and B Cnidarian C Bird

wastes out
Mouth/Anus
Mouth

Esophagus
Crop

Incurrent Pore Digestive

cavity Anus Stomach
Water and food
particles in Gizzard
Intestine

842 Chapter 25 Animal Systems I

 One-way digestive tracts often have specialized structures, which
perform different tasks, as food passes through them. You can think  INTERACTIVITY
of a digestive tract as a kind of “disassembly line” that breaks down Explore how body systems
food one step at a time. In some animals, the mouth secretes diges- function and interact, using
tive enzymes that start the chemical digestion of food. a frog as a model.
Then, mechanical digestion may occur as specialized mouthparts
or a muscular organ called a gizzard breaks down large pieces of
food into small pieces. Then, chemical digestion begins or continues
in a stomach that secretes digestive enzymes. Chemical breakdown
continues in the intestines, sometimes aided by secretions from
other organs such as a liver or pancreas. Intestines also absorb the
nutrients released by digestion.
No matter how efficiently an animal breaks down food and
extracts nutrients, some indigestible material will remain. These solid
wastes, or feces, are expelled either through the single digestive
opening or through the anus.

 READING CHECK Compare and Contrast How is mechanical

digestion different from chemical digestion?

Specializations for Different Diets

The mouthparts and digestive systems of animals have evolved many
adaptations to the physical and chemical characteristics of different
foods, as shown in Figure 25-3. As a window into these specializa-  INTERACTIVITY
tions, we’ll examine adaptations to two food types that are very
­different physically and chemically: meat and plant leaves. Visual Analogy
Figure 25-3
Specialized Mouthparts Carnivores and leaf-eating herbi- Mouthparts
vores usually have very different mouthparts. These differences are
typically related to the different physical characteristics of meat and The specialized jaws and teeth
plant leaves. of animals are well adapted to
their diets.

Canines Canines are pointed teeth.

Carnivores use them for piercing,
Carnivore gripping, and tearing. In herbivores,
Herbivore
canines are reduced or absent.

Jaw joint

Jaw joint

Molars and Premolars

Broad, flattened molars
Molars and Premolars The sharp edges and premolars are adapted for
Incisors Chisel-like incisors
of these teeth slice and dice meat into grinding tough plants, like two
are used for cutting,
small pieces. These teeth have ridges pieces of sandpaper wearing
gnawing, and grooming.
that interlock during chewing like the down wood.
blades of scissors.
25.1 Feeding and Digestion 843
 Eating Meat Carnivores typically have sharp mouthparts
or other structures that can capture food, hold it, and “slice and
dice” it into small pieces. Carnivorous mammals, such as wolves,
have sharp teeth that grab, tear, and slice food like knives and
scissors. The jaw bones and muscles of carnivores are adapted for
up-and-down movements that chop meat into small pieces.

Eating Plant Leaves Herbivores have mouthparts adapted

to rasping or grinding to tear plant cell walls and expose their
contents. Many herbivorous invertebrates, from mollusks to insects,
have mouthparts that grind and pulverize plant or algal tissues.
Herbivorous mammals, such as the giraffe in Figure 25-4, have front
teeth and muscular lips adapted to grabbing and pulling leaves,
and flattened molars that grind leaves to a pulp. The jawbones and
muscles of mammalian herbivores are also adapted for side-to-side
“grinding” movements.
Figure 25-4
Eating Plant Leaves Specialized Digestive Tracts Carnivorous invertebrates and
vertebrates typically have short digestive tracts that produce fast-
The teeth and jaws of herbivores, acting, meat-digesting enzymes. These enzymes can digest most cell
such as giraffes, are adapted for
types found in animal tissues.
pulling, rasping, and grinding
plant leaves. No animal produces digestive enzymes that can break down the
cellulose in plant tissue, however. Some herbivores have very long
intestines or specialized pouches in their digestive tracts that harbor
the kinds of symbiotic microorganisms discussed earlier.
Animals called ruminants, such as cattle, have a pouchlike exten-
sion of their esophagus called a rumen (plural: rumina), in which sym-
biotic bacteria digest cellulose. Ruminants regurgitate food that has
been partially digested in the rumen, chew it again, and reswallow it.
This process, called “chewing the cud,” mechanically breaks down
the food and exposes more surfaces to bacterial activity, which helps
in digestion.

HS-LS1-1, HS-LS1-2, HS-LS1-3

 LESSON 25.1 Review

KEY QUESTIONS CRITICAL THINKING
1. How might a person be affected if all the micro- 4. Use an Analogy How is a digestive system like a
organisms living in his or her intestines died? “disassembly line,” or an assembly line that acts to
2. Describe how food is digested in a digestive take apart a product instead of manufacturing it?
cavity. 5. Construct an Argument The results of a labo-
3. Describe the adaptations of the mouthparts of ratory test show that a type of bacteria called
leaf eaters and meat eaters. E. coli is living in the digestive tract of an animal.
Do the results indicate that the animal is suffering
a parasitic infection of E. coli? Cite evidence to
support your argument.

844 Chapter 25 Animal Systems I

 25.2

LESSON
Respiration

KEY QUESTIONS
• What characteristics
do the respiratory
structures of all
animals share?
• How do aquatic
animals breathe?
• What respiratory
A dolphin “breathes” through structures enable land
the blowhole on the top of animals to breathe?
its head.

HS-LS1-1: Construct an explanation

based on evidence for how the structure
of DNA determines the structure of
Cellular respiration requires oxygen and produces carbon dioxide as a proteins which carry out the essential
functions of life through systems of
waste product. So all animals must obtain oxygen from their environ- specialized cells.
ment and get rid of carbon dioxide. In other words, all animals need HS-LS1-2: Develop and use a model to
illustrate the hierarchical organization of
to breathe, or respire. Humans can drown because our lungs are not interacting systems that provide specific
functions within multicellular organisms.
adapted to absorb sufficient amounts of oxygen from water. Most
fishes have the opposite problem; out of water, their breathing struc-
tures don’t work. How are these different respiratory systems adapted VOCABULARY
to their different environments? gill
lung
Gas Exchange alveolus

Despite all the amazing things living cells can do, none can actively
READING TOOL
pump oxygen or carbon dioxide across membranes. Yet, in order to
breathe, all animals must exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with Compare and contrast
their surroundings. How do they do it? One way that animals have respiration in different
types of animals. Fill in the
adapted to different environments is by evolving respiratory struc-
chart in your Biology
tures that promote the movement of these gases by passive diffusion.
Foundations Workbook.

Gas Diffusion and Membranes Recall that substances dif-

fuse from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concen-
tration. Gases diffuse most efficiently across a thin, moist membrane
that is permeable to those gases. The larger the surface area of that
membrane, the more diffusion can take place, just as a bumpy paper
towel absorbs more liquid than a smooth one does. These principles
of diffusion and absorption create a set of requirements that respira-
tory systems must meet.

Requirements for Respiration Because of the behavior

of gases, all respiratory systems share certain basic characteristics.
Respiratory structures provide a large surface area of moist,
selectively permeable membrane. Respiratory structures maintain a
difference in the relative concentrations of oxygen and carbon diox-
ide on either side of the respiratory membrane, promoting diffusion. 25.2 Respiration 845
Figure 25-5 Gill filaments
Respiration with Gills

Many aquatic animals, such as

fishes, respire with gills, which are Blood vessel
thin, selectively permeable mem-
branes. As water passes over the
gills, gas exchange is completed Oxygen-rich blood
within the gill capillaries. Oxygen-poor blood

Operculum
Water carrying carbon
dioxide is pumped out
behind the operculum,
or gill cover.

Mouth Gill Filaments

A muscular pump pulls Water is pumped past thousands of
water in through the threadlike gill filaments, which are rich
mouth and pushes it with capillaries. Filaments absorb oxygen
back across the gills. from water and release carbon dioxide.

Respiratory Surfaces
of Aquatic Animals
Some aquatic invertebrates, such as cnidarians and some flatworms,
 INTERACTIVITY are relatively small and have thin-walled bodies whose outer surfaces
are always wet. These animals rely on diffusion of oxygen and carbon
Investigate fish respiration
dioxide through their outer body covering. A few aquatic chordates,
and the functioning of gills.
including lancelets, some amphibians, and even some sea snakes,
rely to varying extents on gas exchange by diffusion across body
surfaces.
For large, active animals that consume much larger quantities of
oxygen, skin respiration alone is not enough. Many aquatic inver-
tebrates, fishes, and other animals exchange gases through gills.
As shown in Figure 25-5, gills are feathery structures that expose a
large surface area of thin, selectively permeable membrane to water.
Inside the gill membranes is a network of tiny, thin-walled blood ves-
sels called capillaries. Many animals, including aquatic mollusks and
fishes, actively pump water over their gills as blood flows through
inside. This helps maintain differences in oxygen and carbon dioxide
concentrations that promote diffusion.
Aquatic reptiles and mammals breathe with lungs and must
hold their breath underwater. Lungs are organs that exchange oxy-
gen and carbon dioxide between blood and air. Aquatic animals with
lungs include sea turtles, whales, dolphins, and manatees. All must
come to the water’s surface to breathe.

 READING CHECK Infer Why do you think aquatic animals that

rely on diffusion for respiration are often small in size?

846 Chapter 25 Animal Systems I

Respiratory Surfaces
of Terrestrial Animals
Land animals must keep their respiratory membranes moist in dry BUILD VOCABULARY
environments. They must also carry oxygen and carbon dioxide
Academic Words An
back and forth between those surfaces and the rest of their bod-
interaction is when two differ-
ies. Interactions among several body systems are essential for ent things act on each other,
this process. or do something that involves
the other.
Respiratory Surfaces in Invertebrates The many body
plans found among terrestrial invertebrates include many different
strategies for respiration. Respiratory structures in terrestrial
invertebrates include skin, mantle cavities, book lungs, and tra-
cheal tubes. Some land invertebrates, such as earthworms, live in
moist environments and can respire across their skin if it stays moist.
Other invertebrates, such as land snails, respire using a mantle cavity
lined with moist tissue and blood vessels. Insects and spiders have
more complex respiratory systems, as you can see in Figure 25-6.

Lung Structure in Vertebrates All terrestrial

vertebrates—reptiles, birds, mammals, and the land stages of  INTERACTIVITY
most amphibians—breathe with lungs. Although lung structure Compare different strategies
in these animals varies, the processes of inhaling and exhaling are for respiration.
similar. Inhaling brings oxygen-rich air through the trachea, into the
lungs. Inside the lungs, oxygen diffuses into the blood through lung
capillaries. At the same time, carbon dioxide diffuses out of capillar-
ies into the lungs. Oxygen-poor (and carbon dioxide-rich) air is then
exhaled.
Figure 25-6
Spider Insect
Respiratory Structures
Spiders respire using organs In most insects, a system of tracheal tubes of Terrestrial Animals
called book lungs, which are extends throughout the body. Air enters
made of parallel, sheetlike and leaves the system through openings Terrestrial invertebrates have
layers of thin tissues that in the body surface called spiracles. In a wide variety of respiratory
contain blood vessels. some insects, oxygen and carbon dioxide structures, including skin,
diffuse through the tracheal system, and mantle cavities, book lungs,
in and out of body fluids. In other insects,
and tracheal tubes. These
body movements help pump air in and
structures must stay moist
out of the tracheal system.
even in the driest of conditions
in order to function properly.
Book lung Trachea

Air sacs Spiracle

Muscle
Airflow
Body wall

25.2 Respiration 847

 Nostrils, mouth, and throat
Trachea
Lung
Air sacs

Amphibian Reptile Mammal Bird

Amphibian, Reptilian, and Mammalian Lungs The internal

 INTERACTIVITY
surface area of lungs increases from amphibians to reptiles to mam-
Figure 25-7 mals, as shown in Figure 25-7. A typical amphibian lung is little more
Lungs than a sac with ridges. Reptilian lungs are often divided into cham-
bers that increase the surface area for gas exchange. Mammalian
Terrestrial vertebrates breathe with lungs branch extensively, and air passages branch and rebranch,
lungs. Lungs with a larger surface ending in bubblelike structures called alveoli (singular: alveolus).
area can take in more oxygen and
Alveoli provide an enormous surface area for gas exchange. Alveoli
release more carbon dioxide.
are surrounded by a network of capillaries in which blood picks up
oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. Mammalian lung structure
helps take in the large amounts of oxygen required by high meta-
bolic rates. When mammals and most other vertebrates breathe, air
moves in and out through the same air passages, and some stale,
oxygen-poor air remains. In humans, this stale air is typically equiva-
lent to about one third of the air inhaled in a normal breath.

READING TOOL Bird Lungs In birds, the lungs are structured so that air flows
Refer to Figure 25-7 as you mostly in only one direction. No stale air gets trapped in the system.
read about the lungs of A unique system of tubes and air sacs in birds’ respiratory systems
amphibians, reptiles, and enables this one-way airflow. Thus, gas exchange surfaces are con-
mammals. Use the figure to tinuously in contact with fresh air. This highly efficient gas exchange
understand the differences in helps birds obtain the oxygen they need to power their flight mus-
respiration structures between cles for long periods of time.
these types of animals.

HS-LS1-1, HS-LS1-2

 LESSON 25.2 Review

KEY QUESTIONS CRITICAL THINKING
1. In what ways are the respiratory structures of all 4. Construct an Explanation Why must whales
animals similar? hold their breath while they are underwater?
2. Compare the functions of gills and lungs in 5. Develop Models To show gas exchange in
aquatic animals. the gills of a fish, why is it useful to include the
mouth of the fish as well? (Hint: See Figure 25-5.)
3. How do terrestrial invertebrates and terrestrial
vertebrates breathe? 6. Compare and Contrast How do lungs and air-
ways compare among birds and mammals?

848 Chapter 25 Animal Systems I

 25.3

LESSON
Circulation

KEY QUESTIONS
• How do open and
closed circulatory
systems compare?
• How do the patterns
of circulation in
vertebrates compare?

Blood vessels in the eye

HS-LS1-1: Construct an explanation
based on evidence for how the structure
of DNA determines the structure of
proteins which carry out the essential
functions of life through systems of
When you eat food, your digestive tract breaks it down. But how do specialized cells.
energy and nutrients from food get to your cells? How does oxy- HS-LS1-2: Develop and use a model to
illustrate the hierarchical organization of
gen from your lungs get to other tissues? How do carbon dioxide interacting systems that provide specific
functions within multicellular organisms.
and wastes get eliminated? Some aquatic animals with bodies only HS-LS1-3: Plan and conduct an
a few cell layers thick rely on diffusion to transport materials. But investigation to provide evidence
that feedback mechanisms maintain
in most animals, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes are homeostasis.
transported through a circulatory system that interacts with other
body systems. VOCABULARY
heart
Open and Closed Circulatory Systems open circulatory system
closed circulatory system
Many animals move blood through their bodies using one or more atrium
hearts. A heart is a hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood around ventricle
the body. A heart can be part of any type of circulatory system.
READING TOOL
Open Circulatory Systems Arthropods and most mollusks Compare and contrast
have open circulatory systems. In open circulatory systems, the four-chambered heart
hearts or heart-like organs pump blood through vessels that with the three-chambered
empty into a system of sinuses, or spongy cavities. Blood comes heart in the chart in your
into direct contact with body tissues in those sinuses. Blood then col- Biology Foundations
lects in another set of sinuses and eventually makes its way back to Workbook.
the heart, as shown in Figure 25-8.

Heart
Figure 25-8
Open Circulatory System Hearts

In an open circulatory system, blood is Sinuses

not entirely contained within blood and organs
vessels. Grasshoppers, for example,
have open circulatory systems in which
blood leaves vessels and moves through Blood
sinuses before returning to a heart. vessels

25.3 Circulation 849

 Heartlike
structure

Heartlike Blood Small vessels

structures vessels in tissues
Figure 25-9
Closed Circulatory
System Closed Circulatory Systems Many larger, more active inver-
tebrates, including annelids and some mollusks, and all vertebrates
Annelids, such as earthworms, have closed circulatory systems, as shown in Figure 25-9. In
and many more complex closed circulatory systems, blood circulates entirely within blood
animals have closed circulatory vessels that extend throughout the body. A heart or heart-like
systems. Blood stays within the organ pumps blood through the vessels. Nutrients and oxygen reach
vessels of a closed circulatory
body tissues by diffusing across thin walls of capillaries, the small-
system.
est blood vessels. Blood that is completely contained within blood
vessels can be pumped under higher pressure, and can be circulated
more efficiently, than blood in an open system.

 READING CHECK Compare How are open and closed circula-

tory systems alike and different?

Single- and Double-Loop Circulation

As chordates evolved, they evolved more complex organ systems
and more efficient channels for internal transport. You can see two
main types of circulatory systems of vertebrates in Figure 25-10.

Single-Loop Circulation Double-Loop Circulation

 ANIMATION
Gill capillaries
Lung capillaries
Figure 25-10
Single- and Double-
Loop Circulation

Most vertebrates that use

gills for respiration have a 1 ventricle
2 atria
single-loop circulatory system Heart
that forces blood around the 1 atrium
Heart
body in one direction.
Vertebrates that use lungs 2 ventricles
have a double-loop system. Body capillaries
Body capillaries
(Note that in diagrams of
animals’ circulatory systems,
blood vessels carrying oxygen-
rich blood are red, while blood
vessels carrying oxygen-poor Blood is pumped by the heart’s Blood is pumped from one of
blood are blue.) ventricle to the gills where the two ventricles to the lungs
blood is oxygenated. From the where oxygen-poor blood is
gills, oxygen-rich blood travels oxygenated. From the lungs,
850 Chapter 25 Animal Systems I to the rest of the body and then oxygen-rich blood returns to
oxygen-poor blood travels to the one of two atria. The other
atrium of the heart. ventricle then pumps the
 Single-Loop Circulation Most vertebrates with gills have READING TOOL
a single-loop circulatory system with a single pump that forces As you read, make an
blood around the body in one direction. In fishes, for example, the ordered list to show how
heart consists of two chambers: an atrium and a ventricle. The atrium blood passes through the
(plural: atria) receives blood from the body. The ventricle pumps parts of the circulatory
blood out of the heart and to the gills. Oxygen-rich blood then system.
travels from the gills to the rest of the body, and oxygen-poor blood
returns to the atrium.

Double-Loop Circulation As terrestrial vertebrates evolved BUILD VOCABULARY

into larger and more active forms, their capillary networks became Multiple Meanings An atrium
larger. Using a single pump to force blood through the entire can also be a large open area
­system would have been increasingly difficult and inefficient. in a building, and people may
Most vertebrates that breathe with lungs have evolved a gather there. In biology, the
double-loop, two-pump circulatory system. The first loop, pow- atrium is a chamber in the
heart that receives blood.
ered by one side of the heart, forces oxygen-poor blood from the
heart to the lungs. After the blood picks up oxygen and drops off
carbon dioxide in the lungs, it returns to the heart. Then the other
side of the heart pumps this oxygen-rich blood through the second
circulatory loop to the rest of the body. Oxygen-poor blood from the
body returns to the heart, and the cycle begins again.

Heart-Chamber Evolution Four-chambered hearts like those

in modern mammals are actually two separate pumps working next  INTERACTIVITY
to one another. But where did the second pump come from? During Explore open and closed
chordate evolution, partitions evolved that divided the original two circulatory systems in
chambers into four. Those partitions transformed one pump into two animals.
parallel pumps. The partitions also separated oxygen-rich blood from
oxygen-poor blood. We can get an idea of how the partitions evolved
by looking at other modern vertebrates.

 Modeling Lab Guided Inquiry

Modeling Vertebrate Hearts

Problem How did hearts evolve in vertebrates?
In this lab, you will make models of several dif-
ferent vertebrate hearts. You will use the models
to analyze the flow of blood in each of the hearts
and identify the strengths and limitations of each
heart model. Then you will infer how the heart
developed as vertebrates evolved.
You can find this lab in your digital course.

25.3 Circulation 851

Figure 25-11
Reptilian Heart

Under the armor-like hide of this

crocodile lies a heart with four
chambers, like those of birds and
mammals. Although most reptiles
have a single ventricle with a partial
partition, in crocodiles and their
close relatives the ventricle is fully
partitioned into two chambers.

Amphibian Hearts Amphibian hearts usually have three chambers:

 VIDEO two atria and one ventricle. The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood
Compare the blood and cir- from the lungs. The right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from the
culatory systems of a variety body. Both atria empty into the ventricle. This undivided ventricle allows
of animals. blood to be diverted away from the lungs when these animals dive
under water. Some mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood in the
ventricle occurs. However, the internal structure of the ventricle directs
blood flow so that most oxygen-poor blood goes to the lungs, and
most oxygen-rich blood goes to the rest of the body.
Reptilian Hearts Reptilian hearts typically have three chambers.
However, most reptiles have a partial partition in their ventricle, or
in some cases a full partition as in the crocodile in Figure 25-11.
Because of this partition, there is even less mixing of oxygen-rich and
oxygen-poor blood than there is in amphibian hearts.
Mammalian Hearts Four-chambered hearts like those in mod-
ern mammals are actually two separate pumps working next to
one another. But where did the second pump come from? During
chordate evolution, partitions evolved that divided the original two
chambers into four. Those partitions transformed one pump into
two parallel pumps. The partitions also separated oxygen-rich blood
from oxygen-poor blood. We can get an idea of how the partitions
evolved by looking at other modern vertebrates.
HS-LS1-1, HS-LS1-2, HS-LS1-3

 LESSON 25.3 Review

KEY QUESTIONS 4. Construct an Explanation In closed circulatory
systems, how are nutrients and oxygen trans-
1. How does an open circulatory system differ from
ported from the blood to body cells? Does this
a closed circulatory system?
transport occur in all parts of the system? Explain.
2. Explain the two different patterns of circulation
5. Integrate Information Describe the advantages
found in vertebrates.
of a four-chambered heart compared to hearts
CRITICAL THINKING with two or three chambers.
3. Evaluate Claims A student observes a blood 6. Develop Models Make a model to illustrate how
vessel in a grasshopper. Because the grasshop- respiratory structures interact with double-loop
per has blood vessels, the student claims that circulatory structures to provide oxygen to body
it has a closed circulatory system. Evaluate the tissues.
student’s claim.

852 Chapter 25 Animal Systems I

 25.4

LESSON
Excretion
Some aquatic animals, such as this
flatworm, release ammonia as
soon as they produce it. KEY QUESTIONS
• How do animals
manage toxic
nitrogenous waste?
• How do aquatic
animals eliminate
wastes?
• How do land animals
remove wastes while
conserving water?

HS-LS1-2: Develop and use a model to

illustrate the hierarchical organization of
interacting systems that provide specific
Cellular metabolism generates several kinds of wastes that are functions within multicellular organisms.
released into body fluids and that must be eliminated from the body.
What are these wastes and how do animals get rid of them?
VOCABULARY
The Ammonia Problem excretion
kidney
When cells break down proteins, they produce a nitrogen-containing nephridium
waste in a poisonous form: ammonia. Even moderate concentrations Malpighian tubule
of ammonia can kill most cells. Animal systems address this difficulty
in one of two ways. Animals either eliminate ammonia from the READING TOOL
body quickly or convert it into other compounds that are less As you read each section
toxic. The elimination of metabolic wastes, such as ammonia, is of this lesson, briefly
called excretion. Some small animals that live in wet environments, describe the main ideas
such as the flatworm in Figure 25-12, rid their bodies of ammonia by and key takeaways in the
allowing it to diffuse out of their body fluids across their skin. Most graphic organizer in your
larger animals, and even some smaller ones that live in dry environ- Biology Foundations
ments, have excretory systems that ­process ammonia and eliminate Workbook.
it from the body.

Flatworm Figure 25-12

Excretory Eliminating Ammonia
Flame cells
tubules
Flatworms excrete ammonia
directly into the water and
use flame cells to remove
excess water.

Flame cell

Excretory
tubule
25.4 Excretion 853
Figure 25-13 Storing Wastes That Contain Nitrogen Animals that can-
Other Nitrogen- not dispose of ammonia as it is produced have evolved ways to hold,
Containing Compounds or “store,” nitrogen-containing wastes until they can be eliminated.
In most cases, ammonia is too toxic to be stored in body fluids.
Large and/or terrestrial animals Insects, reptiles, and birds typically solve this problem by converting
either convert ammonia to uric ammonia into a sticky white compound called uric acid, which you
acid and excrete it as sticky white
can see in Figure 25-13. Uric acid is much less toxic than ammonia
guano, as these gulls do, or they
and is also less soluble in water. Mammals and some amphibians, on
convert ammonia into urea and
release it, diluted, as urine. the other hand, convert ammonia to a different nitrogen-containing
compound—urea. Like uric acid, urea is less toxic than ammonia, but
unlike uric acid, urea is highly soluble in water.

Maintaining Water Balance Getting rid of any type of nitrogen-

containing waste involves water. For that reason, excretory systems
interact with other systems involved in regulating water balance in
blood and body tissues. In some cases, excretory systems eliminate
excess water along with nitrogenous wastes. In other cases, excretory
systems must eliminate nitrogenous wastes while conserving water.
Many animals use kidneys to separate wastes and excess water
from blood in a fluid called urine. Kidneys must perform this function
despite a serious limitation: No living cell can actively pump water
across a membrane! You may recall that cells can pump ions across
their membranes. Kidney cells pump ions from dissolved salts in
blood in ways that create an osmotic gradient. Water then “follows”
those ions passively by osmosis. This process can
get rid of nitrogenous wastes and retain water, but
leaves kidneys with one weakness: They usually
Quick Lab  Guided Inquiry cannot excrete excess salt.

Water and Nitrogen  READING CHECK Summarize How do

Excretion       ­kidneys help maintain water balance?
1. Place 2 grams of urea in a test tube. Place
2 grams of uric acid in another test tube. Excretion in Aquatic
Label the test tubes.
2. Add 15 mL of water to each test tube.
Animals
Stopper and shake the test tubes Aquatic animals have an advantage in getting
for 3 minutes. rid of nitrogenous wastes because they are sur-
3. Observe each test tube. Record your rounded by water. In general, aquatic animals
observations. can allow ammonia to diffuse out of their bod-
4. Dispose of all chemicals as instructed by ies into surrounding water, which dilutes the
your teacher. Wash your hands with soap ammonia and carries it away. But aquatic animals
and warm water. still face excretory challenges. Many have adapta-
ANALYZE AND INTERPRET DATA tions that either eliminate water from their bodies
1. Observe Which substance—urea or uric or conserve it, depending on whether they live in
acid—is less soluble in water? Explain fresh or saltwater ecosystems, as summarized in
how you know. Figure 25-14.
2. Construct an Explanation Reptiles excrete
nitrogenous wastes in the form of uric acid.
Explain how this adaptation helps reptiles
survive on land.

854 Chapter 25 Animal Systems I

 Fresh
Fresh Water
More water Water

W W
AT AT
ER ER
SA
More water
Less salt L
SA T
Less salt LT
W AT ER UR
I
More salt W AT ER UR NE
IN
More salt
Less water N
K E

SA SA
RI
Less water D

LT LT
K
’T N
N RI
O D
D ’T
N
O
D
The bodies of freshwater animals, So water moves into their bodies So they excrete water through
The
suchbodies of freshwater
as fishes, animals,
contain a higher So water moves
by osmosis, intoacross
mostly their bodies
the So they that
kidneys excrete waterlots
produce through
of
such as fishes, of
concentration contain a higher
salt than by osmosis,
gills. mostlyout.
Salt diffuses across the
If they kidneys that produce
watery urine. lots drink,
They don’t of
concentration
the water theyof salt
live in.than gills.
didn’tSalt diffuses
excrete out.they’d
water, If theylook watery
and theyurine. They
actively don’tsalt
pump drink,
in
the water they live in. didn’t excrete
like water water,
balloons they’d
with look
eyes! and they
across actively
their gills. pump salt in
like water balloons with eyes! across their gills.

Salt
Salt Water
Less waterWater
W AT ER
Less
Morewater
salt
W AT ER
More salt
More water SA LT

More water
Less salt SA LT
K
W AT IN SA UR IN E
Less salt ER DO
DR
L
SA T
K
W AT DR
IN UR IN E
ER DO LT

The bodies of saltwater animals, So they lose water through So they conserve water by
The
suchbodies of saltwater
as fishes, contain a animals,
lower So they lose
osmosis and water through
salt diffuses in. So they conserve
producing water
very little by
urine.
such as fishes, of
concentration contain a lower
salt than the osmosis and salt
If they didn’t diffuses
conserve in.
water producing
They drink,very
andlittle
theyurine.
actively
concentration
water they liveofin.salt than the If
andthey didn’t conserve
eliminate water
salt, they’d They
pumpdrink, and
salt out they their
across actively
gills.
water they live in. and eliminate
shrivel up like salt,
deadthey’d
leaves. pump salt out across their gills.
shrivel up like dead leaves.

Freshwater Animals Many freshwater invertebrates lose ammo- Visual Analogy

nia to their environment by simple diffusion across their skin. Many
freshwater fishes and amphibians eliminate ammonia by diffusion Figure 25-14
across the same gill membranes they use for respiration. Excretion in Aquatic
But invertebrates and fishes that live in fresh water must excrete Animals
wastes while managing an osmotic challenge. The concentration of
All animals must rid their bodies
water surrounding their bodies is higher than the concentration of of ammonia while maintain-
water in their body fluids. So water moves passively into their bodies ing appropriate water bal-
by osmosis, and salt leaves by diffusion. Amphibians and freshwater ance. Freshwater and saltwater
fishes typically excrete excess water in very dilute urine, and pump animals face very different
salt actively inward across their gills. challenges in this respect
 Interpret Visuals What are
two ways freshwater fishes avoid
Saltwater Animals Marine invertebrates and vertebrates typi-
looking like “water balloons
cally release ammonia by diffusion across their body surfaces or gill
with eyes”?
membranes. Many marine invertebrates have body fluids with solute
concentrations similar to that of the seawater around them. For that
reason, these animals have less of a problem with water balance
than freshwater invertebrates. Marine fishes, however, tend to lose
water to their surroundings because their bodies are less salty than
the water they live in. These animals actively excrete salt across their
gills. Their kidneys also produce small quantities of urine—an adap-
tation that conserves water.

25.4 Excretion 855

 Excretion in Terrestrial Animals
Land animals also face challenges. In dry environments, they can
lose large amounts of water from respiratory membranes that must
be kept moist. In addition, they must eliminate nitrogenous wastes
in ways that require disposing of water—even though they may not
have access to water to drink. Figure 25-15 shows the excretory sys-
tems of some terrestrial animals.

Terrestrial Invertebrates Some terrestrial invertebrates,

including annelids and mollusks, produce urine in nephridia.
Nephridia (singular: nephridium) are tubelike excretory structures
 INTERACTIVITY that filter body fluid. Typically, body fluid enters nephridia and
becomes more concentrated as it moves through the tubes. Urine
Investigate the different
adaptations that animals leaves the body through excretory pores. Other terrestrial inver-
have for excreting waste tebrates, such as insects and arachnids, convert ammonia into
products and maintaining uric acid. Nitrogenous wastes, such as uric acid, are absorbed from
proper water balance. body fluids by structures called Malpighian tubules. Then the wastes
are added to digestive wastes traveling through the gut. The wastes
lose water, and then crystallize into a thick paste. The paste leaves
the body through the anus. This paste contains little water, so these
Figure 25-15 adaptations minimize water loss.
Excretion in Terrestrial
Animals Terrestrial Vertebrates In terrestrial vertebrates, excretion is
carried out mostly by the kidneys. Mammals and land amphib-
Some terrestrial invertebrates, ians convert ammonia into urea, which is excreted in urine. In
such as annelids, rid their bod- most reptiles and birds, ammonia is converted into uric acid.
ies of ammonia by releasing
Reptiles and birds pass uric acid through ducts into a cavity that
urine created in their nephridia.
Some insects and arachnids have
also receives digestive wastes from the gut. The walls of this cavity
Malpighian tubules, which absorb absorb most of the water from the wastes, causing the uric acid to
uric acid from body fluids and separate out as white crystals. The result is a thick, milky-white paste
combine it with digestive wastes. that you would recognize as “bird droppings.”
In vertebrates, such as humans,
excretion is carried out mostly by
the kidneys.

Nephrostome
Excretory
pore
Kidneys

Bladder
Urethra
Nephridia

Malpighian
tubules
Annelid Arthropod Vertebrate

856 Chapter 25 Animal Systems I

 Adaptations to Extreme Environments Vertebrate
k­ idneys are remarkable organs, but the way they operate results  INTERACTIVITY
in some limitations. Most vertebrate kidneys, for example, cannot Analyze the ideal conditions
excrete concentrated salt. That’s why most vertebrates cannot survive needed for clam farming.
by drinking seawater. Taking in extra salt would overwhelm the kid-
neys, and the animal would die of dehydration. Some marine reptiles
and birds, such as the petrel in Figure 25-16, have evolved adapta-
tions in the form of specialized glands in their heads that excrete
very concentrated salt solutions. Another excretory adaptation is
found in the kangaroo rats of the American southwest. The kidneys
of these desert rodents produce urine that is 25 times more concen-
trated than their blood! In addition, their intestines are so good at
absorbing water that their feces are almost completely dry.

 INTERACTIVITY

Figure 25-16
Excretion Adaptations

Some terrestrial animals that spend a

large amount of time in salt water, such
as this petrel, have special adaptations
to excrete excess salt. Specialized salt
glands produce a concentrated salt
solution, which can sometimes be seen
dripping out of their elongated nostrils.

HS-LS1-1, HS-LS1-2, HS-LS1-3

 LESSON 25.4 Review

KEY QUESTIONS 5. Develop Models Make a model to illustrate how
kidneys interact with other systems to help main-
1. Why does the metabolic waste ammonia pose a
tain homeostasis while processing nitrogenous
problem for all animals?
wastes.
2. How do most aquatic animals remove ammonia?
6. Synthesize Information Why are most terrestrial
3. In what form do (a) annelids and mollusks, animals, including humans, not able to survive by
(b) insects and arachnids, (c) mammals and land drinking salt water?
amphibians, and (d) reptiles and birds excrete
7. CASE STUDY Predict how the wastes of large,
nitrogenous wastes?
crowded herds of cattle could affect surrounding
CRITICAL THINKING ecosystems. (Hint: Recall what you learned about
nutrient limitation.)
4. Compare and Contrast How do the differing
water balance needs of freshwater animals and
saltwater animals explain the difference in their
excretion of nitrogenous wastes?

25.4 Excretion 857

CASE STUDY WRAP-UP

How do animal processes

and human activity
affect the environment?

Vast herds of grazing animals once roamed Earth’s grasslands. Can

we learn from history to raise livestock in ways that make sense
both ecologically and economically?
HS-LS2-7, HS-ESS3-4

Make Your Case

Ranchers on family farms have close connections to their land,
and are learning to move herds around and keep them away from
streams to minimize environmental impacts. Conservationists hop-
ing to use management practices to store carbon in soil are learn-
ing that properly managed livestock can play an important role.

Develop a Solution
1. Conduct Research Use print or digital resources to research sustain-
able ranching. Using a variety of reliable sources, make a list of some
of the benefits and possible drawbacks of some of the methods.
2. Evaluate a Solution Based on your research, how would you evaluate
the progress so far in changing ranching practices? Write a short sum-
mary of your findings.

858 Chapter 25 Animal Systems I

 Society on the Case
Feedlot Frenzy
Around the world, livestock live for at least part
of their lives in feedlots and other places where
they are packed together under extremely
crowded conditions. There, they eat grains
(including corn) instead of grass or other kinds
of food more like their ancestors’ natural diets.
The unnaturally crowded conditions create
stress for the animals, and the unnatural diets
affect their systems in various ways.
Critics argue that these kinds of agricultural

Careers on the Case practices are not sustainable, meaning that they
cannot continue in the future without causing
Work Toward a Solution long-term problems. For example, life in feed-
lots enables infection-causing bacteria to hop
Understanding animal body systems is essential
easily from animal to animal. That situation is
in any career that involves animals.
a threat to public health, and not just because
Animal it means the animals themselves can get sick
easily. Many feedlot operations add significant
Nutritionist
amounts of antibiotics to animal feed, in part
Every animal has its because those drugs help control infection, and
own dietary needs. in part because they act as growth stimulants.
Animal nutritionists
study these needs, and But the constant presence of antibiotics
they work to develop in crowded, bacteria-rich conditions is known
a cost-effective diet. to drive the evolution of antibiotic resistance.
Many animal nutrition- And once antibiotic-resistant bacterial popula-
ists work for companies that make animal food. tions evolve, they can spread from livestock to
Others work for universities or government humans in a number of ways. The search for
agencies. sustainable alternatives to feedlots is underway.

 VIDEO
Watch this video to learn about
other careers in biology.

Case Study Wrap-Up 859

CHAPTER 25
STUDY GUIDE

Lesson Review
Go to your Biology Foundations Workbook for longer versions of these lesson summaries.

25.1 Feeding and Digestion 25.2 Respiration

Adaptations for feeding on different foods in dif- All animals must exchange oxygen and carbon
ferent ways have shaped the body structures of dioxide with their surroundings. Gases diffuse most
animals. Most filter feeders catch algae and small efficiently across a thin, moist membrane that is
animals by using modified gills or other structures permeable to those gases. Respiratory structures
that filter food items out of water. Detritivores provide a large surface area of moist, selectively
feed on detritus. Herbivores eat plants or algae. permeable membranes. They maintain a differ-
Carnivores eat other animals. Many animals rely on ence in the relative concentrations of oxygen and
symbiosis for their nutritional needs. carbon dioxide on either side of the respiratory
membranes, promoting diffusion. Some aquatic
Food must be digested and absorbed to make animals rely on diffusion through their outer body
energy and nutrients available to body tissues. The covering. Many aquatic invertebrates exchange
simplest animals digest food inside specialized gases through gills. Some aquatic reptiles and
cells that pass nutrients to other cells by diffusion. mammals breathe with lungs and must hold their
More complex animals break food down outside breath underwater.
cells in a digestive cavity or a digestive tract.
Specialized mouthparts are related to the different Respiratory surfaces in terrestrial invertebrates
characteristics of meat and plant leaves. Carnivores include skin, mantle cavities, book lungs, and tra-
have sharp mouthparts that capture food and tear cheal tubes. All terrestrial vertebrates breathe with
or slice it. Herbivores eat plants or algae. Because lungs. Mammalian lungs branch extensively, with
cellulose in plant tissues cannot be digested, some branches ending in alveoli that provide a large
herbivores re-chew food after it has been partially surface area for gas exchange. Bird lungs have
digested in the rumen. evolved a system of tubes and air sacs that permit
more efficient gas exchange, helping birds obtain
• digestive tract the oxygen they need to power flight muscles for
• rumen long periods of time.

• gill
• lung
• alveolus

A
 Compare and Contrast W
 hich jaw is that of a
carnivore? Which is the herbivore’s? Explain how
the differences in the structures relate to the types
of food eaten by carnivores and herbivores. B

 Identify W
 hat are the structures labeled A, B,
and C? What are their functions in respiration?

860 Chapter 25 Animal Systems I

25.3 Circulation 25.4 Excretion
Many animals move blood through their bod- When cells break down proteins, they produce
ies using one or more hearts. A heart is a hollow, ammonia. Ammonia is poisonous, so it must be
muscular organ that pumps blood. Open circulatory either excreted quickly or converted to a less harmful
systems pump blood through vessels that empty form. Insects, reptiles, and birds convert ammonia to
into a system of sinuses or spongy cavities. In closed a white pasty compound called uric acid. Mammals
circulatory systems blood circulates entirely within and some amphibians convert ammonia to urea,
blood vessels. Nutrients and oxygen reach body tis- which is soluble in water. Many animals use kidneys to
sues by diffusing across thin walls of capillaries. separate wastes and excess water from blood in the
fluid called urine. Aquatic animals can allow ammonia
Most vertebrates with gills have a single-loop circula- to diffuse out of their bodies into surrounding water.
tory system with a single pump that circulates blood Saltwater animals must actively maintain their osmotic
in one direction. Most vertebrates that breathe with balance by excreting salt across their gills.
lungs have a double-loop, two-pump circulatory
system. One side of the heart pumps oxygen-poor Some terrestrial invertebrates produce urine in tube-
blood from the heart to the lungs, where it picks like excretory structures called nephridia. Insects
up oxygen and drops off carbon dioxide. It returns and arachnids convert ammonia into uric acid, which
to the other side of the heart, which pumps the is absorbed from body fluids by structures called
oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body. Malpighian tubules. In many terrestrial vertebrates,
kidneys generate urine that is excreted out of the
• heart body.
• open circulatory system
• closed circulatory system • excretion
• atrium • kidney
• ventricle • nephridium
• Malpighian tubule
Saltwater

More water
Less salt

 Compare and Contrast H ow are these two  Interpret Visuals H ow does this saltwater fish
circulatory systems alike? How do they differ? maintain its osmotic balance?

Organize Information
Describe how each of these organ systems contributes to the maintenance of homeostasis.

Digestive Respiratory Circulatory Excretory

1. 2. 3. 4.

Study Guide 861

PERFORMANCE-BASED ASSESSMENT

Design a
Zoo Exhibit
Design a Solution
HS-LS2-7, HS-ETS1-2, HS-ETS1-3, CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.WHST.9-10.7, CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.WHST.9-10.8,
CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.WHST.9-10.9

STEM Throughout the 1800s, zoos began In this activity, you will design an animal exhibit
opening in cities around the world. for a zoo. This task is complex because the
The zoos were founded to display wild animals to exhibit must meet many criteria. The exhibit
a curious public. Most animals were kept in cages should provide for the safety, health, and well-
or simple pens. Some animals were taught tricks being of the animals it houses.
to entertain visitors.
It must also allow visitors to observe and interact
Today, zoos are more popular than ever. In the with the animals. Zookeepers must have access
United States, more than 50 million people visit to the exhibit so that they can feed and care for
zoos every year. However, the purpose of zoos the animals when necessary.
has grown beyond entertainment. Today, zoos
promote the conservation of wildlife. Sometimes To begin, your teacher will assign one of the
they act as a temporary stop for an animal before animals listed in the table. Alternatively, choose
it is returned to the wild. Zoos may also become one of these animals or another wild animal that
the last refuge for endangered animals, such as interests you. Then follow the steps to design
elephants, tigers, and baboons. The natural habi- and construct a model of a zoo exhibit.
tats of these animals have been disappearing. In
the near future, only the artificial habitats in zoos
may remain.

Criteria for Animal Exhibits

Animal Natural Habitat Exhibit Criteria
Penguins Coastlines of Antarctica, • Water and land
Southern Ocean • Aboveground and underwater viewing stations
Giraffes African savanna • Tall feeding platforms
• Elevated viewing stations
Bats (many Caves, forests • Artificial day/night cycle, so viewers can see
species) nocturnal activity

862 Chapter 25 Animal Systems I

 ENGINEERING PROJECT

1. Define the Problem In your own words, describe 7. Develop Models Follow the plan you devised
the problem that your design for a zoo exhibit to construct a model of the animal exhibit. The
should solve. model could be a detailed drawing, a virtual
model on a computer, or a physical model built
2. Ask Questions What questions would help you
from simple materials. Your model should include
gather information to design the zoo exhibit? List
the following features:
at least three questions.
• an enclosure for the animals
3. Conduct Research Use the Internet or print
reference sources to research answers to the • viewing stations or platforms for zoo visitors to
questions you asked. Find out about the animals’ observe the animals
natural habitat, and how the animals are dis-
• descriptions of any unusual materials needed
played in existing zoo or aquarium exhibits. Look
to construct the exhibit
for ideas that you could include or adapt in the
exhibit you are designing. • a written explanation of the features of the
model and how they meet the criteria
4. Identify Criteria Review the criteria for a zoo
exhibit. Add criteria that apply to the animal that 8. Revise Your Model Present your model to class-
you selected. mates, and ask them to evaluate and critique it.
If appropriate, revise the model to incorporate
5. Develop Possible Solutions Discuss your ideas
useful suggestions.
for the exhibit with group members. Draw
sketches to illustrate your ideas and to help you
revise them. Work as a group to agree on a plan
that incorporates all useful ideas and sugges-
tions. Make a sketch or simple blueprint to show
the plan for the exhibit.
6. Revise Solutions Review the criteria that you
listed in step 4. Evaluate your plan to see
if it meets all the criteria. Revise your plan
if necessary.

Performance-Based Assessment 863

CHAPTER 25

 ASSESSMENT

KEY IDEAS AND TERMS 9. Why do whales and sea turtles come to the sur-
face regularly to breathe?
25.1 Feeding and Digestion 10. How are some aquatic animals able to breathe
HS-LS1-1, HS-LS1-2, HS-LS1-3 without lungs or gills?
1. Aquatic animals that strain plants and animals from 11. What respiratory organ is present in all terres-
the water that they live in are trial vertebrates?
a. parasites. 12. What do skin, mantle cavities, book lungs, and
b. herbivores. tracheal tubes have in common?
c. detritus feeders.
d. filter feeders.
25.3 Circulation
2. Look at the teeth in the photograph. The sharp, HS-LS1-1, HS-LS1-2, HS-LS1-3
pointed teeth in the lion's mouth are best suited for
13. A closed circulatory system is one in which
a. blood spreads freely throughout the
body’s tissues.
b. blood travels through a system of blood vessels
that extend throughout the body.
c. blood travels through blood vessels into spongy
cavities called sinuses.
d. blood travels through a system of blood vessels
and air sacs.
14. Oxygen constantly diffuses from air or water into
an animal’s bloodstream. For this to happen, the
concentration of oxygen in the blood must be
a. tearing meat. a. greater than the concentration of oxygen in the
b. filtering plankton. air or water.
c. grinding leaves. b. greater than the concentration of carbon diox-
d. cracking seeds. ide in the air or water.
c. lower than the concentration of oxygen in the
3. Describe the differences between the canine and air or water.
molar teeth of herbivorous and carnivorous animals.
d. lower than the concentration of carbon dioxide
4. What is the difference between mechanical and in the air or water.
chemical digestion?
15. What are the different functions of the atrium and
5. How do vertebrate filter feeders obtain food? the ventricle?
6. Explain the function of the rumen in digestion. 16. How do the circulatory systems of arthropods and
What advantage is provided to animals that have most mollusks differ from those of larger mollusks
a rumen? and all vertebrates?
17. What characteristic of the reptilian heart shows an
25.2 Respiration evolutionary similarity toward the mammalian four-
HS-LS1-1, HS-LS1-2 chambered heart?
7. Which of the following groups of animals has the 18. You are dissecting an organism that has a three-
most efficient gas exchange? chambered heart, but no partition in the ventricle.
a. amphibians c. birds. What type of animal are you likely working with?
b. reptiles. d. mammals.
8. Gases diffuse most efficiently across a
a. thin, moist, selectively permeable membrane.
b. thin, dry, permeable membrane.
c. thick, dry, selectively permeable membrane.
d. thick, moist, impermeable membrane.

864 Chapter 25 Animal Systems I

25.4 Excretion 28. Ask Questions Hummingbirds eat high-energy
foods such as nectar. Many ducks eat foods that
HS-LS1-1, HS-LS1-2, HS-LS1-3
contain less energy, such as plant leaves. What are
19. Kidneys that can conserve water are essential to some research questions you could investigate to
homeostasis because discover more about the diet of a bird species and
a. some animals live in dry or salty environments. its energy needs?
b. some animals drink water.
29. Infer A student is studying the skeleton of a large
c. urea is not soluble in water.
mammal. Which feature of the skeleton is most
d. cells will be unable to convert ammonia into
likely to be useful for classifying the animal as an
urea if excess water is excreted.
herbivore or carnivore? Explain.
20. Insects convert ammonia to uric acid in their
30. Interpret Visuals The diagrams represent two
a. nephrons. kinds of circulatory systems.
b. nephridia.
c. kidneys.
d. Malpighian tubules.
21. What do animals do to eliminate ammonia from
their bodies?
22. What is the difference in kidney function of fresh-
water fishes and saltwater fishes?
23. How do some desert animals overcome the disad-
vantage of excreting urine? A B
24. Why can drinking salt water kill an animal?
a. Which diagram illustrates a heart with blood
containing carbon dioxide but little oxygen?
CRITICAL THINKING b. Which diagram shows the type of circulatory sys-
HS-LS1-2 tem that occurs with a four-chambered heart?
25. Construct an Explanation Why are fruits more 31. Construct an Explanation How do a fish's respi-
commonly used as foods than the leaves of ratory and circulatory systems work together to
plants? maintain homeostasis in the body as a whole?
26. Integrate Information How is mutualistic symbio- 32. Critique The textbook describes ammonia
sis essential for human life? Include an example as a problem for organisms to solve. Critique
as evidence. this statement.
27. Classify In a cnidarian, water and food particles 33. Apply Concepts Of all the nitrogenous wastes
flow in and out of an interior space. Is this space that animals generate, uric acid requires the least
classified as a digestive cavity or a digestive tract? water to eliminate. Why is the production of uric
Explain your answer. acid an advantage to animals that live on land?
34. Infer How is it useful for tissues of the respiratory
system to cover a large surface area?
35. Evaluate Claims A classmate claims that with
enough time and food, an earthworm could grow
as large as an alligator. How do you evaluate this
claim? Apply facts about the earthworm’s body
systems to support your evaluation.
36. Construct an Explanation Kidneys are able to
vary the concentration of urine they produce. How
does this ability help an animal that lives in dry
environments on land?

Chapter Assessment 865

CHAPTER 25

 ASSESSMENT

CROSSCUTTING CONCEPTS A researcher conducted an experiment to see how air

temperature affects the speed at which a snake can
37. Structure and Function How do digestive tracts hunt for food. The experimenter placed the snake a
differ between grass-eating herbivores, such as fixed distance away from a piece of food and recorded
cattle and sheep, and carnivores, such as lions and the air temperature. Then she recorded the time it
tigers? Explain this difference. took for the snake to reach the food. She repeated the
38. Systems and System Models How do the respi- experiment four times. Each time, the experimenter
ratory systems of fishes compare with those of changed the air temperature. The data collected are
animals that live on land? shown in the data table.

MATH CONNECTIONS
The Effect of Temperature
Analyze and Interpret Data on Snake Hunting Speed
CCSS.MATH.CONTENT.MP.2 Temperature (˚C) Time (seconds)
A student conducts an experiment to measure the 4 51
effect of caffeine on the heart rate of a small pond- 10 50
water crustacean called Daphnia. The heart of this
15 43
animal is visible through its transparent shell. With the
21 37
help of a dissecting microscope, the student counts
the heartbeats per minute before and after adding 27 35
increasing amounts of caffeine to the water surround-
41. Interpret Tables At what temperature did the
ing the animal. Each data point in the graph repre-
snake reach the food the fastest?
sents the mean of five trials. Use the graph to answer
questions 39 and 40. 42. Analyze Data How did the time to reach the food
change as the temperature increased?
Daphnia Heart Rate and Caffeine 43. Draw Conclusions What conclusions about snake
hunting and temperature can you draw from
Heart Rate (beats per minute)

190 the data?

180
170 LANGUAGE ARTS CONNECTIONS
160
150 Write About Science
140 CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.WHST.9-10.2, HS-LS1-2
130 44. Write Explanatory Texts Write a paragraph to
120 compare and contrast the structure and function
0 of the fish heart and the mammal heart.
0 1 2 3 4 5
Drops of Caffeine Added Read About Science
HS-LS1-2, CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RST.9-10.1

45. Cite Textual Evidence How does a bird’s spe-

39. Interpret Graphs Describe the effect of caffeine cialized respiratory system provide an adapta-
on the heart rate of Daphnia. tion that helps it to fly? Cite evidence from this
chapter to support your answer.
40. Predict What would be your prediction of the
effect of five or more drops of caffeine on the
heart rate of Daphnia?

866 Chapter 25 Animal Systems I

CHAPTER 25

END-OF-COURSE TEST PRACTICE

1. The illustration below shows models of two differ- 2. Which of the following is a relationship between
ent circulatory systems. the digestive system and another system that
allows carnivores to eat meat?
A. The respiratory system has passages where
food particles can enter the digestive system.
B. Food is digested inside specialized immune
system cells that are in the digestive system.
1 ventricle C. Muscles within the digestive system contract to
2 atria
Heart regurgitate partially digested meat.
1 atrium Heart D. The jaw bones of the skeletal system are spe-
Body 2 ventricles cialized to chop meat and begin the process of
capillaries Body capillaries digestion.
E. The circulatory system pumps food particles
throughout the tissues of the digestive system.
3. Renee is creating a diagram of nitrogen metabo-
lism in animals. How do animals get rid of their
How do these models illustrate two body systems
nitrogen-containing wastes?
working together?
A. they are removed from the blood in the lungs
A. The heart of the circulatory system pumps
and exhaled
oxygen-poor blood to the tissues of the excre-
B. they are removed from the blood in the kidneys
tory system so it can be excreted.
and excreted
B. The heart of the circulatory system pumps oxy-
C. they are digested by symbiotic microorganisms
gen-poor blood to the tissues of the respiratory
in the gut
system where the blood is oxygenated.
D. they are converted to amino acids
C. The heart of the circulatory system pumps E. they are converted to nucleic acids
blood to the tissues of the digestive sys-
tem where the blood is oxygenated during
digestion.
D. The ventricles of the respiratory system contract
to force blood throughout the tissues of the
circulatory system.
E. The ventricles of the respiratory system contract
to force oxygenated air through the digestive
system.

 ASSESSMENT
For additional assessment
practice, go online to access
your digital course.

If You Have Trouble With…

Question 1 2 3
See Lesson 25.3 25.1 25.4
Performance Expectation HS-LS1-2 HS-LS1-2 HS-LS1-2

End-of-Course Test Practice 867